Philonthus Stephens 1829

Chani-Posse, Mariana, Newton, Alfred F., Hansen, Aslak Kappel & Solodovnikov, Alexey, 2018, Checklist and taxonomic changes for Central and South American Philonthina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Zootaxa 4449 (1), pp. 1-95 : 58-81

Philonthus Stephens 1829

Philonthus Stephens 1829a: 23 , attributed to Leach. Type species: Staphylinus splendens Fabricius, 1792 , designated by Curtis (1836: pl. 610). Notes: also Stephens (1829b: 279, 1832: 226), Curtis (1829: 25), Dillwyn (1829: 68); Bouchard et al. (2011) use Curtis (1829) as author.

= Spatulonthus Tottenham 1955: 154 (as subgenus of Philonthus ). Type species: Philonthus longicornis Stephens, 1832 , by original designation. Note: as valid genus, Coiffait & Sáiz (1968: 360); as synonym (not subgenus) of Philonthus, Smetana (1995: 51) .

= Endeius Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 355 . Type species: Endeius loensis Coiffait & Sáiz, 1968 , by original designation. Distribution: Chile, Argentina, Juan Fernandez Is., Peru, Galapagos Is. Notes: revised (Chani-Posse de Maus 2008); as synonym of Philonthus , one species moved to Philonthina incertae sedis (Chani-Posse 2013: 404).

Notes: The global genus Philonthus , with 1326 species currently known, is the fourth largest genus within Staphylinidae and the largest within Staphylininae (Newton unpublished database). The Neotropical region accounts for 189 species and most of them (160 spp.) are endemic species. The large number of Philonthus species to be studied has been a challenging factor to achieve a modern concept of the genus, which has been

repeatedly shown to be non-monophyletic ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018). The current concept of the genus is that of Smetana (1995: 51), who did not recognize subgenera.

Philonthus abdominalis Erichson 1840

Philonthus abdominalis Erichson 1847: 89 . Type locality: [ Peru, east side] . Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus accedens Sharp 1885

Philonthus accedens Sharp 1885: 403 . Type locality: Guatemala: Capetillo. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST ♀. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Note: distribution ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus acromyrmecis Scheerpeltz 1976

Philonthus acromyrmecis Scheerpeltz 1976: 135 . Type depository: NMW HT ♂, 3 PT; FMNH 1 PT; DZUP 1 PT. Type locality: Kolonie Nova Teutonia , Brazil . Distribution: Brazil (Santa Catarina). Notes: with Acromyrmex crassispinus (originally as hispidus atratus; Navarrete-Heredia 2001).

Philonthus actinus Bernhauer 1917

Philonthus actinus Bernhauer 1917c: 103 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Yuracaris , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST?. Distribution : Bolivia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus actocharis Sharp 1887

Philonthus actocharis Sharp 1887: 788 . Type locality: Tehuantepec , Mexico . Type depository: BMNH 7 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus aenescens Solsky 1870

Philonthus aenescens Solsky 1870: 262 . Type locality: " Mexique " . Type depository: ZIN? #? ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus aeruginosus Nordmann 1837

Philonthus aeruginosus Nordmann 1837: 95 . Type locality: Brasilia meridionali. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 4 PLT. Distribution: Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution including Chile ( Chani-Posse 2010: 12); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus aliiseriatus Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Philonthus aliiseriatus Bruch 1915: 501 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Jujuy. Distribution: Argentina. Note: not in Fernández et al. (2007) or Bachmann et al. (2017).

Philonthus alius Bernhauer & Schubert 1914

Philonthus alius Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 328 (new name for Philonthus crassulus Sharp 1885: 396 ). Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Notes: Márquez-Luna & Navarrete-Heredia (1995), Blackwelder (1944) and Bernhauer & Schubert (1914) cite only Guatemala, in error; distribution, also within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006, Navarrete-Heredia 2012); ex external refuse piles Atta mexicana (Márquez-Luna & Navarrete-Heredia 1995, Navarrete-Heredia 2001, 2012).

= Philonthus crassulus Sharp 1885: 396 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus crassulus Horn 1884: 213 ). Type depository: BMNH 3+ ST. Type locality: Mexico: Las Vigas, Guanajuato. Distribution: Mexico. Note: with Atta mexicana ( Kistner 1982) .

Philonthus alticola Sharp 1885

Philonthus alticola Sharp 1885: 400 . Type locality: Guatemala: Totonicapam 8500–10500 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus alumnus Erichson 1840

Philonthus alumnus Erichson 1840: 490 . Type depository: ins. Puerto Rico. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 3 PLT. Distribution: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Cayman Is., Mona I. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1994: 342); restricted concept, West Indies only (distribution cited) ( Smetana 1995); distribution within Cuba ( Peck 2005), within Cayman Is. (Frank et al. 2011).

Philonthus alutaceus Horn 1884

Philonthus alutaceus Horn 1884: 183 . Type locality: California [no specific locality]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♀, 3 PLT; (LeConte) 7 PLT. Distribution: southern USA, Mexico. Note: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution in Mexico ( Smetana 1995: 106); Note: distribution, also within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus ambiguus Erichson 1840

Philonthus ambiguus Erichson 1840: 441 . Type locality: Columbia. Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Colombia .

Philonthus apheles Solsky 1868

Philonthus apheles Solsky 1868: 132 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus apicetestaceus Scheerpeltz 1960

Philonthus apicetestaceus Scheerpeltz 1960: 106 . Type locality: Bolivien, Yungas de Arepucho , Chacisacha, etwa 1500m . Type depository: NMW ( Scheerpeltz ) HT ♀. Distribution: Bolivia .

Philonthus argus Herman 2001

Philonthus argus Herman 2001a: 46 (new name for Philonthus tucumanensis Bernhauer 1934a: 118 ). Notes: redescription ( Chani-Posse 2010: 13); distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus tucumanensis Bernhauer 1934a: 118 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus tucumanensis Bernhauer 1927: 245 ). Type locality: Tucuman: Parque Aconquija. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: not in Blackwelder (1944); lectotype designation, one other labeled as type considered not type ( Chani-Posse 2010: 14).

Philonthus arizonensis Horn 1884

Philonthus arizonensis Horn 1884: 203 . Type locality: Arizona (implied, no locality cited) [no specific locality]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 6 PLT; (LeConte) 4 PLT. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution in Mexico ( Smetana 1995: 374); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus atramentarius Erichson 1840

Philonthus atramentarius Erichson 1840: 440 . Type locality: Columbia. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Colombia .

Philonthus audanti Blackwelder 1943

Philonthus audanti Blackwelder 1943: 406 . Type locality: Haiti: 5 miles south of St. Marc. Type depository: USNM HT ♂. Distribution : Haiti .

Philonthus auripennis Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus auripennis Bernhauer 1916a: 37 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Bolivien. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀ . Distribution: Bolivia. Note: as valid species in Herman (2001d).

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus avicola Bernhauer 1942

Philonthus avicola Bernhauer 1942: 25 . Type locality: Reventazon , Ebene Limon (Hamburgfarm) [ Costa Rica] . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Costa Rica .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus belonuchiformis Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Philonthus belonuchiformis Bruch 1915: 501 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Buenos Aires. Distribution: Argentina. Note: not in Fernández et al. (2007) or Bachmann et al. (2017); not Philonthus belonuchiformis Bernhauer (1915: 145) from Ethiopia.

Philonthus bicoloristylus Chani-Posse 2004

Philonthus bicoloristylus Chani-Posse 2004: 219 . Type locality: Argentina, Tucumán, El Cadillal. Type depository: IMLA HT ♂, 16 PT; FMNH 5 PT, MACN 1 PT. Distribution: Colombia, Argentina. Notes: redescription, distribution including Colombia ( Chani-Posse 2010: 14); distribution ( Aballay et al. 2014).

Philonthus bolivianus Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus bolivianus Bernhauer 1916a: 35 . Type locality: Bolivien: Coroico, 1800m. Type depository: FMNH HT ♂. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil (based on material in FMNH identified by M. Bernhauer). Note: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro); not in Asenjo et al. (2013).

Philonthus bonariensis Bernhauer 1909

Philonthus bonariensis Bernhauer 1909: 245 . Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂; MCSN 4 PLT?. Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile. Notes: distribution including Uruguay (Chani-Posse 2004: 223); lectotype designation (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 38); redescription, distribution including Brazil, Chile and Paraguay ( Chani-Posse 2010: 15); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus catamarcanus Bernhauer 1916a: 36 . Type locality: Prov. Catamarca, Argentinien [LT]. Type depository: FMNH LT ♀, 1 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: as synonym of P. bonariensis , lectotype designation (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 38); also type specimens labeled as P. catamarcensis ( Chani-Posse 2010: 19) .

= Philonthus weiseri Bernhauer 1921c: 169 . Type locality: Cueva Iturba, 3700m, Jujuy, Argentina. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂, 2 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: as synonym of P. bonariensis , lectotype designation (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 38).

Philonthus brachypterus Solsky 1872

Philonthus brachypterus Solsky 1872: 297 . Type locality: Cayenne [Amérique du Sud] . Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) HT. Distribution: French Guiana ( Cayenne ).

Philonthus brasilianus Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus brasilianus Bernhauer 1916a: 40 . Type locality: Brasilien: S. Paulo (Ypiranga) . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Brazil (São Paulo) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus bruchianus Chani-Posse 2010

Philonthus bruchianus Chani-Posse 2010: 20 , attributed to Bernhauer MS. Type locality: Tucumán, Siambon. Type depository: FMNH HT ♂, 1 PT ♀. Distribution : Argentina . Note: distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

Philonthus caliensis Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus caliensis Bernhauer 1916a: 33 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali im Caucatale. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus callosipennis Scheerpeltz 1960

Philonthus callosipennis Scheerpeltz 1960: 100 . Type locality: Cochabamba ( Bolivien), Yungas de Palmar , 2000m . Type depository: NMW ( Scheerpeltz ) 3 ST. Distribution: Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus caribaeus Bierig 1940

Philonthus caribaeus Bierig 1940: 141 . Type locality: Provincia de la Habana y de Pinay del Río. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Cuba . Note: distribution within Cuba ( Peck 2005).

Philonthus carinulatus Sharp 1885

Philonthus carinulatus Sharp 1885: 402 . Type locality: Mexico : Jalapa, Oaxaca, Las Vigas. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST: 2 Oaxaca, 1 Jalapa, 1 Las Vigas ; other 2 specimens only from Mexico [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus catamarcensis Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Philonthus catamarcensis Bruch 1915: 501 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Catamarca. Depository: MACN (nine specimens). Distribution: Argentina. Note: see Bachmann et al. (2017: 44).

Philonthus cavifrons Sharp 1885

Philonthus cavifrons Sharp 1885: 408 . Type locality: Panama, Bugaba 80 0–1500 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Panama .

Philonthus centralis Sharp 1885

Philonthus centralis Sharp 1885: 422 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalapa; Guatemala, San Gerónimo; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. Type depository: BMNH 9 ST: from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Panama. Notes: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus chiriquensis Sharp 1885

Philonthus chiriquensis Sharp 1885: 404 . Type locality: Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 4000–6000 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Panama .

Philonthus chlorocephalus Solsky 1872

Philonthus chlorocephalus Solsky 1872: 301 . Type locality: Cayenne [Amérique du Sud] . Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #? ST. Distribution: French Guiana ( Cayenne ).

Philonthus columbianus Baudi di Selve 1848

Philonthus (Philonthus) columbianus Baudi di Selve 1848: 126 . Type locality: Novae Valenciae in Columbia [ Venezuela, teste Herman 2001c: 1594]. Type depository: MRSN/MCSN? #?ST. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Philonthus convexicollis Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884

Philonthus convexicollis Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884: 157 , attributed to Fauvel. Type locality: Chacabuco in western Buenos Aires prov. [orig. publication]. Type depository: MACN LT ♀. Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 21).

Philonthus corallipennis Sharp 1876

Philonthus corallipennis Sharp 1876a: 166 . Type locality: Pará, Obydos, Ega & Tapajos . Type depository: BMNH 10 ST: from all type localities except Obydos [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Brazil ( Amazonas , Pará) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus cordilleranus Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus cordilleranus Bernhauer 1916a: 34 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Ost-Cordilleren, La Pena bei Carmen, 3500m. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus cribrellus Fauvel 1891

Philonthus cribrellus Fauvel 1891: 112 . Type locality: Caracas & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 2? ST. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus cribriceps Bernhauer 1921

Philonthus cribriceps Bernhauer 1921c: 105 . Type locality: Petropolis, Brazil . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus cribripennis Sharp 1885

Philonthus cribripennis Sharp 1885: 403 . Type locality: Guatemala; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 2000–3000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Guatemala, Panama;? Mexico.

Philonthus cribriventris Bernhauer 1912

Philonthus cribriventris Bernhauer 1912a: 43 . Type locality: Prov. Tucuman [LT]. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂, 1 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: lectotype designation (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 39); redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 25).

= Philonthus catamarcanus var. densior Bernhauer 1916a: 36 . Type locality: Provinz Tucuman, Argentinien. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀ . Distribution: Argentina. Note: as synonym of P. cribriventris (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 39) .

Philonthus crinitus Schubert 1909

Philonthus crinitus Schubert 1909: 293 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) 1 ST [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus cruentatus ( Gmelin 1790) [adventive in CASA]

Staphylinus cruentatus Gmelin 1790: 2035 . Type locality: Europe. Type depository: ?? #?ST, not seen by Smetana (1995: 233). Distribution: Europe, Russia (European, Siberia, Far East), Georgia, Armenia, Algeria, Morocco, Canary Is., Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Japan, India; adventive in Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 232); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Navarrete-Heredia 2012).

Philonthus cyaneoaureus Bernhauer 1935

Philonthus cyaneoaureus Bernhauer 1935: 90 . Type locality: Venezuela . Type depository: BMNH #?ST; FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Venezuela .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus deplanatus Sharp 1885

Philonthus deplanatus Sharp 1885: 423 . Type locality: Guatemala, San Gerónimo. Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus diamantinus Bernhauer 1917

Philonthus diamantinus Bernhauer 1917c: 102 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Yuracaris , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST?. Distribution : Bolivia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus discedens Schubert 1909

Philonthus discedens Schubert 1909: 291 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) 1 ST ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus discoideus Gravenhorst 1802 [adventive in CASA]

Staphylinus discoideus Gravenhorst 1802: 38 . Type locality: [Brunswick, Germany]. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 6 PLT. Distribution: Palearctic (Europe to north Africa, Iran, Korea, Japan), China, Oriental; adventive in Afrotropical region, Canada, USA, Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Tahiti, Galapagos Is., Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion Is.. Notes: West Indies ( Blackwelder 1943, Frank 1983); lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1995: 186); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Panamá, Paraguay ( Chani-Posse 2010); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), within Galapagos Is. ( Newton & Peck 2006); Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is., Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago; Peck 2016); redescription, distribution ( Hromádka 2012b); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus emelinae Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 354 . Type locality: Curicó : Romeral, Chile . Type depository: Sáiz (in MNNC) HT ♂. Note: as synonym of P. discoideus (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 39) .

Philonthus discretus Sharp 1876

Philonthus discretus Sharp 1876b: 428 . Type locality: Ciudad de México . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus dispersus Fauvel 1891

Philonthus dispersus Fauvel 1891: 111 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar, Lagonita & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 3 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus duploseriatus Solsky 1868

Philonthus duploseriatus Solsky 1868: 136 . Type locality: [Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: distribution within Mexico ( Dugès & Villada 1901, Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); probably not Philonthus (AKH pers. obs.).

Philonthus eryx Smetana 1995

Philonthus eryx Smetana 1995: 306 . Type locality: California, Ventura Co., Fillmore, Santa Clara River. Type depository: AMNH HT ♂, etc. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Note: distribution, also within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus excellens Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus excellens Bernhauer 1916a: 37 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus exemplaris Wendeler 1956

Philonthus exemplaris Wendeler 1956: 231 . Type locality: [no specific locality]. Type depository: ZMHB 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Brazil . Note: distribution within Brazil unknown (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus fassli Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus fassli Bernhauer 1916a: 29 . Type locality: Huancabamba , Peru . Type depository: FMNH HT [not seen]. Distribution : Peru . Notes: Peru ( Asenjo 2004); probably not Philonthus .

Philonthus fenyesi Bernhauer 1910

Philonthus fenyesi Bernhauer 1910: 381 . Type locality: Cordoba, Veracruz . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus feralis Erichson 1840

Philonthus feralis Erichson 1840: 469 . Type locality: Columbia. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 2 PLT. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil; Argentina probably in error. Notes: Argentina in Blackwelder (1944); valid or synonym of P. longicornis? (Navarrete-Heredia 1995) ; characters, lectotype designation, valid species ( Smetana 1994: 346); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); redescription, distribution not including southern South America (Chani- Posse 2010: 65); distribution including Peru, also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus ferreipennis ferreipennis Horn 1884 [not in CASA]

Philonthus ferreipennis Horn 1884: 202 . Type locality: [no specific locality; not orig. fixed (Washington Territory to the southern part of California)]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 4 PLT; (LeConte) 3 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA (northwestern, to central California). Notes: ssp. ferreipennis (Horn) , lectotype designation, redescription, separation and distribution of subspecies, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 348). Represented in CASA ( Mexico) only by the subspecies P. f. stigmatias Smetana 1995 , see below.

Philonthus ferreipennis stigmatias Smetana 1995

Philonthus ferreipennis stigmatias Smetana 1995: 350 . Type locality: Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., California. Type depository: CNC HT ♂; 150 PT in many collections. Distribution: USA (southwestern), Mexico. Notes: ssp. stigmatias ( Smetana 1995: 349) ; distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus fibularius Erichson 1840

Philonthus fibularius Erichson 1840: 442 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

= Philonthus boucardi Solsky 1868: 127 . Type locality: Mexico, probably the state of Oaxaca. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Note: probably P. fibularius ( Sharp 1885: 404) ; as synonym of P. fibularius ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 338) .

Philonthus figulus Erichson 1840

Philonthus figulus Erichson 1840: 464 . Type locality: Brasilia. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Trinidad. Notes: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002), Cuba ( Peck 2005), Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent) ( Peck 2010); lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 28); Peru ( Asenjo 2004), also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Philonthus amazonicus Sharp 1876a: 165 . Type locality: Pará & Ega [ Brazil] . Type depository: BMNH 6 ST. Distribution : Brazil. Note: as synonym of P. figulus ( Sharp 1885: 415) .

Philonthus fissilis Sharp 1885

Philonthus fissilis Sharp 1885: 399 . Type locality: Guatemala: Totonicapam 8000–10500 ft . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST ♂. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus flavolimbatus Erichson 1840

Philonthus flavolimbatus Erichson 1840: 471 . Type locality: Caracas [LT]; "Columbia" [orig. publication]. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 2 PLT. Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Martinique, Grenadines. Notes: lectotype designation Smetana 1995: 201); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); Peru ( Asenjo 2004); distribution including Uruguay (Chani-Posse 2004); redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 200, Chani-Posse 2010: 29); distribution, also within Lesser Antilles ( Martinique) ( Peck 2011b), within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus apicipennis Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884: 155 , attributed to Fauvel. Type locality: "America meridionali et boreali" (after Fauvel in litteris), but seen only from Chacabuco (Buenos Aires prov.) [orig. publication]. Type depository: MACN LT ♀, 3 PLT. Notes: lectotype designation ( Chani-Posse 2010: 30). Distribution: Argentina. Note: as synonym of P. flavolimbatus ( Fauvel 1887: 232) .

= Philonthus wacoensis Casey 1915: 430 . Type locality: Waco, Texas. Type depository: USNM LT ♂. Notes: lectotype designation, as synonym of P. flavolimbatus ( Smetana 1995: 200) .

Philonthus flohri Sharp 1876

Philonthus flohri Sharp 1876b: 429 . Type locality: neighborhood of the city of Mexico. Type depository: BMNH 5 ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: as variety of P. furvus ( Blackwelder 1944) ; distribution ( Scheerpeltz 1971b: 205); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus floresi Chani-Posse 2010

Philonthus floresi Chani-Posse 2010: 31 . Type locality: Argentina, Tucumán . Type depository: MACN HT ♂; IADIZA 1 PT; AMNH 2 PT. Distribution : Argentina .

Philonthus formicarius Bernhauer 1908

Philonthus formicarius Bernhauer 1908: 334 . Type locality: Mar d'Hespanha , Minas Gerais, Brazil . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Minas Gerais) . Note: with leaf cutter ant ( Bernhauer 1908); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus forsteri Scheerpeltz 1960

Philonthus forsteri Scheerpeltz 1960: 104 . Type locality: Bolivien, Songtal , Cuticucho, etwa 3700m . Type depository: NMW ( Scheerpeltz ) 3 ST. Distribution: Bolivia .

Philonthus franzi ( Sáiz 1971)

Endeius franzi Sáiz 1971: 345 . Type locality: Santiago: El Arrayán. Type depository: Sáiz (in MNNC) HT ♂, 4 PT. Distribution: Chile. Notes: redescription, distribution (Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 398); comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani-Posse 2013: 404) .

Philonthus fulgipennides Newton 2017

Philonthus fulgipennides Newton 2017: 15 (new name for Philonthus fulgipennis Sharp 1885: 410 ).

Philonthus fulgipennis Sharp 1885: 410 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Staphylinus fulgipennis Guérin-Méneville 1830 : pl.1). Type locality: Panama, Chiriqui, Volcan de Chiriqui below 4000 ft, Boquete 3500 ft. Type depository: BMNH 29 ST: 23 Chiriqui, 6 Boquete [MCP seen]. Distribution: Panama. Notes: within the Neotropical lineage ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018); not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Type material examined. Syntypes ( BMNH): 3 card-mounted on one card, “ Philonthus fulgipennis / Types D.S./ Volcan de Chiriqui Champion [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with orange margin) // V. de Chiriqui below 4,000 ft. Champion (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus fulgipennis Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”; 3 card-mounted on one card, “ Philonthus fulgipennis D.S./ Volcan de Chiriqui Champion [in Sharp’s hand] // V. de Chiriqui below 4,000 ft. Champion (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus fulgipennis Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”; 2 cardmounted on one card and one additional specimen with same locality and collection data as above.

Philonthus furvus Nordmann 1837

Philonthus furvus Nordmann 1837: 88 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. Notes: redescription ( Smetana 1995: 92); Mexican records ( Sharp 1885, Smetana 1991, 1995, Dugès & Villada 1901); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

= Philonthus californicus Mannerheim 1843: 230 . Type locality: California. Type depository: MZHF LT ♂, 1PLT. Notes: lectotype designation, new synonym of P. furvus ( Smetana 1995: 92) .

= Philonthus comptus Haldeman 1852: 375 . Type locality: Santa Fé or "journey across the plains" to it [USA: New Mexico]. Type depository: ?? HT. Note: as synonym of P. furvus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 339) .

Philonthus gaudichaudii Blanchard 1842

Philonthus gaudichaudii Blanchard 1842: 81 . Type locality: Rio de Janeiro . Type depository: MNHN?. Distribution : Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus gentilis Horn 1884

Philonthus gentilis Horn 1884: 185 . Type locality: Arizona [no specific locality]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 5 PLT; (LeConte) 4 PLT. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Note: lectotype designation, redescription ( Smetana 1995: 160); distribution, also within Mexico ( Dugès & Villada 1901, Smetana 1995, Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus gracillimus Sharp 1876

Philonthus gracillimus Sharp 1876a: 168 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus grandicollis Horn 1884

Philonthus grandicollis Horn 1884: 193 . Type locality: [no specific locality; not orig. fixed (California to Vancouver)]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 5 PLT; (LeConte) 1 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 300); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus gratiosus Erichson 1840

Philonthus gratiosus Erichson 1840: 461 . Type locality: Bogotae in Columbia interiore. Type depository: ZMHB 3 ST [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus griseolus Sharp 1885

Philonthus griseolus Sharp 1885: 399 . Type locality: Costa Rica: Irazu 6000–7000 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Costa Rica .

Philonthus guatemalenus Sharp 1885

Philonthus guatemalenus Sharp 1885: 403 . Type locality: Guatemala: San Gerónimo . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Guatemala ; Costa Rica. Note: misspelling “ guatemalensis ” ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 340).

Philonthus guerreroensis Bernhauer 1910

Philonthus guerreroensis Bernhauer 1910: 380 . Type locality: Omiltemi 8000 ft., Guerrero . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

† Philonthus hades Chatzimanolis & Engel 2013

Philonthus hades Chatzimanolis & Engel 2013: 288 . Type locality: Dominican Republic, Santiago [ Oligo-Miocene amber] . Type depository: AMNH HT ♀, 1 PT. Distribution: Dominican Rep. [ Miocene fossil].

Philonthus havaniensis (Laporte de Castelnau 1835)

Staphylinus havaniensis Laporte de Castelnau 1835: 116 . Type locality: Ile de Cuba. Type depository: BMNH/ MVMA?. Distribution: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Antigua, Grand Cayman, Mona, Montserrat, St. John, St. Croix. Notes: distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is.), Cayman Is. (Frank et al. 2011).

= Philonthus obscurus Fauvel 1863: 434 , attributed to Chevrolat (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Staphylinus obscurus Gravenhorst 1802:174 ). Type locality: [no specific locality; Cuba implied]. Type depository: IRSNB 2 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Cuba.

Philonthus hepaticus Erichson 1840

Philonthus hepaticus Erichson 1840: 451 . Type locality: America septentrionali. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 3 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad; adventive in Australia, New Zealand. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription ( Smetana 1995: 176); distribution ( Smetana 1995, Chani-Posse 2004, Dugès & Villada 1901, Peck 2010; Chile, Arg.? misidentification, teste Smetana 1995: 177, 179); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002), within Cuba ( Peck 2005), within Dominica (Peck 2006), Barbados ( Peck 2009a), Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2010: St. Vincent, Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is., Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago); redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 32); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Philonthus vilis Erichson 1840: 451 . Type locality: Americae meridionalis ins. St. Thomae. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 3 PLT. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas I.). Notes: as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Blackwelder 1943: 401) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 176).

= Philonthus nanus Melsheimer 1844: 36 . Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 5 PLT. Type locality: Pennsylvania. Distribution: USA (Pennsylvania). Notes: as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Gemminger & Harold 1868: 589) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 177).

= Philonthus nanus var. palleolus Melsheimer 1844: 37 . Type depository: MCZ? #?ST. Type locality: [not listed, presumed to be Pennsylvania]. Distribution: USA. Notes: as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Gemminger & Harold 1868: 589) .

= Philonthus cinctutus Melsheimer 1844: 37 . Type depository: MCZ LT ♀, 2 PLT. Type locality: Pennsylvania. Distribution: USA (Pennsylvania). Notes: probably P. hepaticus ( Horn 1884: 223) ; as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Fauvel 1891: 112) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 177).

= Philonthus varicolor Boheman 1858: 29 . Type depository: NHRS 1 ST. Type locality: California. Distribution: USA (California). Note: as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Fauvel 1891: 112) .

= Philonthus parvimanus Sharp1885: 406 . Type locality: Mexico: Cordova; Guatemala near the city, Paso Antonio, Champerico, San Joaquin in Vera Paz; Nicaragua: Chontales; Panama: David. Type depository: BMNH 12+ ST: from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico etc. Notes: as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Fauvel 1891: 112) ; synonymy needs checking ( Smetana 1995: 174).

= Philonthus oklahomensis Hatch & Ortenburger 1930: 12 . Type depository: USNM HT ♂. Type locality: Dougherty , Murray Co., Oklahoma. Distribution: USA (Oklahoma). Note : type data, new synonym of P. hepaticus ( Smetana 1995: 177) .

Philonthus heteropus Sharp 1887

Philonthus heteropus Sharp 1887: 788 . Type locality: Mexico (near the city) , Mexico . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus hirtiventris Sharp 1885

Philonthus hirtiventris Sharp 1885: 410 . Type locality: Mexico : Oaxaca, Mirador . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus hoegei Sharp 1885

Philonthus hoegei Sharp 1885: 400 . Type locality: Mexico: Las Vigas, Milpas. Type depository: BMNH 26 ST: 23 Las Vigas, 3 Milpas [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Márquez & Asiain 2010); key ( Navarrete-Heredia 2003); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2004, 2006).

Philonthus idoneus Sharp 1885

Philonthus idoneus Sharp 1885: 411 . Type locality: Guatemala, El Tumbador 2500 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus imperialis Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus imperialis Bernhauer 1916a: 28 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali (St. Antonio,

2000m). Type depository: FMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Colombia . Note: type material not seen (on loan); after original description probably not Philonthus .

Philonthus incertus Solsky 1868

Philonthus incertus Solsky 1868: 135 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 221); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

= Philonthus gracilicornis Horn 1884: 190 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus gracilicornis Heer 1839: 274 ). Type locality: Arizona. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 5 PLT, (LeConte) 8 PLT?. As synonym of P. incertus ( Sharp 1887: 788) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 222).

Philonthus indigaceus Fauvel 1891

Philonthus indigaceus Fauvel 1891: 110 . Type locality: Caracas & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 2 ST [one without head, MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus iopterus Erichson 1840

Philonthus iopterus Erichson 1840: 928 . Type locality: Bogotae in Columbia interiore. Type depository: ZMHB 3 ST: ♂ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Peru. Note: Peru ( Plavilstschikov 1929).

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus iris Sharp 1885

Philonthus iris Sharp 1885: 401 , attributed to Dugès in litteris. Type locality: Mexico: Cuernavaca, Capulalpam. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 Cuernavaca, 1 Capulalpam [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: Durango in error (Navarrete-Heredia 1995, reference and locality refer to P. iteratus , not P. iris ); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

Philonthus jalapensis Bernhauer 1910

Philonthus jalapensis Bernhauer 1910: 382 . Type locality: Jalapa, Veracruz. Type depository: ?? #?ST (not at FMNH). Distribution: Mexico. Note: to Belonuchus ? (after Smetana 1995); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus jenseni Bernhauer 1912

Philonthus jenseni Bernhauer 1912a: 42 . Type locality: Argentinien: Chaunar-Region [orig. pub.], "Channar Reg." [LT]. Type depository: FMNH LT ♀, 4 PLT; MACN 1 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 35).

Philonthus klimschi Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus klimschi Bernhauer 1916a: 38 . Type locality: Brasilien: S. Catharina. Type depository: FMNH HT ♂ . Distribution: Brazil (Santa Catarina). Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013);

Philonthus labilis Erichson 1840

Philonthus labilis Erichson 1840: 500 . Type locality: Guyana Venezuelensi . Type depository: ZMHB #? ST. Distribution : Venezuela .

Philonthus laetipennis Sharp 1885

Philonthus laetipennis Sharp 1885: 409 . Type locality: Mexico: Misantla , Veracruz . Type depository: BMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus laeviventris Schubert 1909

Philonthus laeviventris Schubert 1909: 291 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico. Type depository:

ZMHB (Schubert) 1 ST ♂ [MCP seen]; FMNH 1ST. Distribution: Mexico. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus lecontei Horn 1884

Philonthus lecontei Horn 1884: 222 . Type locality: " California ". Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 3 PLT; (LeConte) 1 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 467); Mexico "northern Mexico " ( Casey 1915: 442); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus limaensis Solsky 1872

Philonthus limaensis Solsky 1872: 300 . Type locality: Lima . Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #? ST. Distribution : Peru. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus lineatoventris Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Philonthus lineatoventris Bruch 1915: 502 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Rio Negro. Distribution: Argentina. Note: not in Fernández et al. (2007) or Bachmann et al. (2017).

Philonthus loensis ( Coiffait & Sáiz 1968)

Endeius loensis Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 357 . Type locality: Guatín, Antofagasta, Chile. Type depository: MNNC HT ♂ (teste Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 390) + 2 PT; Sáiz (in MNNC) 12 PT. Distribution: Chile. Notes: redescription (Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 388); comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani-Posse 2013: 404) ; distribution within Chile ( Ferrú & Elgueta 2011).

Philonthus lomatus Erichson 1840

Philonthus lomatus Erichson 1840: 482 . Type locality: America septentrionali. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 5 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Haiti. Note: Haiti ( Frank 1983); lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 390).

= Philonthus georgianus Sachse 1852: 143 . Type locality: Georgia. Type depository: ?? (Sachse) #?ST. Distribution: USA ( Georgia). Note: as synonym of P. lomatus ( Fauvel 1869: 488) .

Philonthus longicornis Stephens 1832 [adventive? in CASA]

Philonthus longicornis Stephens 1832: 237 , attributed to Kirby MSS. Type locality: near London. Type depository: BMNH? (Stephens) #?ST. Distribution: Palaearctic, Oriental, Korea (S); adventive? in Canada, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Juan Fernández Is, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Norfolk I., Tahiti, Ethiopia, South Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius. Notes: “cosmopolitan” ( Herman 2001d); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution including Brazil (Chani-Posse 2004); redescription ( Smetana 1995: 244, Chani-Posse 2010: 35, Hromádka 2012a); Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is.), Peru ( Asenjo 2004), also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus perplexus Fairmaire & Germain 1862: 431 . Type locality: Santiago, Chile. Type depository: MNHN LT ♂, 2 PLT. Distribution: Chile, Easter Island. Notes: lectotype designation, resynonymized (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 37); ex synonym of P. longicornis , distribution, validity ( Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 360).

= Philonthus fumosus Solsky 1868: 134 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution: Mexico. Note: as synonym of P. longicornis ( Sharp 1885: 416) .

Philonthus lucidanus Blackwelder 1944

Philonthus lucidanus Blackwelder 1944: 134 (new name for Philonthus lucidus Fauvel 1891: 116 ). Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

= Philonthus lucidus Fauvel 1891: 116 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Staphylinus lucidus Gravenhorst 1802: 21 ). Type locality: Colonie Tovar, Lagonita & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 3 ST [MCP seen].

Philonthus lugubris ( Sáiz 1971)

Endeius lugubris Sáiz 1971: 347 . Type locality: Coquimbo: Río Los Molles . Type depository: Sáiz (in MNNC) HT ♂, 6 PT. Distribution: Chile. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 399); comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani-Posse 2013: 404) .

Philonthus lynchi Bernhauer & Schubert 1914

Philonthus lynchi Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 345 (new name for Philonthus affinis Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884: 160 ). Distribution: Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina. Notes: redescription, distribution including Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru ( Chani-Posse 2010: 38).

= Philonthus affinis Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884: 160 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus affinis Roth 1851: 118 ). Type locality: Baradero. Type depository: MACN HT ♀. Distribution: Argentina.

Philonthus macilentus Sharp 1885

Philonthus macilentus Sharp 1885: 423 . Type locality: Mexico : Cordova . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus melampus Smetana 1991

Philonthus melampus Smetana 1991: 236 . Type locality: Mexico : Chiapas, Mt . Tzontehuitz, 9500 ft. Type depository: CNC HT ♂, 25 PT. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus melancholicus Sharp 1885

Philonthus melancholicus Sharp 1885: 425 . Type locality: Mexico: Capulalpam (Oaxaca?). Type depository: BMNH HT ♀ . Distribution: Mexico. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus melanopus Sharp 1885

Philonthus melanopus Sharp 1885: 405 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalapa; Costa Rica: Volcan de Irazu 6000–7000 ft; Panama: Volcan de chiriqui, 2500–4000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 6 ST: all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama. Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus metallifer Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus metallifer Bernhauer 1916a: 31 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Bolivien & Peru. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Bolivia, Peru. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus mnemon Smetana 1995

Philonthus mnemon Smetana 1995: 306 . Type locality: Arizona, Chiric Mts., Ash Spg., 7mi SW Portal, 6000 ft. Type depository: CNC HT ♂, etc. Distribution: USA, Mexico. Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus mollis Sharp 1885

Philonthus mollis Sharp 1885: 408 . Type locality: Panama: San Feliz. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST. Distribution : Panama.

Philonthus monachus Bernhauer 1908

Philonthus monachus Bernhauer 1908: 335 . Type locality: Paraguay. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Paraguay, Brazil (based on conspecific material in FMNH). Note: Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); not in Asenjo et al. (2013).

Philonthus morosus Casey 1915

Philonthus morosus Casey 1915: 441 . Type locality: Lake & San Francisco Cos., California . Type depository:

USNM LT ♀, 2 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution in Mexico ( Smetana 1995: 452); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus navarretei Márquez & Asiain 2014

Philonthus navarretei Márquez & Asiain 2014: 297 , availability of Philonthus navarretei Márquez & Asiain 2010: 280 by designation of type depository. Type locality: México: Oaxaca: Santiago Yosondua, camino a Santa María Yolotepec, 2398m, N16°51'13", W97°33'43.6". Type depository: UAEH HT ♂, 31 PT; CZUG 2 PT; ZMUC 1 PT. Distribution: Mexico.

= Philonthus navarretei Márquez & Asiain 2010: 280 , unavailable, no holotype depository indicated (Art. 16.4.2). Note: noted as nomen nudum in Navarrete-Heredia & Newton (2013: 132).

Philonthus neptunus Smetana 1995

Philonthus neptunus Smetana 1995: 436 . Type locality: Florida, Monroe Co., Middle Torch Key, Sec. 17 Lazelle Place. Type depository: CNC HT ♂, etc. Distribution: USA, Bahamas (South Bimini); Jamaica.

Philonthus nigerrimus Erichson 1840

Philonthus nigerrimus Erichson 1840: 434 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB LT, 1 PLT. Distribution: Mexico. Note: lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1991: 235); distribution within Mexico ( Sharp 1885, Dugès & Villada 1901, Smetana 1991, Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus occultus Sharp 1885

Philonthus occultus Sharp 1885: 407 . Type locality: Guatemala . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus ochromerus Sharp 1885

Philonthus ochromerus Sharp 1885: 406 . Type locality: Mexico: Cordova; Guatemala near the city, San Gerónimo, Zapote, Capetillo, Calderas, Cerro Zunil, Lanquin, Senahu, San Joaquin in Vera Paz; Panama: Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui 2000–4000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 12+ST: several, from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama. Notes: Costa Rica ( Champion 1913); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus oenotrus Smetana 1991

Philonthus oenotrus Smetana 1991: 228 . Type locality: Mexico: Chiapas, Mt. Tzontehuitz, 9500 ft Type depository: CNC HT ♂, 3 PT. Distribution: Mexico. Note: Guanajuato in error (Navarrete-Heredia 1995, reference and locality refer to “ optatus ”, not “ oenotrus ”); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus opacigaster ( Bierig 1940)

Philonthus (Gabrius) opacigaster Bierig 1940: 143 . Type locality: Volcán de Chiriqui, como 1500m, Panamá . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Panama .

Philonthus ophthalmicus Bernhauer 1941

Philonthus ophthalmicus Bernhauer 1941: 288 , also 1951: 278. Type locality: Ica, s Peru . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus orphanus Erichson 1840

Philonthus orphanus Erichson 1840: 452 (senior primary homonym of Philonthus orphanus Erichson 1840: 499 ). Type locality: Caracas Columbiae. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 3 PLT. Distribution: Venezuela. Notes: as valid species, lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1992: 135).

Philonthus palcoensis Bernhauer 1941

Philonthus palcoensis Bernhauer 1941: 288 , also 1951: 277. Type locality: Palco, 2600m, etc., s Peru. Type

depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note : Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: type material not seen (on loan); after original description probably not Philonthus .

Philonthus pallipes Blanchard 1842

Philonthus pallipes Blanchard 1842: 82 . Type locality: "îles du Parana, en face de Corrientes " [orig. pub., Herman 2001d]; " Montevideo " [LT, but judged in error, Chani-Posse 2010: 42]. Type depository: MNHN LT ♀. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Cuba. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution including Colombia, Cuba etc. ( Chani-Posse 2010: 40); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Philonthus depressus Steinheil 1869: 253 . Type locality: Porfido , Sierra de Mendoza [ Argentina] . Type depository: MNHN? HT ♀. Note : as synonym of P. pallipes ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 349) .

= Philonthus pallidipes ; Lynch-Arribálzaga 1884: 152, attributed to Blanchard; emendation or misspelling of pallipes ?. Type locality: Republica Argentina prope Corrientes. Note: as synonym of P. pallipes ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 349) .

Philonthus palmatus Sharp 1885

Philonthus palmatus Sharp 1885: 397 . Type locality: Mexico : Jalapa, Oaxaca, La Parada. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST: 2 Jalapa, 1 Oaxaca, 1 Parada [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Mexico ; Guatemala . Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). Note: Generic affiliation unclear.

Philonthus pauper Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus pauper Bernhauer 1916a: 32 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali im Caucatale (Alto de las cruces, 2200m) . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Colombia . Note: type material not seen (on loan); generic affiliation unclear after original description, probably within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus pauxillus Solsky 1868

Philonthus pauxillus Solsky 1868: 133 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: USA, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Galapagos Is. Notes: redescription ( Smetana 1995: 179, Chani-Posse 2010: 43); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution including Argentina (Chani-Posse 2004), also Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay ( Chani-Posse 2010); as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Blackwelder 1944) but valid ( Smetana 1995); distribution within Galápagos Is. ( Newton & Peck 2006); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus pavidus Erichson 1847

Philonthus pavidus Erichson 1847: 89 . Type locality: [ Peru, east side] . Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus peratriceps Scheerpeltz 1933

Philonthus peratriceps Scheerpeltz 1933: 1355 (new name for Philonthus atriceps Sharp 1885: 404 ). Distribution: Mexico. Notes: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006); distribution ( Navarrete-Heredia 2012); ex extenal refuse piles Atta mexicana ( Navarrete-Heredia 2001, 2012).

= Philonthus atriceps Sharp 1885: 404 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus alumnus var. atriceps Horn 1884:199 ). Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Type locality: Mexico: Jalapa, Las Vigas.

Philonthus piceatus Nordmann 1837

Philonthus piceatus Nordmann 1837: 85 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♂ [MCP seen]. Distribution: USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama. Notes: Mexican records ( Smetana 1995, Márquez-Luna 1998); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

= Philonthus iridiventris Solsky 1868: 128 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution: Mexico. Note: as synonym of P. piceatus ( Sharp 1885: 400) .

= Philonthus mexicanus Sharp 1876b: 430 . Type locality: city of Mexico . Type depository: BMNH 8 ST. Distribution : Mexico. Note: as synonym of P. piceatus ( Sharp 1885: 400) .

Philonthus politus ( Linnaeus 1758) [adventive in CASA]

Staphylinus politus Linnaeus 1758: 422 . Type locality: Europa. Type depository: LSUK 6 ST? (http:// www.linnean-online.org/), not seen by Smetana (1995). Distribution: Europe, north Africa, Canary Is., Madeira, Azores, Iceland, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, India (KA); adventive in Canada, USA, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Is. Notes: Argentina ( Scheerpeltz 1972); redescription, distribution, no Mexican records ( Smetana 1995: 73); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010: 44).

Philonthus pollens Márquez & Asiain 2010

Philonthus pollens Márquez & Asiain 2010: 272 . Type locality: México : Morelos: Cempoala [= Zempoala ]. Type depository: CNIN HT ♂ . Distribution: distribution within Mexico (Márquez et al. 2015).

Philonthus prescottianus Sharp 1887

Philonthus prescottianus Sharp 1887: 787 . Type locality: [no specific locality; not fixed]. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 Salazar, 1 Amecameca [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Mexico . Notes: distribution comment (Navarrete- Heredia 1995) ; distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus prismalis Fauvel 1891

Philonthus prismalis Fauvel 1891: 114 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar, Lagonita & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 1 ST ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus prolixicornis Sharp 1885

Philonthus prolixicornis Sharp 1885: 424 . Type locality: Guatemala, Torola . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Guatemala .

Philonthus proportionalis Schubert 1909

Philonthus proportionalis Schubert 1909: 293 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) 1 ST [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus pulcher Bernhauer 1908

Philonthus pulcher Bernhauer 1908: 335 . Type locality: Peru . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST ♂, 1ST ♀. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus pulchricolor Bernhauer 1923

Philonthus pulchricolor Bernhauer 1923: 63 (new name for Philonthus quadricolor Bernhauer 1916: 30 ). Distribution: Colombia. Note: type material not seen (on loan); generic affiliation unclear after original description.

= Philonthus quadricolor Bernhauer 1916a: 30 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus quadricolor Fauvel 1879: 99 ). Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali im Caucatal (Rio Aquatal, 1800m). Type depository: FMNH 1ST.

Philonthus punctifer Nordmann 1837

Philonthus punctifer Nordmann 1837: 107 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Costa Rica. Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus punctipennis ( Solier 1849) Staphylinus punctipennis Solier 1849: 319 . Type locality: Santa Rosa, Chile. Type depository: MNHN?; IRSNB LT

♂, 1 PLT, see Coiffait & Sáiz (1968: 358, from the Fauvel collection, not the original series!). Distribution: Chile, Argentina, Peru. Notes: preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Staphylinus punctipennis Lacordaire 1835: 409 , but not congeneric after 1899, conserved, Opinion 2053 ( ICZN 2003); lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 358), distribution ( Scheerpeltz 1972: 20), redescription, distribution (Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 392); comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani-Posse 2013: 404) .

Philonthus pyropterus Kraatz 1859

Philonthus pyropterus Kraatz 1859b: 12 (new name for Staphylinus rufipennis Solier 1849: 317 ). Distribution: Chile; adventive in New Zealand. Notes: as valid, adventive in New Zealand ( Kuschel 1990); as synonym of P. hepaticus ( Fauvel 1878: 546) and considered as such by subsequent authors (e.g., Coiffait & Sáiz 1968, Herman 2001d). Smetana (1995: 179) noted " hepaticus " by Coiffait & Sáiz (1968) is a misidentification. It is unclear whether Coiffait & Sáiz (1968: 355) examined Solier´s type material, but their redescription of P. hepaticus actually belongs to that of P. bonariensis ( Chani-Posse 2010: 15) .

Staphylinus rufipennis Solier 1849: 317 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Staphylinus rufipennis Fabricius 1801: 597 and junior primary homonym of Staphylinus rufipennis Gravenhorst 1802: 40 ). Type locality: Santa Rosa & Illapel [Chile]. Type depository: MNHN? #? ST.

Philonthus quadraticeps Boheman 1858

Philonthus quadraticeps Boheman 1858: 28 . Type locality: Buenos Ayres. Type depository: NHRS LT ♂. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 35), distribution including Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil (Chani-Posse 2004), also Bolivia ( Chani-Posse 2010); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Philonthus tenebrosus Boheman 1858: 28 . Type locality: Buenos Ayres. Type depository: NHRS LT ♂, 1 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: lectotype designation, as synonym of P. quadraticeps (Chani-Posse de Maus 2009: 35) .

Philonthus quadrulus Horn 1884

Philonthus quadrulus Horn 1884: 221 . Type locality: Arizona; California [no specific locality]. Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 6PLT (Horn col.), 1 PLT (LeConte col.). Distribution: USA, Mexico. Note: distribution in Mexico ( Horn 1894); lectotype designation, redescription, no Mexican records given ( Smetana 1995: 314); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

= Philonthus sagax Casey 1915: 445 . Type locality: Nogales , Arizona. Type depository: USNM LT ♂ . Distribution: USA (Arizona). Notes : lectotype designation, new synonym of P. quadrulus ( Smetana 1995: 314) .

Philonthus rectangulus Sharp 1874 [adventive in CASA]

Philonthus rectangulus Sharp 1874: 42 . Type locality: Nagasaki [ Japan]. Type depository: BMNH 22 ST: 22 from Japan, but nothing about " Nagasaki " [MCP seen]. Distribution: Europe, Russia, Azores, Madeira, Canary Is., Turkey, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Japan, Korea (S), China, Taiwan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia, New Guinea; adventive in Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Cuba, Costa Rica etc. Notes: Chile ( Coiffait & Sáiz 1968); New Zealand ( Kuschel 1990); Argentina, Cuba, Costa Rica, Uruguay (Chani-Posse 2004); redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 216, Chani-Posse 2010: 47); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Philonthus rectilaterus Sharp 1885

Philonthus rectilaterus Sharp 1885: 425 . Type locality: Mexico: Las Vigas; Guatemala, Dueñas. Type depository: BMNH 12 ST: 10 Las Vigas, 2 Dueñas [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. Notes: distribution ( Scheerpeltz 1971b: 205); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

† Philonthus rhadamanthus Chatzimanolis & Engel 2013

Philonthus rhadamanthus Chatzimanolis & Engel 2013: 289 . Type locality: Dominican Republic, Santiago [Oligo-

Miocene amber]. Type depository: AMNH HT ♀; FMNH 2 PT. Distribution: Dominican Rep. [Miocene fossil].

Philonthus richterianus Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Philonthus richterianus Bruch 1915: 503 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Misiones. Distribution: Argentina. Note: not in Fernández et al. (2007) or Bachmann et al. (2017).

Philonthus ridiculus Blackwelder 1944

Philonthus ridiculus Blackwelder 1944: 134 (new name for Philonthus grandiceps Bernhauer 1916a: 33 ). Distribution: Colombia.

= Philonthus grandiceps Bernhauer 1916a: 33 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus grandiceps Kraatz 1859a: 95 and junior primary homonym of Philonthus grandiceps Poppius 1909: 24 ). Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali im Caucatale. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus riedeli Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus riedeli Bernhauer 1916a: 39 . Type locality: Brasilien: S. Paulo (Umgebung von Ribeirao Preto Fundão). Type depository: FMNH HT ♂ . Distribution: Brazil (São Paulo). Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013);

Philonthus rubromaculatus Blanchard 1842

Philonthus rubromaculatus Blanchard 1842: 82 . Type locality: Montevideo province [orig. pub.]. Type depository: MNHN LT ♂, 1 PLT. Distribution: Uruguay, Argentina, Chile. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution including Chile ( Chani-Posse 2010: 50).

Philonthus ruficauda Bernhauer 1934

Philonthus ruficauda Bernhauer 1934a: 119 . Type locality: Tucuman prov. Argentina. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀ . Distribution: Argentina.Note: redescription, distribution ( Chani-Posse 2010).

Philonthus rufoplagiatus Solsky 1868

Philonthus rufoplagiatus Solsky 1868: 130 . Type locality: [Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: as synonym of P. piceatus ( Sharp 1885: 400) , but as valid? (see Navarrete-Heredia 1995); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus rufotibialis Márquez & Asiain 2010

Philonthus rufotibialis Márquez & Asiain 2010: 270 . Type locality: Guatemala: San Marcos, 2 km E Tajumulco y 500m al volcán, 2062m, N15°04.99', W91°55.563'. Type depository: MZFC HT ♂, 1 PT; UAEH 1 PT. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala.

Philonthus rufulus Horn 1884

Philonthus alumnus var. rufulus Horn 1884: 199 , attributed to Fauvel. Type locality: Pennsylvania (lectotype). Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 7 PLT (LeConte col.). Distribution: USA, Mexico, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas (South Bimini), Cayman Is. Notes: as P. alumnus , Mexico distribution ( Horn 1894); valid sp. not synonym of P. alumnus , lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 430); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002), within Cuba ( Peck 2005); distribution within (and including) Cayman Is. (Frank et al. 2011).

= Philonthus alumnus ; Horn 1884: 198 (misidentification, not Erichson 1840)," Porto Rico "; Florida to Arizona and as far north as New York. Distribution: USA, Puerto Rico. Note: lectotype designation and redescription for P. alumnus Erichson ( Smetana 1994: 341) ; correction of misidentification ( Smetana 1995: 434).

= Philonthus alumnus var. atriceps Horn 1884: 199 , attributed to Fauvel. Type locality: New Jersey (lectotype). Type depository: MCZ LT ♂, 7 PLT (LeConte col.). Distribution : USA. Notes : lectotype designation, as synonym of P. rufulus ( Smetana 1995: 430) .

Philonthus sallaei Sharp 1885

Philonthus sallaei Sharp 1885: 398 . Type locality: Mexico: La Parada , Oaxaca . Type depository: BMNH 3 ST: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, from Parada [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus scintillatus Blackwelder 1944

Philonthus scintillatus Blackwelder 1944: 134 (new name for Philonthus scintillans Solsky 1868: 131 ). Distribution: Mexico.

Philonthus scintillans Solsky 1868: 131 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Staphylinus scintillans Gravenhorst 1806: 70 , not congeneric when replaced before 1961 or since, but replacement name in use (Art. 59.3)). Type locality: [Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus semicupreus Fauvel 1891

Philonthus semicupreus Fauvel 1891: 114 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar, Lagonita & Nouvelle-Grenade [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 1 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus semicyaneus Schubert 1909

Philonthus semicyaneus Schubert 1909: 290 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) ST? #?. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus semiruber Horn 1884

Philonthus semiruber Horn 1884: 187 . Type locality: Arizona; California [no specific locality]. Type depository: IRSNB LT ♀, 1 PLT, USNM 1 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Note: distribution in Mexico ( Sharp 1887); lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1995: 109); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus semunciarius Tottenham 1940

Philonthus semunciarius Tottenham 1940: 20 . Type locality: Costa Rica?: El Congo, 750m. Type depository: BMNH? (Tottenham) HT, etc; FMNH 1 PT. Distribution: Costa Rica .

Philonthus sericans ( Gravenhorst 1802)

Staphylinus sericans Gravenhorst 1802: 171 . Type locality: America septentr. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, #? PLT (under combined heading “ P. brunneus ” and “ P. sericans ”, see Smetana 1995: 320). Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina. Notes: as synonym of P. brunneus ( Erichson 1840: 486) ; as valid species, lectotype designation and redescription ( Smetana 1995: 319), distribution including Brazil (Chani-Posse 2004); Argentina in Scheerpeltz (1933: 1335, as P. brunneus ); distribution, also within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002); redescription, ( Chani-Posse 2010); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Staphylinus brunneus Gravenhorst 1802: 172 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Staphylinus brunneus Paykull 1789: 63 ). Type locality: America septentr. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, #? PLT (under combined heading “ P. brunneus ” and “ P. sericans ”, see Smetana 1995: 320). Note: as synonym of P. sericans ( Smetana 1995: 319) .

= Staphylinus dimidiatus Say 1830: 37 , also 1834: 450. Type locality: Pennsylvania & Missouri. Type depository: ?? #?ST. Note: as synonym of P. ventralis ( Erichson 1840: 929) ; as synonym of P. brunneus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 331) ; as synonym of P. sericans ( Smetana 1995: 319) .

= Philonthus picatus Kirby 1837: 93 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Quedius picatus Stephens 1832: 220 ). Type locality: Canada: "Lat. 54°". Type depository: BMNH? (Kirby) 2ST. Note: as synonym of P. brunneus ( Horn 1876: 151) ; as synonym of P. sericans ( Smetana 1995: 319) .

= Philonthus brevis Melsheimer 1844: 37 . Type locality: Pennsylvania. Type depository: MCZ LT, 2PLT? (des. Smetana 1995: 321). Note: as synonym of P. brunneus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 331) ; as synonym of P. sericans ( Smetana 1995: 319) .

= Philonthus solitarius Sharp 1885: 424 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalapa. Distribution: Mexico. Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Note: as synonym of P. sericans ( Smetana 1995: 2, abstract, not in text!).

= Philonthus iaynesi Bernhauer 1934a: 117 . Type locality: Tucuman: Parque Aconquija. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Note: as synonym of P. sericans (Chani-Posse 2004: 221) .

Philonthus seticornis Sharp 1885

Philonthus seticornis Sharp 1885: 410 . Type locality: Guatemala, Cerro Zunil 4000–5000 ft . Type depository: BMNH 11 ST: Cerro Zunil [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Guatemala .

Philonthus silvaticus Cameron 1922

Philonthus silvaticus Cameron 1922: 119 . Type locality: Jamaica . Type depository: BMNH ( Cameron ) 9 ST. Distribution: Jamaica .

Philonthus silvestris Bernhauer 1929

Philonthus silvestris Bernhauer 1929: 194 . Type locality: Desierto de los Leones , Distrito Federal . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus speculicollis Schubert 1909

Philonthus speculicollis Schubert 1909: 292 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) 1 ST ♂ [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus speculipennis Bernhauer 1921

Philonthus speculipennis Bernhauer 1921b: 75 . Type locality: West-Kolumbien: Umgebung von Cali am Cauca ( Canon del Mte Tolima, 1700m) . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia. Note : type material not seen (on loan); after original description probably not Philonthus .

Philonthus stenocephalus Scheerpeltz 1972

Philonthus stenocephalus Scheerpeltz 1972: 18 (new name for Philonthus angusticeps Bernhauer 1934a: 118 ). Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia; Chile?. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Bolivia in text, not map or specimen data) ( Chani-Posse 2010: 57).

= Philonthus angusticeps Bernhauer 1934a: 118 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Philonthus angusticeps Bernhauer 1933: 57 ). Type locality: Tucuman prov. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂, 1 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: lectotype designation (as stenocephalus Scheerpeltz : Chani-Posse 2010: 57; as angusticeps Bernhauer : Chani-Posse 2010: 68).

Philonthus stolzmanni Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus stolzmanni Bernhauer 1916b: 187 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Bolivia .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus stygialis Sharp 1885

Philonthus stygialis Sharp 1885: 405 . Type locality: Guatemala, Balheu in Vera Paz; Panama, Peña Blanca 3000– 4000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST: 2 Peña Blanca, 2 Balheu [MCP seen]. Distribution: Guatemala, Panama.

Philonthus subpunctipennis ( Coiffait & Sáiz 1968)

Endeius subpunctipennis Coiffait & Sáiz 1968: 358 . Type locality: Chili. Type depository: Sáiz (in MNNC) HT ♂ ; MNNC 2 PT. Distribution : Chile. Notes: redescription (Chani-Posse de Maus 2008: 395); comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani-Posse 2013: 404) .

Philonthus succinctus Guérin-Méneville 1844

Philonthus succinctus Guérin-Méneville 1844: 13 . Type locality: Nouvelle-Grenade: régions tempérées et froides. Type depository: ?? #?ST. Distribution: Colombia, Peru. Notes: Peru ( Asenjo 2004); it probably belongs to Leptopeltus .

Philonthus suspectus Erichson 1840

Philonthus suspectus Erichson 1840: 465 . Type locality: prope Caracas Columbiae [= Venezuela]. Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay. Notes: Notes: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution including Colombia, also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Philonthus quadraticollis Sharp 1885: 409 . Type locality: Mexico: Cordova, Jalapa ; Guatemala: San Gerónimo ; South America, Rio de Janeiro. Type depository: BMNH 5 + ST. Note: as synonym of P. suspectus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 357) .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus tachiniformis ( Say 1830)

Philonthus tachiniformis Say 1830: 37 , also 1834: 450. Type locality: Mexico . Type depository: ?? #? ST. Distribution : Mexico . Notes: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus tenuimarginatus Scheerpeltz 1960

Philonthus tenuimarginatus Scheerpeltz 1960: 112 . Type locality: Cochabamba ( Bolivien), in der nächsten Umgebung seines Wohnsitzes, 2600m . Type depository: NMW ( Scheerpeltz ) HT ♂. Distribution: Bolivia .

Philonthus testaceipennis Erichson 1840

Philonthus testaceipennis Erichson 1840: 435 . Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB #?ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2004, 2006); key ( Navarrete-Heredia 2003); redescription, distribution ( Márquez & Asiain 2010).

Philonthus titschacki Bernhauer 1941

Philonthus titschacki Bernhauer 1941: 286 , also 1951: 276. Type locality: Hac. Huayuri, s Peru . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus trapeziceps Scheerpeltz 1960

Philonthus trapeziceps Scheerpeltz 1960: 107 . Type locality: Yungas de Palmar , 1250m. Type depository: NMW (Scheerpeltz) HT ♂. Distribution: Bolivia .

Philonthus trepidus Erichson 1840

Philonthus trepidus Erichson 1840: 489 . Type locality: ins. St. Johannis & Puerto Rico. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 5 PLT. Distribution: Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Antigua. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1994: 346); as valid species, ex synonym of P. havaniensis ( Smetana 1994) ; distribution, also within Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is.),

Philonthus triangulum Horn 1884

Philonthus triangulum Horn 1884: 202 . Type locality: [no specific locality; not orig. fixed (Washington Terr., Nevada, California)]. Type depository: MCZ (Horn) LT ♂, 8 PLT; (LeConte) 8 PLT; USNM 3 PLT. Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico. Notes: lectotype designation, redescription, distribution in Mexico ( Smetana 1995: 338); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus trinitatis Blackwelder 1943

Philonthus trinitatis Blackwelder 1943: 418 . Type locality: Trinidad: St. Augustine . Type depository: MCZ HT. Distribution : Trinidad .

Philonthus tristipennis Bernhauer 1941

Philonthus tristipennis Bernhauer 1941: 289 , also 1951: 278. Type locality: Querobamba , 3520m, etc., s Peru . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Philonthus trochilus Solsky 1872

Philonthus trochilus Solsky 1872: 299 . Type locality: Venezuela [Amérique du Sud] . Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #? ST. Distribution : Venezuela . Note: type material not seen; generic affiliation unclear after original description, probably not Philonthus .

Philonthus umbratus Sharp 1885

Philonthus umbratus Sharp 1885: 424 . Type locality: Mexico: Las Vigas; Guatemala, Paso Antonio; Panama, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui 4000–6000 ft, Peña Blanca 3000–4000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 4+ ST: from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Panama. Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus vagepunctatus Schubert 1909

Philonthus vagepunctatus Schubert 1909: 292 . Type locality: Jalapa region , Veracruz, Mexico . Type depository: ZMHB ( Schubert ) 1 ST ♂ [bad condition, MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Philonthus varians ( Paykull 1789) [adventive in CASA]

Staphylinus varians Paykull 1789: 45 . Type locality: [no specific locality]. Type depository: NHRS 3 ST (1 labeled as LT by Drugmand in 1995 but evidently not published). Distribution: Europe, Russia (east to west), Armenia, Georgia, Turkey to Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, north Africa, Afrotropical, South Africa, Madagascar, India, Myanmar, Tahiti; adventive in Canada, USA, Cuba, St. John, St. Vincent, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile. Notes: Argentina in Scheerpeltz (1972: 19); redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 235; Chani-Posse 2010: 62, including Chile); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005), Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent) ( Peck 2010).

Philonthus ventralis ( Gravenhorst 1802) [adventive in CASA]

Staphylinus ventralis Gravenhorst 1802: 174 . Type locality: Lusitania. Type depository: ZMHB LT. Distribution: Palearctic, Iran; adventive in Canada, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Lesser Antilles, Galapagos Is., Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Afrotropical, etc. Notes: lectotype designation and redescription, " Mexico " only ( Smetana 1995: 191); New Zealand (Hammond ms); distribution ( Frank 1983); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution, also within Galápagos Is. ( Newton & Peck 2006), Cuba ( Peck 2005), Dominica (Peck 2006), Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2010: St. Vincent, Peck 2011a: Northern Leeward Is.; Peck 1916); distribution within Cayman Is. (Frank et al. 2011); redescription, distribution ( Hromádka 2012b).

Philonthus viridiniger Bernhauer 1916

Philonthus viridiniger Bernhauer 1916a: 30 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali im Caucatal . Type depository: FMNH HT ♀?. Distribution : Colombia . Note: type material not seen (on loan); generic affiliation unclear after original description, probably within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus waterhousei Cameron 1922

Philonthus waterhousei Cameron 1922: 120 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: St. Vincent & Grenada. Type depository: BMNH 10 ST: 8 St. Vincent, 2 Grenada [MCP seen]. Distribution: Grenada, St. Vincent.

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study.

Philonthus whymperi Sharp 1891

Philonthus whymperi Sharp 1891: 40 . Type locality: Hacienda of Guachala (9217 ft), Antisanilla to Piñantura (11000 ft), Machachi (9–10000 ft). Type depository: BMNH 5 ST: 1 Guachala , 2 Antisanilla , 2 Machachi [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Ecuador .

Comment. Not Philonthus , to be placed in a further study within the Neotropical lineage.

Philonthus yaqui Navarrete-Heredia 2003

Philonthus yaqui Navarrete-Heredia 2003: 2 . Type locality: Yécora , 1400m, Sonora, Mexico . Type depository: CZUG HT ♂, 20 PT, FMNH etc. 1+PT. Distribution : Mexico. Notes: redescription, distribution ( Márquez & Asiain 2010).