Calantica cerasifolia (Vent.) Tul.

Applequist, Wendy L., Phillipson, Peter B. & Schatz, George E., 2014, A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. (Salicaceae), Adansonia (3) 36 (1), pp. 83-102 : 87-91

3. Calantica cerasifolia (Vent.) Tul.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, série 4, 8: 76-77 (1857). — Blackwellia cerasifolia Vent. , Choix de Plantes, Dont la Plupart Sont Cultivées dans le Jardin de Cels, tab. 56 (1808).

— Type: Madagascar, s.l. s.d., fl., Commerson s.n. (lecto-, sequentially designated by Sleumer [Adansonia, sér. 2,12: 542. 1973] and here designated, G [No. G00364811 ], photo seen ; isolecto-, P!; G [unnumbered sheet], photo seen; BM, FI n.v.).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Madagascar. Prov. Antananarivo, Imerina , à Ambatovory , IX.1904, fr., Alleizette s.n. (P). — Vicinioribus stationis Angavokely, 1550- 1700 m, 26.XI.1967, fl., Bernardi 11601 (P). — Imerina, Hugel von Ifanangoavana , I.1881, fl., Hildebrandt 3817 (P). — Bongolava, W de Tsiroanomandidy , 1300 m, XII.1954, fl., Morat 4753 (MO). — Forêt Ambohitantely, V.1985, fl., Rakotozafy 2029 (MO). — Angavokely, E de Tananarive , s.d., fl., fr., Service Forestier 648 (P). — Mandraka, à la sortie des gorges (p.K. 70 de la route de Tananarive à Moramanga ), 8.XI.1957, fl., Service Forestier 18406 (P). — Province du Vakinankaratra, district d’Ambatolampy, près de Tsinjoarivo , 1600-1650 m, 30.XI.1912, fl., fr., Viguier & Humbert 1880 (P).

Prov. Antsiranana, SAVA, Andapa , Doany , Anjialavahely , 14°20’04”S, 49°28’01”E, 551 m, III.2006, fr., Antilahimena & Patrio 4791 (MO, P). — Tsaratanana Massif, Mahatsabory Mica , 12 km N Mangindrano , 14°09’09”S, 48°57’21”E, 2050 m, 15.X.2001, fl., Birkinshaw 924 (MO, P). — Besinkara (14°04’S, 48°17’E), Ambalafary , 500 m au NW du hameau, au bord de l’Andavakeva, coord. précises ( Laborde ): 599900/ 1334300, 390 m, 4.IX.1997, fl., Gautier et al. 3235 (MO, P). — Souspréfecture de Vohemar, commune rurale de Daraina , fokontany d’Ankijabe, forêt de Binara , camp I (13°15’S, 49°37’E), 1.5 km à l’WSW du camp, 700 m, 8.XI.2001, fl., fr., Gautier & Ravelonarivo 4121 (MO). — Souspréfecture de Vohemar, commune rurale de Daraina , Daraina , forêt d’Antsahabe (13°13’S, 49°33’E), à 300 m du point coté 1088, au 153°, coord. précises ( WGS 84 ) 13°13.05’S, 49°32.77’E, 990 m, 29.XI.2004, fl., Gautier 4792 (MO). — Nosi-bé, Seestrand, II.1880, fr., Hildebrandt 3335 (P). — Bassin supérieur du Sambirano, forêt de Besanatribe , 1200 m, XI-XII.1937, fl., Humbert 18713 (P, TAN). — SE of Maroantsetra, NW coast of Masoala Peninsula , S of village of Ambanizana , 2-20 m, 17.X.1986, fl., Lowry et al. 4158 (MO, P). — Rive gauche du Sambirano, V.1909, fr., Perrier de la Bâthie 3825 (P). — Environs de Zangoa, base du Massif de Manongarive [sic], III.1909, fr., Perrier de la Bâthie 4604 (P). — Fiv. Ambanja, fir. Ambodimanga-Ramena , fkt. Antahabe , Antsaharatsy , 13°48’35”S, 48°47’36”E, 400 m, 13.IV.2000, fl., Rabenantoandro et al. 179 (MO, P). — Sommet de Beampoko, Ambohimirahavavy , 14°13’55”S, 49°08’23”E, 2137 m, 21.XI.2005, fl., Rakotovao et al. 2564 (MO, P). — Sava, Andapa , Doany , Anjialavahely , forêt d’Ankarongameloka, 14°20’14”S, 49°28’02”E, 513 m, III.2006, fr., Rakotovao et al.2982 (MO, P). — Ambanja, Ambodimanga-Ramena, Antsahabe, Mandrizavona , 13°47’31”S, 48°45’26”E, 460 m, 12.IV.2000, fl., fr., Ratovoson et al. 206 ( G, MO, P). — DIANA, Tsaratanana, 13°57’S, 48°52’E, 11.X.2001, Razakamalala et al. 173 (MO). — Fokontany Ampitambe, Ambatovy , commune rurale Ambohibary , district Moramanga , SE Bureau Dynatec , 18°51’30”S, 48°19’23”E, 1119 m, 22.II.2005, fr., Razanatsoa et al. 286 (MO). — R.N. 4, canton Marovato, district Ambanja, VI.1951, fr., Réserves Naturelles 2845 (MO, P). — Beangona, Ambanja, 12.I.1956, fr., Réserves Naturelles 7903 (P). — Réserve Intégrale 12, Massif de Marojejy , just N of village of Mandena on edge of reserve, 5 mi N of Manantenina which lies 42 km by road NE of Andapa on Highway 36, 14°27’S, 49°50’E, 100-200 m, 19.IX.1987, fl., Schatz et al. 1554 (MO).

Prov. Fianarantsoa, S of Farafangana in Forêt Classée near Manombo Reserve , 23°03’16”S, 47°40’28”E, 100 m, 15.XI.2011, fr., McPherson & Rabenantoandro 18421 (MO). — Farafangana, forêt classée de Manombo , 23°04’00”S, 47°40’33”E, 42 m, 27.IX.2002, fl., Rabevohitra et al. 4146 (MO). — Parc National de Ranomafana, Parcelle III, près de la case de recherche (JC 250 m, #949), 21°16’S, 47°25’E, 800-1000 m, 12.XI.1992, fl., Rakoto 316 (MO, P). — Same loc. (F 1630 m, #835), 900-1100 m, 10.XII.1992, fl., fr., Rakoto 362 (MO, P). — Isahara, Vangaindrano , 20.I.1950, fr., Service Forestier 2736 (P). — Ambodisonina, Anosimparihy , Mananjary , 14.I.1952, fr., Service Forestier 5615 (P). — Fenoarivo, Ilakatra , Vohipeno , 20.XI.1952, fl., Service Forestier 6441 (P). — Ambinanindrano, Vatomasina , Vohipeno , 13.XII.1952, fl., Service Forestier 7064 (MO, P). — Analatsihy, Tolongoina , Fort-Carnot , 23.X.1952, fl., Service Forestier 7139 (P). — Ankarenambe, Ankarimbelo , 12.I.1954, fl., Service Forestier 9484 (P). — Andrambovato, Tolongoina , B-11, 7.I.1954, fl., Service Forestier 9550 (P). — Marohandry, Marokarina , Mananjary , 20.XII.1954, fr., Service Forestier 13680 (P). — Ambatofotsy, Ampasinambo , Nosy-Varika , 17.I.1955, fr., Service Forestier 13714 (MO, P). — Andramba, Kianjavato , Mananjary , 18.XII.1954, fl., Service Forestier 14402 (P). — Ambalarano, canton Ifanirea , district Fort-Carnot , 24.IV.1960, fl., Service Forestier 19711 (MO, P). — Restes de forêt au S de Farafangana (route de Manombo , aux P.K. 20-21), 14- 17.X.1964, fl., Service Forestier 23607 (MO, P).

Prov. Mahajanga, bassin versant de la Bemafo , 14°13’30”S, 49°03’32”E, 1827 m, 27.X.2005, fl., fr., Buerki et al. 115 (MO, P). — Mangindrano, 14°13’03”S, 49°04’10”E, 1892 m, 20.X.2005, fl, Callmander et al. 408 (MO, P). — Ankaizina, VIII.1908, fl., Perrier de la Bâthie 2357 (P). — Ankaizina, 1000 m, IX.1922, fl., Perrier de la Bâthie 15114 (P). — Fokontany Tsaravilona Amparihy Androva, suivant la ligne de crête au N du camp II vers SE, 14°55’22”S, 49°25’55”E, 1195 m, 24.II.2008, fr., Ravelonarivo et al. 2986 (MO). — Fokontana Tsaravilona Amparihy Androva, sur le sommet de Volamba et ses alentours, 14°53’30”S, 49°25’01”E, 1288 m, 29.II.2008, fr., Ravelonarivo et al. 3082 (MO).

Prov.Toamasina, fiv. Maroantsetra , comm. Ambanizana , fok. Ambanizana , along path between Ambanizana – Andranobe , 15°39’19”S, 49°57’39”E, 11 m, 25.X.2004, fl., Antilahimena 2964 (MO, P). — Fiv. Maroantsetra, comm. Anjahana , fok. Ambanizana , Amboninandzoka River , 15°38’14”S, 49°57’59”E, 10 m, 14.IV.2002, fl., Antilahimena & Aridy 994 (MO). — Moramanga, Ambohibary , Ampitambe , Sahaivo forest, 18°50’26”S, 48°17’55”E, 1087 m, 9.XI.2006, fl., Antilahimena & Edmond 4918 (MO, P). — Alaotra-Mangoro region, fivondronana Moramanga, commune Andasibe , fokontany Berano , Ambatovy forest, 18°48’28”S, 48°18’43”E, 1100 m, 26.I.2005, fl., Antilahimena et al. 3244 (MO, P). — Same loc., 18°48’27”S, 48°18’40”E, 1145 m, 1.II.2005, fl., Antilahimena etal. 3257 (MO, P). — Ankaraoha, forêt au N de la route de Nickelville partie supérieure vers 1200 m, 29.XII.1954, fr., Homolle 2130 (P). — Alaotra-Mangoro Region, Préfecture de Moramanga, forêt de Sahamaloto , 19°03’11”S, 48°12’34”E, 1054-1059 m, 12.II.2001, fl., fr., Hong-Wa 48 ( G, MO). — Ambila-Lemaitso, E of Brickaville , Old Station Forestière , c. 5 km S of town, 18°54’S, 49°07’E, 10 m, 17.I.1999, fl., Lowry & Miller 5132 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, fl., Lowry & Miller 5136 (MO, P). — Forêt d’Analamazaotra, 800 m, fl., fr., Perrier de la Bâthie 6721 (P). — Same loc., possibly X, fl., fr., Perrier de la Bâthie 6723 (P). — Same loc., fl., Perrier de la Bâthie 6726 (P, TAN). — Phelps Dodge project site, c. 15 air-km NE of Moramanga, 11 km E of Antanambo , Ambatovy , Antsahalava River E, 18°50’54”S, 48°17’56”E, 1000 m, 1.II.1997, fr., Rakotomalaza et al. 1086 (MO, P). — Phelps Dodge project site, c. 15 air-km E of Moramanga, 11 km E of Antanambao , Torotorofotsy , 18°53’S, 48°21’E, 950 m, 24.II.1997, fr., Rakotomalaza et al. 1184 (MO, P). — Ambodisaina, 17°17’25”S, 48°40’30”E, 850 m, 13.I.2002, fl., Rakotonandrasana 619 (MO). — District Moramanga, commune Ambohibary , fokontany Ampitambe , Ambatovy , environ 22 km NE de Moramanga, 18°48’55”S, 48°19’35”E, 1109 m, 21.II.2005, fr., Rakotovao et al. 1261 (MO, P). — Fiv. Ambatondrazaka, commune Antanandava , fkt. Antanandava , 3 km au SW d’Ankosy, 17°29’07”S, 48°44’02”E, 1157 m, 27.I.2001, fr., Randrianasolo et al. 182 (MO). — Zahamena PN, Antoby , 3 km à l’E d’Andranomalaza, 17°38’38”S, 48°38’24”E, 1025 m, 18.I.2003, fl., Randrianasolo 354 (MO, P). — Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Zahamena, Montagne de Randovalo , Commune de Manakambahiny Est , souspréfecture d’Ambatondrazaka, 17°40’05”S, 48°45’30”E, 1400 m, 4.XI.1994, fl., Randrianjanaka & Zafy 258 (MO, P). — Ambatondrazaka, Manakambahiny Est , Nosivola , 3 km NW de Nosivola , 17°41’01”S, 48°32’38”E, 900 m, 3.XI.2001, Ratovoson et al. 600 (MO, P). — Fokontany Ampitambe , Ambatovy , commune rurale Ambohibary , district Moramanga, SE Bureau Dynatec , 18°51’30”S, 48°19’23”E, 1119 m, 22.II.2005, fr., Razanatsoa et al. 286 (P). — Manambato, Fénérive , 14.XII.1955, fl., Réserves Naturelles 7721 (P). — Canton Ambodiriana, district Tamatave , 8.XII.1956, fr., Réserves Naturelles 8035 (P). — Masoala Peninsula, c. 3 km NE of Antalavia , along Antalavia River , 15°47’S, 50°02’E, 200-380 m, 13-16. XI.1989, fl., Schatz et al. 2825 (MO, P). — Masoala Peninsula, just S of Ambanizana , 15°38’S, 49°58’E, 20 m, 17.XI.1989, fl., Schatz et al. 2829 (MO, P). — Masoala Peninsula, Ambanizana , trail along coast, 1-3 km S of Ambanizana , 15°39’S, 49°58’E, 0-10 m, 26.X.1992, fl., Schatz et al. 3323 (MO, P). — Analamazaotra, I.[1919?], fl., Service de Colonisation 74 (P). — Soanierana-Ivongo, 27.XII.1949, fl., Service Forestier 2302 (P). — Manangisy, Brickaville , 1.III.1951, fr., Service Forestier 3223 (P). — Bassin de la Rantabe, entre Antsamelahy et Beanana , vers 500 m, 19.II.1954, fr., Service Forestier 9046 (MO, P). — Ambavadiala, Andilamena, Ambatondrazaka, 8.I.1956, fr., Service Forestier 15716 (P).

Prov.Toliara, Fort-Dauphin , s.d., Cloisel 131 (P). — NW of Tolanaro, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale #11 ( Andohahela ) parcelle I, NW of Eminiminy , beside River Itrotroky , 24°38’S, 46°46’E, 500-1000 m, 6-13.II.1993, fr., Malcomber et al. 2200 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, Malcomber et al. 2201 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, Malcomber et al. 2216 (MO, P). — Anosy Region, commune rurale Mahatalaky , fokontany Tsialagna , Tsialagna Forêt 1.5 km N du Tsialagna , 24°43’01”S, 47°00’39” E, 190 m, 19.XI.2009, post-fl. Rakotovao et al. 4605 ( G, MO). — Réserve Naturelle Intégrale #11, parcelle 1, à vicinité d’Eminiminy, 24°40’S, 46°48’E, 200- 700 m, 13-25.I.1993, fr., Randriamampionona 18 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, fl., Randriamampionona 70 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, fl., Randriamampionona 71 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, fr., Randriamampionona 72 (MO, P). — Same loc., same date, fl., Randriamampionona 74 (P, MO) ; Same loc., same date, fr., Randriamampionona 75 (MO, P). — Anosy Region, district Fort-Dauphin, commune Bevoay , fokontany Fenoambany , Androranga , 24°29’39”S, 472 05’39”E, 171 m, 18.XI.2009, fl., Razakamalala & Ramison 4687 ( G, K, MO). — Fort-Dauphin , Iaboko , Antsotso , forêt Ivohibe , 24°33’52”S, 47°11’43”E, 386 m, XI.2005, fr., Razakamalala et al. 2537 (MO). — R. N. XI [ Andohahela ], Marosohihy, canton Enanilahy, district Fort-Dauphin , 17.XII.1951, fl., Réserves Naturelles 3439 (P). — Amifia dans la R.N. no. XI [ Andohahela ], bord de rivière de Ranohela , 15.XII.1965, fl., Service Forestier 25545 (P). Unknown locality or origin, Central Madagascar , 1885, fl., fr., Baron 3721 (P). — S.l., s.d., fl., Bojer s.n. (P). — S.l., s.d., fl., Commerson s.n. (P). — Partie supérieure de la forêt, 1200 m, 29.XII.1944, fr., Cours 2130 (P). — Mana [n]tenina, tanety, 450 m, 30.XII.1948, fl., Cours 3164 (MO, P). — Route Ampalanana, s.d., fr., Cours 27681 (P). — Tananarive, Tsimbaza [za] Botanical Garden Arboretum , 1200 m, 19.I.1975, Croat 28779 (MO). — Antananarivo, Parc de Tsimbazaza , cultivated, 21.X.1984, fl., Dorr & Barnett 3155 (MO, P).

POSSIBLE HYBRIDS ( C. CERASIFOLIA × C. GRANDIFLORA ). — Madagascar. Prov. Antsiranana, fiv. Vohémar , commune Fanambana , forêt d’Analalava, localité Antsoha , 13°35’37”S, 49°59’11”E, 12.XI.2001, fl., fr., Randrianaivo et al. 744 (MO). — Prov. Mahajanga, fiv. Befandriana-Nord , fir. Mantsodaka , fok. Manandriana , forêt d’Analabe, versant W de la Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, 13.5 km SW de Befingotra , Campement 3, 14°47.0’S, 49°26.5’E, 1200 m, 2.XI.1999, fl., Rakotomalaza et al. 2080 (MO). — Prov. Toamasina, 6-10 km S of Ambila-Lemaitso , 18°51’S, 49°08’E, 0-20 m, 6.III.1988, fr., Schatz et al. 1948 (MO, P).

DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY

Calantica cerasifolia is widely distributed in humid forests of eastern Madagascar and in littoral forest; it occurs at a wide range of altitudes (from sea level to over 2100 m), on laterite, rocky or siliceous soil, or sandstone, often on streambanks or in streambeds, or on dry hills.

REMARKS

Calantica cerasifolia is a tree to 25 m and 100 cm dbh with pale bark, described on only one specimen label (probably in error) as lianoid. It is notable for its large inflorescences of numerous small flowers (usually 5-7.5 mm in diameter, rarely to 10 mm). The perianth is pale or yellowish green to whitish (rarely described as yellow-orange), the glands yellow to orange, the disk pale green or yellow becoming reddish, the filaments white, and the anthers red to brown, yellow, or black. Flowers are often reported to be scented.

As herein circumscribed, Calantica cerasifolia is widespread in humid forests and encompasses exceptional morphological variability. The leaves are quite variable in shape and size; in general, they are broadest at or above the middle, frequently with cuspidate apices, convex bases, and crenate to subentire margins. Three regional variants are particularly worth noting. Several specimens from very high altitudes in Antsiranana (1827-2137 m) have thickened, often suborbicular, strongly crenate leaves, and a larger group of specimens from moderate-elevation forests (950-1100 m) in Toamasina have small obovate leaves, with apices relatively often rounded to retuse and bases relatively often cuneate. Low-elevation collections from the northeastern Masoala region have unusually large leaves, which tend to be oblong and to have rounded to rounded-truncate rather than convex bases. However, a wide range of variation in leaf morphology is seen within other species in association with altitudinal variation ( van Steenis 1957) and the floral morphology is not significantly different in any of these populations.

Calantica cerasifolia is likely to be closely related to C. grandiflora , which has pilose inflorescences, only sparsely or partly pubescent ovaries, and usually much larger flowers with larger sepal glands that have a less corrugated surface. Three specimens, cited above as possible hybrids, have been identified that have intermediate characteristics, combining pilose pedicels and sepals with more or less densely pubescent ovaries. The flowers of these specimens are 8-10.5mm in diameter (unusually large for C. cerasifolia , unusually small for C. grandiflora ); the sepal glands are over 1 mm long, which is very rare in C. cerasifolia , but sometimes have a densely corrugated surface typical of that species. Leaf morphology in these specimens is variable, as it is in C. cerasifolia . Two of these specimens were collected in areas where both species are known; one (Schatz et al. 1948) was collected simultaneously with typical C. grandiflora (Schatz et al. 1947) . The third (Rakotomalaza et al. 2080) is problematic because it was collected at 1200 m, while C. grandiflora occurs only at low altitudes near the coasts. As C. cerasifolia occurs at a complete range of altitudes, we tentatively hypothesize that this specimen results from gene flow following introgression of C. cerasifolia genes at a lower altitude. Further investigation of this population would be desirable.

The original material of Blackwellia cerasifolia was described by Ventenat (1808: 56) as “originaire de Madagascar; cultivé dans le Jardin Botanique de l’Isle de France, où le Célèbre Naturaliste Riche avoit cueilli l’exemplaire que je fais figurer.” No specimen attributed to Riche exists.A collection by Commerson, of which material at G was designated as “type” by Sleumer (1973), has been generally considered to represent original material ( Perrier 1946; Sleumer 1973). There are two sheets at G, one of which is barcoded (G00364811) and the other possibly intended to share the same number (its image was sent as G00364811_a). The barcoded sheet, which holds a smaller specimen with more surviving flowers, has a handwritten label reading “inconnues de Madagascar, Homalium , Commerson”, with a later annotation of “Blackwell. Cerasifolia Vent ”. The second sheet has a printed “Herbier de Ventenat” label with the handwritten notation of “Commerson”. It is reasonable to assume that Commerson’s collection was original material used by Ventenat (Commerson died in 1773, so his collection would have been available long before Ventenat’s 1808 publication). However, the material provided by Riche for illustration might have been an unrelated original element. Sleumer equated the two by labeling the barcoded sheet at G as “cultivé dans le Jardin Botanique de l’Ile de France, originaire de Madagascar, Commerson legit” and describing it similarly in print ( Sleumer 1973), but none of the duplicates at G or P mention the Jardin Botanique nor correspond to Ventenat’s plate (1808: tab. 56). Commerson’s specimen at G is therefore a lectotype, not a holotype. Since only one of the two sheets at G should properly have been designated as lectotype, we herein perform a second-step lectotypification, as permitted by Art. 9.17 of the ICN ( McNeill et al. 2012), to specify that the barcoded sheet is the lectotype.

Ethnobotany

The wood of Calantica cerasifolia is used in construction (Cours 3164, Service Forestier 19711).

Vernacular names

Aretimpony (Service Forestier 9484); Aretipony (Service Forestier 2736); Beravy (Service Forestier 25545); Elatrangidina (Hong-Wa 48); Fandrianakoniga (Réserves Naturelles 3439); Hazo malany (Cours 3164); Hazomainty (Service Forestier 13714); Hazomalany (Antilahimena & Edmond 4918); Hazombato (Perrier de la Bâthie 6726; Réserves Naturelles 8035; Service de Colonisation 74; Service Forestier 5615, 6441, 7064, 9484, 9550, 13680, 14402, 15716, 19711); Iampivahitra (Réserves Naturelles 7721); Janganita (Réserves Naturelles 2845); Janganito-joby (Réserves Naturelles 7903); Jangrenito (Antilahimena 2964); Seta (Service Forestier 7139); Taivaropotsy (Service Forestier 2302).

CONSERVATION STATUS

The preliminary assessment of the conservation status of Calantica cerasifolia is Least Concern (LC). The species (as currently circumscribed) is widespread (an Extent of Occurrence of 184,573 km 2) and occurs in a variety of ecological conditions, and recent collections have been made in several areas. It is known from the protected areas of Andohahela, Betampona, Périnet-Analamazaotra, Manombo, Manongarivo, Marojejy, Masoala, Ranomafana, Tsaratanana, and Zahamena.