Hogna insularum (Kulczynski, 1899)

Crespo, Luis C., Silva, Isamberto, Enguidanos, Alba, Cardoso, Pedro & Arnedo, Miquel, 2022, Island hoppers: Integrative taxonomic revision of Hogna wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) endemic to the Madeira islands with description of a new species, ZooKeys 1086, pp. 84-135 : 84

Hogna insularum (Kulczynski, 1899)

Figures 15 , 16 , 17

Trochosa insularum Kulczynski, 1899: 429, pl. 9, f. 122, 126 (Dmf).

Hogna insularum Roewer, 1959: 517, fig. 291c, d.

Hogna biscoitoi Wunderlich, 1992: 457, figs 708-709. Syn. nov.

Hogna insularum Wunderlich, 1995: 415, fig. 27 (m).

Types.

Hogna biscoitoi Holotype ♂ without exact locality, Porto Santo; leg. Winkelmayer, stored at MMF, collection number 24551. Not examined.

Syntypes: Madeira • 7 ♀♀ (MIZ217320-217326). Porto Santo • 2 ♂♂ and 14 ♀♀ and 1 juvenile (MIZ217327-217343), leg. Kulczynski, stored at MIZ, collection numbers indicated above. Examined 2 ♂♂ from Porto Santo, 1 ♀ from Madeira.

Material examined.

Bugio • Planalto Sul, 32.41228°N, 16.47466°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0015) and 1 ♀ (CRBALC0017), 28.VI.2012, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva , 1 ♂ (CRBALC0316: LC229), 1 ♀ (CRBALC0301: LC190) and 2 juveniles (CRBALC0315: LC228, CRBALC0318: LC231), 13.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo. Deserta Grande • Eira , 32.50993°N, 16.50240°W, 2 juveniles (CRBALC0312: LC282), CRBALC0319: LC232), 11.IV.2017, 1 ♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.148894), 17.IV.2011, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva ; North end, 1 ♂ (MMUE G7508.51), 12.VIII.1981, under stone, leg. J. Murphy ; Pedregal (E), 32.54613°N, 16.5234°W, 1 ♀ (CRBALC0308: LC197) and 1 juvenile (CRBALC0306: LC195), 8.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva , 1 juvenile (CRBALC0285: LC185), 9.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo; Planalto Sul , 32.50596°N, 16.49986°W, 1 juvenile (CRBALC0413: LC284), 11.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva ; Rocha do Barbusano (S), 32.53168°N, 16.51471°W, 1 juvenile (CRBALC0262: LC175), 10.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva ; Vale da Castanheira , 1 ♂ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.148961), 23.IV.2011, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva et al., 1 ♂ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.148976), 5.V.2011, pitfall trapping, leg. I. Silva et al., 1 ♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.148982), 2 ♀♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.148986), 22.IV.2011, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva; Vale da Castanheira (E), 32.5571°N, 16.52963°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0305: LC194), 9.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva ; Vale da Castanheira (SE), 32.55078°N, 16.52541°W, 2 ♂♂ (CRBALC0313: LC226, CRBALC0349: LC241) and 1 ♀ (CRBALC0348: LC240), 9.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva. Ilhéu da Cal • 1 ♀ ( SMF65693 ), leg. K. Groh. Ilheu de Cima • top plateau, 33.05556°N, 16.28097°W, 1 ♀ (CRBALC0019), 9.IV.2012, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0018), 22.V.2011, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva, 1 ♀ (CRBALC0302: LC191) and 4 juveniles (CRBALC0284: LC183, CRBALC0311: LC225, CRBALC0320: LC233, CRBALC0321: LC234), 19.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva. Ilheu de Ferro • South tip, 33.03698°N, 16.40814°W, 1 ♀ (CRBALC0317: LC320) and 2 juveniles (CRBALC0265: LC178, CRBALC0266: LC179), 18.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva. Ilhéu Do Desembarcadouro • 2 ♀♀ (MMUE G7508.50), 28.VIII.1981, under stone, leg. J. Murphy. Madeira • Cais do Sardinha , 32.7419°N, 16.68317°W, 5 juveniles (CRBALC0504: LC242, CRBALC0505: LC243, CRBALC0506: LC244, CRBALC0507: LC245, CRBALC0508: LC246), 30.III.2017, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva ; Caniçal, 1 ♀ (MMUE G7572.859), 24.IV.1973, leg. J. Murphy ; Caniço, 1 ♀ (MMUE G7508.58), 11.VIII.1981, under stone, leg. J. Murphy ; Ponta de Sao Lourenco , 1 ♂ (MMUE G7508.54), 29.VII.1981, 1 ♀ (MMUE G7508.57), 1.VIII.1981, under stone, leg. J. Murphy , 4 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.156001), 15.V.2011, pitfall trapping, leg. L. Crespo et al., 1 ♂ and 4 ♀♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.156012), 2.V.2011, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo et al., 2 ♀♀ (FMNHhttp://id.luomus.fi/HLA.156034), 26.IX.2009, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo, 1 ♀ (CRBALC0597) and 3 juveniles (CRBALC0599, CRBALC0600, CRBALC0651), 32.749965°N, 16.692817°W, 2.IV.2018, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo; Ponta do Rosto , 1 ♀ (CRBALC0513: LC251) and 3 juveniles (CRBALC0509: LC247, CRBALC0510: LC248, CRBALC512: LC250), 32.75022°N, 16.70833°W, 30.III.2017, hand collecting, leg. I. Silva. Porto Santo • Rocha de Nossa Senhora , 33.07353°N, 16.3212°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0290: LC187) and 1 juvenile (CRBALC0291: LC188), 21.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva ; Pedras Vermelhas , 2 ♂♂ and 1 juvenile ( SMF65689 ), 7.VII.1983, leg. K. Groh ; Pico Ana Ferreira , 33.04728°N, 16.37171°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0310: LC224), 1 ♀ (CRBALC0327: LC239) and 5 juveniles (CRBALC0303: LC192, CRBALC0307: LC196, CRBALC0326: LC238, CRBALC0309: LC281, CRBALC0430: LC285), 20.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva ; Pico Branco , 33.09428°N, 16.30137°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0304: LC193), 21.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva , 1 ♂ (CRBALC0314: LC227), 23.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo; Pico da Juliana , 33.09270°N, 16.32186°W, 1 juvenile (CRBALC0286: LC186), 24.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo ; Pico do Castelo , 33.08196°N, 16.33277°W, 2 ♀♀ (CRBALC0300: LC189, CRBALC0322: LC235) and 2 juveniles (CRBALC0267: LC180, CRBALC0268: 181), 17.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva , 1 ♂ (CRBALC0692), 8.IV.2018, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & A. Bellvert; Pico do Concelho , 1 ♀ ( SMF65695 ), 29.VI.1983, leg. K. Groh ; Pico do Espigao , 1 ♀ ( SMF65692 ), 1.VII.1983, leg. K. Groh ; Pico do Facho , 1 ♀ ( SMF65694 ), 28.VI.1983, leg. K. Groh ; Pico do Macarico [the label reads " Pico dos Magaricos ", therefore we find it necessary to present the correct locality name], 1 ♀ ( SMF65691 ), 10.VII.1983, leg. K. Groh ; Terra-Chã (Pico Branco), 33.09447°N, 16.29839°W, 1 ♂ (CRBALC0323: LC236) and 2 juveniles (CRBALC0324: LC327, CRBALC0396: LC283), 21.IV.2017, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & I. Silva , 4 juveniles (CRBALC0627, CRBALC0628, CRBALC0630, CRBALC0700), 10.IV.2018, hand collecting, leg. L. Crespo & A. Bellvert. Unknown location • 1 ♀ (NHRS-JUST-000001115), 1 ♂ (MMUE G7508.48), 28.VIII.1981, under stone, leg. J. Murphy, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ and 2 juveniles ( SMF34577 ), 1983, leg. G. Schmidt , 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ ( SMF65690 ), hand collecting, leg. I. Silva , 1 ♀ (NHM 1892.7.9.12.17), leg. W.R.O. Grant.

Diagnosis.

Hogna insularum can be diagnosed from all other Madeiran Hogna by a combination of the following characters: the small to medium size (prosoma length <10 mm), the aspect of its legs, brown, with black patches (Fig. 27C ), male’s embolus thin, with smoothly curved tip (Fig. 15 ), and female epigyne median septum roughly half as wide (at posterior transverse part) as long (Fig. 16A, C, E, G ). It is most similar to H. heeri and H. isambertoi sp. nov., from which it cannot be somatically differentiated.

Redescription.

Male (CRBALC0310): (Fig. 15A, E, F ). Total length: 7.8; carapace: 4.6 long, 3.3 wide.

Colour: carapace greyish brown, covered with short black setae, with a median cream longitudinal band, anteriorly broadened, covered with short white setae, with suffused greyish brown patches; two yellow marginal bands, with roughly round grey patches, covered with short white setae; four black striae well visible on each flank. Chelicerae brownish orange, with blackish patches, covered in black and white setae. Gnathocoxae greyish yellow, labium overall blackish, with anterior margin greyish yellow; sternum yellow, with a V-shaped grey patch and suffused patches at lateral borders. Legs pale yellow to orange from femora to tibia, with irregular grey suffused patches, metatarsi and tarsi brown. Pedipalps pale yellow except tarsus, brown. Abdomen with a pair of anterolateral black patches, extending laterally into grey flanks, mottled with yellowish patches covered with white setae; a median dark lanceolate patch is bordered by two yellowish longitudinal bands interconnected in anterior half, posteriorly by means of dark chevrons; venter yellowish, with a median dark grey longitudinal band, bordered by small yellowish and grey patches.

Eyes: MOQ: MW = 0.8 PW, MW = 1.1 LMP, MW = 1.2 AW; Cl = 0.3 DAME. Anterior eye row slightly procurved.

Legs: Measurements: Leg I: 13.6, TiI: 3.1; Leg IV: 14.9, TiIV: 3.1; TiIL/D: 5.5. Spination of Leg I: FeI: d1.1.0, p0.0.1-2; TiI: p1s.0.1s, r1s.0.1s, v2l.2l.2s; MtI: p0.1.1, r0.0.1, v2l.2l.1s. MtI with sparse scopulae in basal half and dense scopulae on distal half.

Pedipalp: cymbium with five dark, stout, macrosetae at tip, Fe with two dorsal and an apical row of four spines, Pa with one prolateral spine, Ti with one dorsal and one prolateral spines. Tegular apophysis with ventral spur short, blunt, with a straight ridge leading to a wide apical point (Fig. 15D ); terminal apophysis blade-shaped with sharp end (Fig. 15A-C ); embolus long and thin, with tip smoothly curved anteriorly (Fig. 15A-C ); palea large (Fig. 15A-C ).

Female (CRBALC0308): (Fig. 16C-D ). Total length 12.8; carapace: 5.4 long, 4.1 wide.

Colour: overall as in male, but darker in legs, chelicera and prosoma. Sternum with a faint V-shaped grey patch. Abdomen is lighter, with central chevrons and ventral longitudinal dark band faded.

Eyes: MOQ: MW = 0.8 PW, MW = 1.2 LMP, MW = 1.2 AW; Cl = 0.6 DAME. Anterior eye row slightly procurved.

Legs: Measurements: Leg I: 13.8, TiI: 3.1; Leg IV: 16.0, TiIV: 3.3; TiIL/D: 3.7. Spination of Leg I: FeI: d1.1.0, p0.0.2; TiI: p0.1s.0, v2l.2l.2s; MtI: p0.0.1, r0.0.1, v2l.2l.1s. MtI with sparse scopulae in basal half and dense scopulae on distal half.

Epigyne: anterior pockets almost touching, short, with lateral borders parallel (Fig. 16C ); anterior pocket cavities shallow; median septum with narrow posterior transverse part (Fig. 16C ); spermathecae oval or piriform (Fig. 16D ); copulatory ducts with small, stout diverticulum ventrally (Fig. 16D ); fertilisation ducts emerging at the base of copulatory duct (Fig. 16D ).

Intraspecific variation.

Carapace length, males: 4.6-6.4, females: 5.1-7.4. Length of cymbium tip of male pedipalp can vary from shorter to longer than the bulbus. In the single available adult female from Madeira, the anterior pockets of the epigyne show slightly divergent lateral borders (posteriorly) (Fig. 16E ), while specimens from the remaining islands show parallel lateral borders.

Distribution.

This species is known from many locations on all islands of the archipelago except Madeira island, where it is only present at the southeast coastal region (Fig. 17 ).

Ecology.

Hogna insularum occurs in a wide variety of habitats, from grasslands, Erica shrubland, to secondary forests (in the latter two cases, only in Porto Santo).

Conservation status.

Hogna insularum was assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria, with the status of Least Concern ( Cardoso et al. 2018c).

Comments.

Hogna insularum displays remarkable intraspecific variation. In males, both the length of the cymbium tip and the position of the terminal apophysis relative to the embolus are variable (Fig. 15 ). In females, the epigyne usually presents anterior pockets with anteriorly parallel lateral borders, but a specimen from Madeira shows a posteriorly divergent lateral border. At the same time, the shape of spermathecae seem to vary from ovoid (Fig. 16A-D ), to piriform (Fig. 16E, F ), to rounded (Fig. 16G, H ). Wunderlich (1992) described H. biscoitoi based on specimens from Porto Santo. To differentiate it from H. insularum he stated that in males "the sickle-shaped apophysis points more to the tip of the cymbium" while in the former species the same structure “(…) is directed more retrolaterally". For females, although a diagnostic description was provided, the identification key directed to the same image when referring to the epigyne of both H. insularum and H. biscoitoi . We collected an array of specimens from different localities in Porto Santo (from Pico Ana Ferreira to Pico Branco) and surrounding islets. We did observe male pedipalps with different degrees of inclination of the terminal apophysis and with cymbium tip shorter than the length of the copulatory bulbus (Fig. 15A, C ), but both characters were unlinked. We suspect that these traits may be affected by the time from the last moult (e.g., Fig. 15B was most likely a recently moulted individual, given its overall pale coloration). Furthermore, fixation in ethanol might sometimes cause a displacement of sclerites, even if small. Molecular data does not seem to provide any additional evidence regarding the possibility that the specimens from Porto Santo may belong to a different species that those reported form other islands. Unfortunately, we could not examine the type material of H. biscoitoi stored at the Funchal Municipal Museum, since it does not loan type material for study. Based on the variability in the supposedly diagnostic features and the lack of genetic divergence, we consider H. biscoitoi as a junior synonym of H. insularum .

Figures

Figure 15. Hogna insularum, male pedipalps A male from Porto Santo (CRBALC 0310), left pedipalp, ventral B male from Deserta Grande (CRBALC 0305), left pedipalp, ventral C male from Bugio (CRBALC 0015), left pedipalp, ventral D detail of the median apophysis of male from Deserta Grande (CRBALC 0305), anteroventral E SEM image, right male pedipalp, male from Porto Santo (CRBALC 0310), ventral F idem, retroventral. Abbreviations, male pedipalp: AT - anterior point, C - cymbium, E - embolus, P - palea, R - ridge, T - tegulum, TA - terminal apophysis, TgA - tegular apophysis, VS - ventral spur. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, C); 0.2 mm (D).

Figure 16. Hogna insularum, female genitalia A, B female from Bugio (CRBALC 0301): A epigynum, ventral B vulva, dorsal C, D female from Deserta Grande (CRBALC 0308): C epigynum, ventral D vulva, dorsal E, F female from Madeira (CRBALC 0597): E epigynum, ventral F vulva, dorsal G, H female from Porto Santo (CRBALC 0300): G epigynum, ventral H vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations, female genitalia: D - diverticulum, H - epigynal hoods, MS - median septum, S - spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 17. Distribution of H. insularum. Circles: present records; black triangles: revised records from literature; white triangles: unconfirmed records from literature.

Figure 27. Plate with photographs of the lateral view of the leg I for the complex of H. maderiana, H. insularum and their intermediate forms.