Cafius Stephens 1829

Chani-Posse, Mariana, Newton, Alfred F., Hansen, Aslak Kappel & Solodovnikov, Alexey, 2018, Checklist and taxonomic changes for Central and South American Philonthina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Zootaxa 4449 (1), pp. 1-95 : 31-33

Cafius Stephens 1829

Cafius Stephens 1829a: 23 , attributed to Leach. Type species: Staphylinus xantholoma Gravenhorst, 1806 , designated by Curtis 1830: pl. 322.

= Euremus Bierig 1934: 68 , nomen nudum (as subgenus of Cafius ; no type species designation).

= Euremus Blackwelder 1943: 435 (as subgenus of Cafius ; validation of Euremus Bierig by designation of type species). Type species: Philonthus bistriatus Erichson, 1840 .

Notes: There are 44 valid species of Cafius distributed worldwide from the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts (Newton unpublished database). Among them, 11 species have been recorded from the Neotropical region and two species from Southern South America ( Chile). Notwithstanding C. bisulcatus (Solier) and C. xantholoma (Solier) from Chile, the remaining species show a broader distribution in the Nearctic region. Jeon et al. (2012) found Cafius and most of its subgenera not to be monophyletic, with Remus and some other small non-CASA genera nested within the genus, and therefore did not recognize subgenera. Chani-Posse et al. (2018) also show Cafius as a non-monophyletic genus, whose representatives form a species complex in a potential sister-group relationship to the so called Philonthus complex. The current concept of the genus is that of Smetana (1995).

Cafius bistriatus bistriatus ( Erichson 1840)

Philonthus bistriatus Erichson 1840: 502 . Type locality: America septentrionalis Insula Longa [Long Island]. Type depository: ZMHB HT. Distribution: Canada (NB, NL, NS, PE, QC), USA (east coast), Mexico (Caribbean coast), Venezuela, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, DR, Puerto Rico, Mona Is., Virgin Is., Antigua, Barbados, Carriacou, Dominica, Grenada, Grenadines, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Tobago, Trinidad,?Galápagos Is. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel 1874: 196) ; ssp. bistriatus (Erichson) in Frank & Ahn (2011: 33) ; distribution (Orth & Moore 1980, Frank et al. 1986, Frank & Ahn 2011), within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), Dominica (Peck 2006), Barbados ( Peck 2009a), Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is., Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago); species (as " cf. bistriatus ", not identified to subspecies) reported from Galápagos Islands by Newton & Peck (2006).

= Philonthus bilineatus Erichson 1840: 503 . Type locality: ins St. Johannis [St. John, Virgin Is.]. Type depository: ZMHB HT. Distribution: Virgin Is. (St. John). Note: as Cafius , comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Scheerpeltz 1933: 1369) ; as synonym of C. bistriatus Blackwelder (1943: 438) .

Cafius bistriatus fulgens Frank 1986

Cafius bistriatus fulgens Frank et al. 1986: 153 . Type locality: Mulege, Baja California Sur. Type depository: CNC HT ♂, 13 PT. Distribution: USA (California), Mexico (northwest). Note: ssp. fulgens Frank and distribution (Frank et al. 1986: 153, Frank & Ahn 2011: 33) within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Cafius bisulcatus ( Solier 1849)

Staphylinus bisulcatus Solier 1849: 314 . Type locality: [no specific locality] [Chile]. Type depository: MNHN? #?ST. Distribution: Chile;?Australia. Notes: as Philonthus ( Fairmaire & Germain 1862: 432) ; comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel 1874: 196) ; distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011), within Chile ( Ferrú & Elgueta 2011).

Cafius canescens (Mäklin1852)

Philonthus canescens Mannerheim 1852: 313 . Type depository: MCZ LT ♀. Type locality: insula Edgecombe. Distribution: Canada (w), USA (w), Mexico. Note: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel 1874: 196) ; lectotype designation, redescription, distribution (Orth & Moore 1980: 186); distribution within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius caribeanus Bierig 1934

Cafius caribeanus Bierig 1934: 68 (as a variety of C. corallicola (Fairmaire)). Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Type locality: Playa de Marianao, Cuba. Distribution: USA, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Antigua, Carriacou, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, St. Croix, Trinidad. Notes: as a valid species ( Blackwelder 1943: 437); distribution (Orth & Moore 1980, Peck 2011b), also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), Dominica (Peck 2006), Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is., Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago); distribution including USA ( Frank & Ahn 2011); distribution including Panama, also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Cafius decipiens ( LeConte 1863)

Philonthus decipiens LeConte 1863: 40 . Type locality: San Diego, California [ North America ] . Type depository:

MCZ LT ♂, 2 PLT?. Distribution: USA (CA), Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel 1874: 196) ; distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); lectotype designation, redescription, distribution (Orth & Moore 1980: 192); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius lithocharinus ( LeConte 1863)

Philonthus lithocharinus LeConte 1863: 38 . Type locality: San Diego, California. Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 3 PLT?. Distribution: Canada (w), USA (w), Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Horn 1884: 236) ; lectotype designation, redescription (Orth & Moore 1980: 189); distribution (Orth & Moore 1980, Moore & Andrews 1985); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius luteipennis Horn 1884

Cafius luteipennis Horn 1884: 237 . Type locality: "California seacoast". Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 9+PLT. Distribution: Canada (w), USA (w), Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription (Orth & Moore 1980: 191); distribution (Orth & Moore 1980, Moore & Andrews 1985); distribution, also within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius opacus ( LeConte 1863)

Philonthus opacus LeConte 1863: 40 . Type locality: San Diego, California [North America]. Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 3+PLT?. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel, 1874: 196) ; lectotype designation, redescription, distribution (Orth & Moore 1980: 187); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

= Philonthus dubius LeConte 1863: 39 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus dubius Heer 1839: 278 ). Type locality: San Diego, California [North America]. Type depository: MCZ HT. Distribution: USA (California). Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel 1874: 196) ; as synonym of C. opacus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 363) .

Cafius rufifrons Bierig 1934

Cafius (Euremus) rufifrons Bierig 1934: 68 . Type depository: FMNH HT, 1 PT. Type locality: Playa de Marianao, Cuba. Distribution: USA (FL), Cuba, Puerto Rico. Notes: as synonym of C. bistriatus ( Blackwelder 1943: 438) but as valid species (Orth & Moore 1980: 198); distribution (Frank et al. 1986, Jeon et al. 2012), also within Cuba ( Peck 2005); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius seminitens Horn 1884

Cafius seminitens Horn 1884: 236 . Type locality: " California seacoast". Type depository: MCZ LT ♂. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription (Orth & Moore 1980: 183); distribution (Orth & Moore 1980); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius subtilis Cameron 1922

Cafius subtilis Cameron 1922: 121 . Type locality: Jamaica. Type depository: BMNH #? ST. Distribution: USA (FL), Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Dominica, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Mona, Montserrat, St. Croix, St. Kitts. Notes: Note: distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), Dominica (Peck 2006); Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is., Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius sulcicollis ( LeConte 1863)

Philonthus sulcicollis LeConte 1863: 40 . Type locality: San Diego, California [North America]. Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 3 PLT?. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Fauvel, 1874: 196) ; lectotype designation, redescription, distribution (Orth & Moore 1980: 194); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Frank & Ahn 2011).

Cafius xantholoma ( Gravenhorst, 1806) [adventive in CASA, or misidentification?]

Staphylinus xantholoma Gravenhorst 1806: 41 . Type depository: ZMHB?. Type locality: Rostochii. Distribution: Europe, Ukraine, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Azores, Canary Is., Iceland; adventive? in South Africa, Chile. Notes: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus ( Curtis, 1829: 26) ; South Africa record FMNH (not in Herman 2001d); distribution within Chile ( Ferrú & Elgueta 2011); Chile as "later shown to be based on misidentification" ( Frank & Ahn 2011: 56) but without reference to source; Neotropical (i.e., Chile) also indicated as adventive ( Schülke & Smetana 2015: 1020).