Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894

Lopez, Mark Louie D., Pascual, Jhaydee Ann F., Dela Paz, Erica Silk P., Rizo, Eric Zeus C., Tordesillas, Dino T., Guinto, Shea Kathleen, Han, Boping, Dumont, Henri J., Mamaril, Augustus C., Sr & Papa, Rey Donne S., 2017, Annot ated checklist and insular distribution of f reshwater microcrustaceans (Copepoda: Calanoida & Cyclopoida; Cladocera: Anomopoda & Ctenopoda) in the Philippines, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65, pp. 623-654 : 631-634

Family Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894

‘ Alona ’ affinis ( Leydig, 1860)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Biapertura affinis ( Leydig, 1860) .

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.

General geographic distribution: Distributed in Eurasia, but the group is cosmopolitan.

Distribution in the Philippines. Camiguin: Mambajao.

Remarks. Described as Lynceus affinis Leydig, 1860 from Friedrichshafen and Langenargen, Konstanz (Lake Constance), Germany ( Leydig, 1860). Types probably lost. Valid species. Smirnov (1971) selected A. affinis as type species of Biapertura , a polyphyletic assemblage that was later abandoned ( Fryer, 1968; Sinev, 1997, 1999; Van Damme & Dumont, 2008a) although the name remains available. The species can be cited as Alona affinis ( Leydig, 1860) , pending a new generic affiliation (this holds true for several other ‘ Alona ’ in the Philippines as well. European populations are characterised in Alonso (1996) and Sinev (1997, 2009), the latter with descriptions of limb morphology. A. affinis has a number of siblings worldwide (e.g., Sinev, 1997, 2009).

‘ Alona ’ archeri Sars, 1888

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine record: Brehm, 1938.

General geographic distribution: Australia and Southeast Asia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindoro: Calapan.

Remarks. Valid species of the Alona pulchella complex. Redescribed by Sinev (2002), including limb morphology.

‘ Alona ’ cambouei Guerne & Richard, 1893

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Uéno, 1966.

General geographic distribution: It has a wide range of distribution from South and West Africa, Tropical and subtopical Asia and the Middle-East.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Laguna –Lake Tadlak; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam.

Remarks. Separated from the Alona pulchella group and treated as an independent species in 2001 by Sinev. The main difference between the two species is their headpores where A. cambouei ’s head pores are connected to each other, and its smaller size.

‘ Alona ’ guttata Sars, 1862

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 1986; Mamaril, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Palearctic.

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao.

Remarks. Widespread valid species but may contain yet undescribed sister species worldwide ( Sinev, 2002; Kotov et al., 2012). Philippine records may need revision as sibling species may be present in Southeast Asia. A systematic taxonomical revision is needed, as this species is considered as one of the most common Aloninae .

‘ Alona ’ intermedia Sars, 1862

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.

General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: South Cotabato – Guinang.

Remarks. Occurs worldwide ( Idris, 1983; Flössner, 2000). A complex with different species, not yet unraveled or revised ( Smirnov, 1971; Chengalath, 1987; Van Damme & Dumont, 2008b). Listed as Biapertura intermedia in Smirnov (1971) with two subspecies, Biapertura intermedia intermedia and Biapertura intermedia minor .

‘ Alona ’ pseudanodonta Brehm, 1933

Synonymised name in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1933, 1938.

General geographic distribution: Not enough information. Specimen described from Mindanao Island, Philippines.

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Dangiagan.

Remarks. No information on types. May be close to A. verrucosa , but true affinities are unclear. In Smirnov (1971), it was treated as a valid species of Biapertura , with two subspecies, B. pseudoanodonta pseudoanodonta Brehm, 1933 , and B. pseudanodonta anodonta Daday, 1905 . This was taxonomically incorrect. In addition, the assignment of two subspecies under pseudoanodonta by Smirnov (1971) is based on presence or absence of tubercles, a character that describes varieties (e.g., A. tuberculata Kurz, 1875 ). For now, Van Damme et al. (2010) prefer to list A. pseudanodonta Brehm, 1933 , and A. anodonta Daday, 1905 as two separate taxa of which the details are unknown. Possible member of the genus Anthalona ( Van Damme et al., 2011) .

‘ Alona ’ pulchella King, 1853

Synonymised name in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Africa, Australia, and Asia. Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Benguet – Ambuklao Dam ; Cagayan – Buguey, Lake Calig, Lake Nalbuan , and Chico River ; Camarines Sur – Lake Baao, and Lake Danao ; Laguna – Lake Tadlak ; Quezon – Lucban ; and Tarlac – Concepcion. Mindanao : Agusan del Norte – Lake Mainit, Agusan River ; and Lanao del Norte – Agos IV Dam .

Remarks. Considered as a species group with tropical to sub-tropical distribution in Asia, Africa, and Australia. In South East Asia and Australia, several species exist of the A. pulchella -complex ( Sinev, 2001a, 2001b). Fairly common in littoral zones of lakes, rivers and streams.

‘ Alona ’ sarasinorum Stingelin, 1900

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938.

General geographic distribution: Celebes, Sulawesi, Indonesia .

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Dangiagan.

Remarks. Species inquirendum, but with unmistakable characters, yet insufficiently described. Seems closest to Leberis Smirnov, 1989 due to dorsal keel, postabdomen and habitus but limbs are unpublished ( Maiphae et al., 2005) and may reveal surprises. Drawings in Frey (1991) under its junior synonym A. taraporevalae Shirgur & Naik (1977) and in Idris (1983) under A. cf. sarasinorum .

Euryalona orientalis ( Daday, 1898)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic records: Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Australia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay –Legaspi; Bulacan –Malolos; Cagayan –Buguey; Camarines Sur – Naga; National Capital Region–San Juan River, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, and Pasig; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay.

Remarks. Euryalona orientalis was originally described as Alonopsis orientalis from Sri Lanka ( Daday, 1898). Sars (1901) established the genus Euryalona , with a description of a new species E. occidentalis from Brazil. However, the differential diagnosis for the two species was not given. Since then taxa morphologically similar to these two ‘species’, from different parts of the world, have been recorded under the specific names orientalis or occidentalis ( Scourfield, 1902; Stingelin, 1904; Brehm, 1933; Harding, 1957; Paggi, 1980; Van Damme & Maiphae, 2013), based largely on their ‘Eastern’ or ‘Western’ occurrence. Rajapaksa & Fernando (1987b) examined the types of both species and confirmed that E. occidentalis is a synonym of E. orientalis .

Karualona mulleri Richard, 1897

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine record: Cheng & Clemente, 1954.

General geographic distribution: Chile and Brazil but may inhabit in wider range that includes the entire Neotropics.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital Region–San Juan River.

Remarks. Existence in the Philippines must be validated. Species distribution is limited in neotropics. Allocated to Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano 2000 by Sinev & Hollwedel (2005), as Karualona muelleri ( Richard, 1897) . One of two well described Neotropical Karualona species , the other is K. penuelasi Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000 . Redescribed in detail by Sinev & Hollwedel (2005) from the Neotropics.

Kurzia longirostris ( Daday, 1898)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Pseudoalona longirostris Harding, 1957 .

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian, Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay –Legaspi; Bulacan –Bustos Dam, Malolos; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, Pasig; Metro Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna del Bay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao.

Remarks. Originally described from Sri Lanka by Daday (1898) as Alona longirostris . It occurs in all types of habitats from permanent to temporary water bodies. Distribution may need to be reassessed with purely oriental species K. brevilabris .

Leberis macronyx ( Daday, 1898)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao.

Remarks. First described as Alona macronyx from Sri Lanka ( Daday, 1898) and moved to Indialona Petkovski,

1966 ( Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1987a). The taxonomy of this species needs to be revised and its distribution updated. Van Damme et al. (2010) suggested this species be classified in its own monotypic genus as the morphological evidence suggested it is neither Alona nor Indialona . Sinev & Kotov (2012) placed this taxon to the genus Leberis .

Leydigia acanthocercoides ( Fischer, 1854)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Cheng & Clemente, 1954; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Paleartic and common in tropical and sub-tropical Asia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay –Legaspi; Batangas –Nasugbu; Bulacan –Bustos Dam, Malolos; Laguna – Calamba; National Capital Region–San Juan River, La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and UP Diliman Campus; Manila- Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Quezon –Pagbilao. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao and Bacolod Chico; Surigao del Sur –Surigao.

Remarks. Considered a species-group by Kotov (2009). Southeast Asian population needs further study as there is a possibility of finding sibling species within the region.

Oxyurella singalensis ( Daday, 1898)

Synonymis in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Common in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay –Legaspi; Bulacan –Malolos; Cagayan –Binag Dam and Lake Nalbuan; Laguna –Lake Sampaloc, and Lake Calibato; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus, and Pasig; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga – Candaba; Quezon –Pagbilao, Lucban. Mindoro: Calapan.

Leyte: Tolosa and Tanauan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur – Marawi.

Remarks. Found in sandy and muddy sediments of littoral zones of lakes and reservoirs ( Smirnov, 1984; Adamczuk, 2014).

Alonella excisa ( Fischer, 1854)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Alonella kulczynskii Grochmalicki, 1915 .

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan –Bustos Dam, Malolos; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam; Nueva Ecija: Pantabangan Dam; Tarlac –Concepcion. Leyte: Lake Lanao. Negros: Negros Occidental – Bacolod. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Dagiangan and Marawi; Surigao del Norte –Surigao.

Remarks. One of the most common species of Alonella , distributed worldwide. Common in littoral areas, it can survive different kinds of substrates and density of vegetation. It is also observed from lowland water bodies to high altitude mountain lakes ( Smirnov, 1996). Apparently a species complex in south Asia ( Kotov et al., 2013b).

Chydorus eurynotus Sars, 1901

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Neotropical and Australia. Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan – Bustos Dam; National Capital Region – La Mesa Dam and Marikina; Quezon – Lucban ; Sorsogon – Lake Bulusan. Mindoro : Calapan. Mindanao : Lanao del Sur – Lake Lanao and Marawi City .

Remarks. First described from South America, circumtropical in distribution. A highly variable species, distribution of the species needs to be re-assessed as the species may represent a species group or quite different taxa ( Smirnov, 1996). Recent papers showed that Chydorus idrisi from South Vietname belongs to the C. eurynotus complex group ( Sinev, 2014).

Chydorus hermanni Brehm, 1933

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine record: Brehm, 1933.

General geographic distribution: Oriental Indomalaya and Australia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital Region Manila.

Remarks. Species inquirendum. It was vaguely described by Brehm (1933) and needs further analysis on its taxonomy to further validate its species status ( Smirnov, 1971, 1996).

Chydorus parvus Daday, 1898 .

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine record: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Afrotropical and Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan –Buguey; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and UP Diliman Campus; Manila-Laguna- Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga –Candaba; Quezon –Lumban and Pagbilao. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao and Bacolod Chico.

Remarks. Indo-Malayan species first described in Sri Lanka. It differs from other Chydorus species by the presence of 1–3 knobs inside the anterior margin of the valve ( Smirnov, 1996).

Chydorus sphaericus ( Müller, 1785)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: It has a possible worldwide distribution but are less morphologically variable in the tropics ( Belyaeva & Taylor, 2009).

Distribution in the Philipines. Luzon: National Capital Region – Manila; and Palawan –Lake Malbato. Mindanao: Bukidnon –Lake Pinamaloy; Misamis Oriental –Lake Danao. Remarks. Recognised as a species complex and can possibly be separated into several good species ( Duigan & Murray, 1987; Belyaeva & Taylor, 2009). It occurs in both littoral and limnetic zones. It is dominant in highly eutrophic waters with dense macrophyte cover.

Chydorus ventricosus Daday, 1898

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Aquino et al., 2008.

General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Neotropical, anf Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Benguet – Baguio; Bulacan –Bustos Dam; Cagayan –Buguey; Ilocos Norte –Laoag and Lake Paoay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur – Bacolod Chico. Remarks. Since its original description from Sri Lanka by Daday, there have been numerous reports in the literature of C. ventricosus from different geographical areas under the same or different names, however, the correct identification of some of the earlier records appears doubtful ( Smirnov, 1996). In 1979, Michael & Hann redescribed C. ventricosus and C. reticulatus to clearly differentiate the two species ( Michael & Hann, 1979).

Dadaya macrops ( Daday, 1898)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geopgraphic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian, Neotropical, and Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan –Bustos Dam; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and Pasig; Quezon –Lumban, Magbitac, and Pagbilao. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Marawi.

Remarks. It occurs commonly in rice fields and has its structural specialisation for the habit of swimming on the underside of the surface film of water ( Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1982).

Dunhevedia crassa King, 1853

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian, Neartic, Neotropical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas –Lake Taal, Nasugbu; Bulacan –Bustos Dam, Malolos; Cagayan – Buguey; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay; Laguna –Calamba, IRRI Compound, and UP Los Banos Campus; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina, UP Diliman Campus; Nueva Ecija –Pantabangan Dam; Pampanga –Candaba; Quezon –Pagbilao. Mindoro: Calapan. Negros: Negros Occidental – Bacolod. Mindanao: Cagayan de Oro – Cagayan de Oro; Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao. Camiguin: Mambajao. Remarks. Originally described in Australia, it has a wide distribution worldwide though commonly found in warm latitudes ( Michael & Sharma, 1988; Smirnov, 1992). It has a strong preference for warm climate and has a good tolerance of salinity.

Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian, and Oriental Indomalaya.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Albay –Legaspi; Bulacan –Malolos; Camarines Sur: Naga; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Marikina; Quezon –Lucban. Negros: Negros Occidental – Bacolod. Leyte –Tolosa and Tanauan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao.

Remarks. Daday (1898) recorded D. serrata as having longitudinal lines on the carapace. However, examination of material from Sri Lanka as well as from other surrounding countries, revealed that in addition to these lines there were some polygonal reticulations because of the connection of the longitudinal lines by vertical striae ( Michael & Sharma, 1988). Smirnov (1971) illustrated this character in African material. Specimens examined from Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Africa ( Nigeria) are very similar to the Sri Lanka taxon. This species is known from the Oriental and the Ethiopian regions, and Daday (1901) recorded it in the Australasian region in New Guinea.

Ephemeroporus barroisi ( Richard, 1894)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Chydorus barroisi ( Richard, 1894) .

Philippine records: Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Found also in Australia, Iraq, Argentina, Thailand, Vietnam China and Far East Russia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Cagayan –Binag Dam, Lake Nalbuan, Lake Calig, and Lake Baao; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay. Negros: Negros Oriental: Lake Kabalin- an. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte –Lake Mainit; South Cotabato –Lake Lahit and Lake Siloton.

Remarks. There are probaly several congener species in South Asia (Kotov et al., 2013; Van Damme et al., 2013). Commonly found in littoral zones of ponds and reservoirs and stream.

Pleuroxus aduncus ( Jurine, 1820)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Mamaril, 1986, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Afrotrpical, Australasian, Neartic, Neotroipical, Oriental Indomalaya, and Paleartic.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Bulacan –Malolos; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam; and Nueva Ecija – Pantabangan Dam. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao.

Remarks. Europe being the main area of P. aduncus , the full range of similar forms extends to Asia and Australia. The postabdomen characteristic of P. aduncus may vary, within the limits characteristic of this species, in form, size, and distribution of anal teeth. The number of marginal setae on valve varies within a certain range ( Frey, 1991). Labral keel is variable and may be sometimes distorted in shape (abnormal). Length of terminal setae of the endopod may vary in relation to the ramus length.