Malpighiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl.

de Almeida, Rafael F., de Morais, Isa L., Alves-Silva, Thais, Antonio-Domingues, Higor & Pellegrini, Marco O. O., 2024, A new classification system and taxonomic synopsis for Malpighiaceae (Malpighiales, Rosids) based on molecular phylogenetics, morphology, palynology, and chemistry, PhytoKeys 242, pp. 69-138 : 69-138

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.3897/phytokeys.242.117469

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11252700

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/28872965-D674-5D43-B1CA-4594B3A92622

treatment provided by

PhytoKeys by Pensoft

scientific name

Malpighiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl.
status

 

Malpighiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. View in CoL : 252. 1789 nom. cons.

Figs 2 View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 4 View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 , 9 View Figure 9 , 10 View Figure 10 , 11 View Figure 11

Type species.

Malpighia glabra L.

Description.

Trees, shrubs, subshrubs (erect, monopodial or scandent) or lianas, monoecious, rarely functionally dioecious or androdioecious, perennial; hairs unicellular, foot present, conspicuous or not, 2 - branched (malpighiaceous), T-, Y- or V-shaped, rarely acicular or stellate, branches straight, undulate, or curled, surface smooth, rough or spiny (Fig. 2 View Figure 2 ). Roots fibrous or tuberous, generally becoming woody with age. Xylopodium present or not. Branches woody, rarely herbaceous, lenticelate or not. Stipules present, rarely absent, inter- or epipetiolar, minute to expanded, free to connate, pair of stipules free or connate, deciduous or persistent (Fig. 3 E – H View Figure 3 ). Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely verticillate, ternate, subopposite or alternate (Fig. 3 A – D View Figure 3 ), petiolate; petioles short to very long (Fig. 3 L – N View Figure 3 ), circular, plane-convex to canaliculate (Fig. 3 I – K View Figure 3 ) in cross-section, usually glandular (Fig. 3 O-S View Figure 3 ); blades simple, entire, rarely lobed (Fig. 4 I – K View Figure 4 ), usually glandular, margin plane to revolute (Fig. 4 O, P View Figure 4 ), entire, sometimes dentate, crenate or lobulate, glabrous, ciliate or pubescent (Fig. 4 I – N View Figure 4 ). Inflorescences solitary or compound, terminal to axillary, pedunculate, rarely sessile (Fig. 5 A View Figure 5 ); flowers arranged in a 1 – multi-flowered cincinnus (Fig. 5 B View Figure 5 ), cincinni opposite to alternate, usually pedunculate (Fig. 5 C View Figure 5 ), rarely sessile, solitary or arranged in 2–5 - degrees of ramification into thyrses, corymbs, umbels, or dichasia (Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ); leaves associated with the inflorescences similar to vegetative leaves but reduced in size (Fig. 6 D View Figure 6 ); cincinni bract 1, minute to expanded, plane or concave, persistent, rarely deciduous, glandular or eglandular (Fig. 7 A – I View Figure 7 ); bracteoles 2, opposite or alternate, usually inserted at the apex of peduncles, rarely subapical, medial or basal, minute to expanded, plane or concave, persistent, rarely deciduous, glandular or eglandular (Fig. 7 A – I View Figure 7 ). Flowers chasmogamous, rarely cleistogamous, bisexual, rarely unisexual, zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic, hypogynous, rarely perigynous (Fig. 7 Q View Figure 7 ); pedicel well-developed, rarely absent or inconspicuous, straight, rarely circinate (Fig. 7 D – F View Figure 7 ); sepals 5 (– 7), free to connate at base, imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, erect, rarely deflexed, apex erect to revolute, persistent in fruit, usually not accrescent in fruit, rarely accrescent, abaxially (0 –) 1–2 (– many) - glandular, sometimes the anterior sepal eglandular, rarely all sepals eglandular (Fig. 7 J – L View Figure 7 ), glands multicellular, usually sessile (Fig. 8 C View Figure 8 ), rarely pedunculate (Fig. 8 C View Figure 8 ), secreting oil (Fig. 8 B View Figure 8 ), rarely nectar (Fig. 8 A View Figure 8 ); petals 5 (– 7), free, imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, clawed, patent (Fig. 8 O View Figure 8 ) or deflexed (Fig. 8 J View Figure 8 ), usually yellow (Fig. 8 F – J View Figure 8 ), sometimes white (Fig. 8 C, E, K View Figure 8 ), pink (Fig. 8 A, L, Y View Figure 8 ), orange (Fig. 8 M View Figure 8 ) or red (Fig. 8 T View Figure 8 ), rarely green, lilac (Fig. 8 Z View Figure 8 ) or purple, usually changing colour after pollination, the posterior petal usually differing from the 4 lateral ones in size, colour, shape and / or presence of glands, limb generally crumpled in bud, plane, concave or cucullate at anthesis, margin entire (Fig. 8 U View Figure 8 ), erose (Fig. 8 V View Figure 8 ), denticulate (Fig. 8 X View Figure 8 ), fimbriate (Fig. 8 W View Figure 8 ), or glandular-fimbriate (Fig. 8 Y View Figure 8 ); androecium with (3–5 – 6 –) 10 stamens (Fig. 9 D – G View Figure 9 ), in two whorls, fertile stamens (2–6 –) 10 (Fig. 9 E View Figure 9 ), staminodes 0 (– 2–5; Fig. 9 F, G View Figure 9 ), filaments free (Fig. 9 G View Figure 9 ) or connate (Fig. 9 D, E View Figure 9 ) at base, rarely connate up to the middle, short to long, glabrous (Fig. 9 E View Figure 9 ), rarely pubescent (Fig. 9 F View Figure 9 ), homo- (Fig. 9 E View Figure 9 ) or heteromorphic (Fig. 9 D View Figure 9 ), anthers basifixed (Fig. 9 A View Figure 9 ), connectives minute or expanded (Fig. 9 A, B View Figure 9 ), usually glandular (secreting non-volatile oils, rarely essential oils; Fig. 9 B View Figure 9 ), with or without an apical projection, glabrous (Fig. 9 E View Figure 9 ) to pubescent (Fig. 9 D View Figure 9 ), thecae 2, parallel, rarely divergent at base and connivant at apex, apex free, rarely confluent, rimose (Fig. 9 A View Figure 9 ), rarely poricidal; gynoecium superior, (1–2 –) 3 - carpelate (Fig. 9 H View Figure 9 ), all fertile, rarely 1 abortive, carpels syncarpic, rarely basally syncarpic and apically apocarpic, locules 1 - ovulate, ovules pendulous, anatropous, styles (1–2 –) 3 (Fig. 9 L, M View Figure 9 ), free, rarely connate, basal, lateral, subapical or apical, straight (Fig. 9 L View Figure 9 ), curved (Fig. 9 O View Figure 9 ) or lyrate (Fig. 9 N, P View Figure 9 ), apex subulate (Fig. 9 K View Figure 9 ), cylindrical (Fig. 9 L View Figure 9 ), laterally flattened, truncate (Fig. 9 J View Figure 9 ) or uncinate (Fig. 9 I View Figure 9 ), rarely expanded (Fig. 9 N, P View Figure 9 ), stigmas terminal (Fig. 9 L, M View Figure 9 ) or lateral (i. e., facing the centre of the flower or the posterior petal; Fig. 9 I, N, P View Figure 9 ), subulate (Fig. 9 K View Figure 9 ), punctiform (Fig. 9 K View Figure 9 ), capitate (Fig. 9 L View Figure 9 ) or crateriform (Fig. 9 I View Figure 9 ). Fruits dry (Fig. 10 O – W View Figure 10 ) or fleshy (Fig. 10 A – N View Figure 10 ), schizocarps (Fig. 10 O – W View Figure 10 ), nuts (Fig. 10 B – D View Figure 10 ) or drupes (Fig. 10 A, E – N View Figure 10 ), glabrous or pubescent, mericarps (1–2 –) 3, indehiscent or splitting at maturity, smooth (Fig. 10 O – S View Figure 10 ), setose (Fig. 10 T – W View Figure 10 ), or winged (Fig. 11 A – M View Figure 11 ), when winged mericarps with 1 dorsal (Fig. 11 A – E View Figure 11 ) and / or 1 – several lateral (Fig. 11 F – M View Figure 11 ) wings, free (Fig. 11 F – H, J – M View Figure 11 ) or connate (Fig. 11 I View Figure 11 ). Seeds 1 per locule (Fig. 10 A View Figure 10 ), globose or ovoid (Fig. 10 A View Figure 10 ), smooth (Fig. 10 A View Figure 10 ) to rugose, without endosperm; embryo curved, bent or spiralled. Chromosome number n = 6–10.

Notes.

Malpighiaceae is here circumscribed with two subfamilies, 12 tribes, 72 genera, and 1,499 species accepted (Table 1 View Table 1 ; Suppl. material 1). From this total, 60 genera and 715 species are currently under some kind of extinction threat ( Bachman et al. 2024), representing 84.5 % of the accepted genera and 47.82 % of the species in our study (Suppl. material 1). Most of Malpighiaceae ’ s diversity is confined to the American continent, with 55 genera (53 endemic) and 1,274 species (1,272 endemic), and just 15 genera (13 endemic) and 125 species (123 endemic) in Africa, seven genera (four endemic) and 84 species (77 endemic) in Asia, and four genera (all not endemic) and 21 species (19 endemic) in Oceania (Suppl. material 1). Most threatened species are found in the Americas (564 species), with 86 threatened species in Africa, 57 in Asia, and 12 in Oceania (Suppl. material 1). Five African genera, more specifically endemic to Madagascar (i. e., Digoniopterys , Madagasikaria , Microsteira , Philgamia , and Rhynchophora ) stand out, with all their current accepted species under some kind of extinction threat (Suppl. material 1). Mcvaughia was the only American genus to present all its species under some kind of extinction threat (Suppl. material 1). Malpighia was the American genus with most species under some kind of extinction threat (Suppl. material 1). Hiptage was the genus with highest number of threatened species in Asia, and Stigmaphyllon was the most threatened in Oceania (Suppl. material 1).

Identification keys for all subfamilies, tribes, and genera are presented, alongside a full morphological description for the proposed new genus, the recircumscription of ten genera accompanied by the needed new combinations, the proposition of several new synonyms, typification of miscellaneous names and notes on conservation, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy up to the genus rank.

L

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch

Kingdom

Plantae

Phylum

Tracheophyta

Class

Magnoliopsida

Order

Malpighiales

Family

Malpighiaceae

Loc

Malpighiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl.

de Almeida, Rafael F., de Morais, Isa L., Alves-Silva, Thais, Antonio-Domingues, Higor & Pellegrini, Marco O. O. 2024
2024
Loc

Malpighiaceae

Malpighiaceae Juss. 1789: 252
1789