Xylocopa (Schonnherria) Lepeletier, 1841

Villamizar, Germán, Fernández, Fernando & Vivallo, Felipe, 2020, Synopsis of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Schonnherria) Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Colombia, with designation of lectotypes and the description of two new species, Zootaxa 4789 (2), pp. 301-347 : 336

Key to the Colombian species of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) Lepeletier, 1841

Females

1. Labrum with a distinct, large, single capitate tubercle approximately as large as median ocellus ( Fig. 7 )................. 2

- Labrum with three tubercles with similar size or longitudinally elongated median tubercle and two small sublateral tubercles ( Fig. 8 )............................................................................................. 5

2(1). Clypeus, paraocular area, gena and lateral sides of T3 and T4 with whitish hairs ( Fig. 5 ); T2 and T3 with short hairs (0.2–0.4x OD); distinct bluish or greenish highlights on metasoma...................................................... 3

- Pubescence ferruginous or black ( Fig. 6 ); T2 and T3 with short hairs barely noticeable (0.1x OD), nearly glabrous; weak (almost absent) bluish and greenish highlights on metasoma..................................................... 4

3(2). Black hairs on T1 and T2 and yellowish hairs on T3–T6 and S4–S6; metasomal terga dark brown to black; head, legs and mesoscutum with bluish metallic highlights, greenish on mesoscutellum and metasoma ( Figs. 39–42 )................................................................................................ Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874

- Black hairs on metasomal disc with few whitish hairs on T4; metasomal terga black with distinct reddish brown-gold area distally, denser on T2 and T3; integument with bluish highlights on all tagmata ( Figs. 11–14 ).... Xylocopa auriventris n. sp.

4(2) Metasoma dark brown to black with reddish brown areas on T1–T4; slightly bluish highlights on mesoscutum, tegula and mesoscutellum, without metallic reflections on head, legs and metasoma; pubescence predominantly ferruginous to black; wings dark brown with blue and violet iridescence ( Figs. 59–62 )............................ Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854

- Metasoma entirely black; bluish to violet highlights on head and legs and weak greenish on mesoscutellum and metasoma; pubescence predominantly black; wings dark brown with green iridescence apically and violet basally ( Figs. 15–18 ).............................................................................. Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809

5(1). Dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsus with whitish or yellowish hairs ( Fig. 3 ); whitish or yellowish hairs on disc and/or restricted to laterodistal margins of T2–T4................................................................. 6

- Mid and hind basitarsus with black hairs ( Fig. 4 ); black hairs predominantly on disc of terga.......................... 8

6(5). Upper gena and vertex with fine and scattered punctures, with large impunctate areas (3–5x puncture width); strong metallic blue and green highlights on all tagmata, greener on mesoscutellum and metasoma; discs of metasomal terga with simple yellow hairs ( Figs. 51–54 ).......................................................... Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874

- Upper gena and vertex with coarse and dense punctures (1–2x puncture width); distinctive bluish and greenish highlights on all tagmata; whitish, tomentose, plumose hairs on laterodistal margins of T2–T5...................................... 7

7(6). Mesosoma, legs and metasomal terga with mostly yellowish or pale hairs ( Figs. 63–66 )...... Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854

- Mesosoma, legs and metasomal terga with mostly black hairs except whitish on dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsus and hind tibia ( Figs. 19–22 ).................................................. Xylocopa ecuadorica Cockerell, 1909

8(5). Mesoscutellum convex with dorsal and posterior surfaces differentiated in lateral view; gena densely covered by whitish plumose hairs (integument not visible) ( Figs. 43–46 ).............................. Xylocopa muscaria ( Fabricius, 1775)

- Mesoscutellum slightly rounded or flat; upper gena glabrous and lower gena with scattered whitish or black plumose hairs.. ................................................................................................... 9

9(8). Discs of T1–T4 glabrous with weak and scattered punctures, more scattered on T2 (3–6x puncture width); scattered and inconspicuous punctures on vertex and gena, barely noticeable ( Fig. 1 ); lower half of clypeus with dense whitish patch of plumose hairs; vertex flat posteriorly ( Figs. 35–38 )........................................... Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874

- Discs of T1–T4 with short hairs (0.1–0.3x OD) and uniform to dense punctures (1–2x puncture width); coarser and denser punctures on vertex, paraocular area and gena ( Fig. 2 .); lower half of clypeus with sparse plumose and simple hairs intermixed; vertex rounded posteriorly............................................................................. 10

10(9). Metasoma with distinct green highlights; paraocular area, lower gena and discs of T4 and T5 with whitish hairs; wings dark brown with violet iridescence ( Figs. 55–58 )............................................. Xylocopa romeroi n. sp.

- Metasoma with slightly bluish highlights; face and metasoma disc with predominantly black hairs; wings brown hyaline with weak violet iridescence ( Figs. 27–30 )............................................... Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837

Figures

FIGURES 1–10. Examples of structural characters that are useful for species identification. Comparison of vertex punctation (Figs. 1 and 2). Comparison of the color of hairs on hind basitarsus (Figs. 3 and 4). Comparison of pubescence on T3–T5 (Figs. 5 and 6). Comparison of labrum shape (Figs. 7 and 8). Comparison of upper interocular distance (Figs. 9 and 10).

FIGURES 39–42. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) metallica Smith, 1874. Fig. 39. Frontal view. Fig. 40. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 41. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 42. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.

FIGURES 11–14. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) auriventris n. sp. (holotype) Fig. 11. Frontal view. Fig. 12. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 13. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 14. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.

FIGURES 59–62. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) simillima Smith, 1854. Fig. 59. Frontal view. Fig. 60. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 61. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 62. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.

FIGURES 15–18. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) dimidiata Latreille, 1809. Fig. 15. Frontal view. Fig. 16. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 17. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 18. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.

FIGURES 51–54. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) ornata Smith, 1874. Fig. 51. Frontal view. Fig. 52. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 53. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 54. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 63–66. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) viridis Smith, 1854 Fig. 63. Frontal view. Fig. 64. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 65. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 66. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 19–22. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) ecuadorica Cockerell, 1909. Fig. 19. Frontal view. Fig. 20. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 21. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 22. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 43–46. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria (Fabricius, 1775). Fig. 43. Frontal view. Fig. 44. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 45. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 46. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 35–38. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) lucida Smith, 1874. Fig. 35. Frontal view. Fig. 36. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 37. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 38. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 55–58. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) romeroi n. sp. (Holotype) Fig. 55. Frontal view. Fig. 56. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 57. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 58. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.

FIGURES 27–30. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) lateralis Say, 1837. Fig. 27. Frontal view. Fig. 28. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 29. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 30. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 4 mm.