Deretaphrus viduatus Pascoe, 1862

Lord, Nathan P. & McHugh, Joseph V., 2013, A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Deretaphrus Newman, 1842 (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Bothrideridae), The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 12) 67, pp. 1-107 : 51-55

Deretaphrus viduatus Pascoe, 1862

( Figs. 6, 11 , 15 , 53 , 79 , 126–127 , 162 , 176 , 238–239 )

Deretaphrus viduatus Pascoe, 1862: 463 . Masters 1871: 79; Blackburn 1903: 126–130; Grouvelle 1903: 184; Carter and Zeck 1937: 200–201.

Deretaphrus colydioides Pascoe, 1862: 463 . Lea 1898: 550. Synonymized by Carter and Zeck 1937: 200–201.

Deretaphrus colydoides: Masters 1871: 79 . Blackburn 1903: 121, 127–128. Misspelling, no status.

Deretaphrus cribriceps Blackburn, 1903: 128 . Carter and Zeck 1937: 200–201; Heinze 1943: 119. New synonymy.

Deretaphrus popularis Blackburn, 1903: 126 . Carter and Zeck 1937: 200–201. New synonymy.

Deretaphrus sparsiceps Blackburn, 1903: 127 . Synonymized by Carter and Zeck 1937: 200–201.

Diagnosis. This species can be readily distinguished from congeners by the darker color (nearly black), the sculpture of the pronotal disc, the anterior portion of the head bearing a median longitudinal impression, elytral interstitial interval 3 being only raised near the apex, intervals 5 and 7 not being carinate, and the shape of the submentum. Deretaphrus viduatus most closely resembles D. aequaliceps and D. ignarus . It may be distinguished from D. aequaliceps by the more rounded anterior angles of the pronotum, the posterior portion of the pronotal median longitudinal canal being narrow and parallel-sided, and the generally larger size. For comments on similarities and differences in relation to D. ignarus , see the diagnosis under that species.

Redescription. Length 4.9–10.3 mm. Width 1.4–2.7 mm. Body elongate, parallel, black; dorsal surface glabrous, matte to slightly shiny; ventral surface moderately shiny, glabrous except for minute setae that arise from punctures. Head: In dorsal view, slightly narrowed anteriorly; with slight supra-ocular ridges, lateral margin sinuate; eyes visible from above; punctures small and dense except sparse along posterior margin. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, arcuate anteromedially, with median depression. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly arcuate. Submentum shape as in Fig. 53 ; distinctly separated from subgenal braces, without paired setose pits; anterior margin truncate, strongly produced anteroventrally over oral cavity, mentum completely concealed. Antennal groove well-developed, impunctate. Antenna sparsely setose, setae shorter than half the length of the segment from which they arise; segments 2–8 with single transverse row of short setae; antennal club segments with 2 transverse rows of setae; 1 row located medially and with short setae, second row with medium length setae found at the apex of club segments. Antennal club asymmetrical, leading edge of club segments much more inflated than trailing edge. Dorsal surface (external face) of mandible without median setose groove, but with few punctures bearing stout setae (often difficult to see due to broken setae). Thorax ( Fig. 79 ): Pronotum elongate, widest near anterior ¼; dorsal surface flattened along longitudinal midline, convex laterally; anterior margin arcuate, slightly wider than head; anterior angles rounded; base narrower than elytral bases; posterior margin weakly sinuate; posterior angles pronounced, with small denticle; lateral margin with incomplete carina, forming a distinct raised border in dorsal view. Pronotal disc with medium sized, dense, oval punctures. Pronotal median longitudinal canal well-developed, interrupted to form a small, impressed, anterior fovea and a posterior canal; raised interruption of the canal impunctate; anterior fovea a small slit, narrowing to a point anteriorly (arrowhead shaped); posterior canal narrow, parallel-sided, deeply impressed, slightly expanded and open at the base, internal lateral margins of canal grooved. Hypomeron minutely punctate; strongly deflexed medially. Prosternum flat medially, strongly deflexed at lateral margin. Tergosternal suture slightly sinuate. Elytra ( Figs. 126–127 ): Elytron flattened dorsally, convex laterally; interstitial intervals 5 and 7 weakly raised for entire length, more pronounced near apex; interval 3 raised near apex; intervals 3, 5, and 7 with micropunctures at crest. Basal elytral margin with interstitial intervals 3 and 5 each ending in a knob-like protuberance; finger-like callosity on the elytral shoulder weakly developed. Legs: Setation sparse; inner face of tibia with fringe of short setae. Tarsus sparsely setose except for 2 pockets of dense setae on the ventral surface at the apex of tarsomeres 1–3. Abdomen: Ventrite V more densely punctured than preceding segments. Aedeagus: Phallobase as in Fig. 162 . Tegmen consisting of paired, subtriangular plates at middle; plates narrowly touching medially. Basal piece with short anterolateral struts; struts slightly curved anteriorly. Parameres moderately short, broadly rounded, distinctly separated and individually articulated to phallobase, internal lateral margins arcuate; paramere sparsely setose with short setae at apical margin; dorsal surface of paramere with short subtriangular process; process thickest at base, narrowing apically, slightly shorter than half the length of the paramere, apex slightly swollen; processes narrowly separated, parallel medially. Penis similar to Fig. 169 ; short, moderately thick, more or less straight; apex narrowed and pointed; base slightly expanded, bearing short, paired anterior struts. Penis slightly lighter in color near basal end.

Variation. Deretaphrus viduatus is the most intraspecifically variable member of the genus. This species ranges strongly in color and size, and smaller individuals tend to be less well-sculptured than larger individuals. The sculpture of the pronotal disc is highly variable. The lateral margins of the pronotal disc range from slightly to strongly curved, the punctation varies from small and sparse to larger and dense. The pronotal median longitudinal canal is also quite variable. The anterior portion ranges from a mere slit (in most specimens) to small and slightly elongate to slightly narrowed anteriorly. In general, the posterior portion of the pronotal canal is narrow and parallelsided with the internal lateral margins grooved, but this also varies. The posterior canal is sometimes slightly expanded at the base and the internal lateral grooves may be lacking. The raised elytral interstitial intervals are also variously pronounced, ranging from slightly raised (in most specimens) to carinate.

Distribution. Australia: Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria ( Fig. 176 ).

Biology. One specimen was taken from under the bark of Eucalyptus viminalis [ ANIC 67 NL], and one specimen was taken from under the bark of Eucalyptus sp. [ ANIC 200 NL]. Two specimens were taken from the stems of salt brush [ SAMA 67–68 NL]. Three specimens were taken by fogging hoop pine scrub with pyrethrum [ QMBA 14–16 NL], and one specimen was taken by fogging python vine scrub with pyrethrum [ QMBA 7 NL]. One specimen was taken at night in an open forest [ QMBA 6 NL]. One specimen was taken from within rotten branches [ QDPI 17 NL], and one specimen was reared from bipinnatte wattle [ ANIC 27 NL] .

Taxonomic Notes. Due to the extreme size variation and lack of satisfactory characters, we feel it necessary to synonymize several species under D. viduatus for the purposes of nomenclatural stability and practicality of identification. These junior synonyms may later be regarded as distinct species, but at this point, we believe these conservative actions will provide some clarity within this group.

Remarks. Neither Pascoe (1862) nor Blackburn (1903) mentioned the number of specimens examined of these species. In order to stabilize these names, lectotypes are here designated for Deretaphrus viduatus Pascoe , Deretaphrus colydioides Pascoe , Deretaphrus cribriceps Blackburn , Deretaphrus popularis Blackburn , and Deretaphrus sparsiceps Blackburn , and a paralectotype is here designated for Deretaphrus sparsiceps Blackburn from the syntype series of those species. There is a specimen of D. sparsiceps (♀, SAMA, point-mounted) with label data: “Ad [Adelaide – written in red ink in Blackburn’ s hand on the original card-mount] // Adelaide Blackburn // sparsiceps, Blackb. [in Blackburn’ s hand] // I.8723 Deretaphrus sparsiceps Bl S. Australia Cotype [“Cotype” written in red ink on right side of label]” [SAMA 274NL]. This specimen was removed from the original card-mount and point-mounted. The original card-mount and abdomen (glued to a card, bearing a ♀ symbol) are pinned beneath the specimen. We do not consider this a syntype, as the lectotype and paralectotype are from Eyre Peninsula (the type locality) and the card mount of this specimen does not bear the markings typical of Blackburn’ s types.

Type Locality. Deretaphrus viduatus: Adelaide , South Australia; Deretaphrus colydioides: Sydney , New South Wales; Deretaphrus cribriceps : near Ballarat, Victoria; Deretaphrus popularis : Australia, Victorian Mountains; Deretaphrus sparsiceps: Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.

Type Material Examined. Deretaphrus viduatus . LECTOTYPE ( Figs. 238–239 ) ( BMNH, pinned) label data: “Type [round label with orange border] // Adelaide [in Pascoe’ s hand on green oval label] // Deretaphrus viduatus type Pasc [in Pascoe’ s hand] // Pascoe Coll. 93–60” [ BMNH 105 NL, examined]. Sex not determined.

D e re t a p h r u s c o l y d i o i d e s. L EC TOT Y PE ( Figs. 240–241 ) (♂, BMNH, disarticulated on card-mount) label data: “ Type [round label with orange border] // Sydney [in Pascoe’ s hand on green oval label] // Colydioides typ Pasc [in Pascoe’ s hand] // Pascoe Coll. 93–60” [ BMNH 96 NL, examined]. This type was removed from the original card and was disarticulated. Body parts were glued to a new card-mount. The original card-mount, abdomen (glued to a card, bearing a ♂ symbol), and genitalia (in glycerin in genitalia vial) are pinned beneath the specimen .

Deretaphrus cribriceps . LECTOTYPE ( Figs. 242– 243 ) (♂, BMNH, point-mounted, missing right elytron) label data: “Type H.T. [round label with orange border] // 5666 T. Vict. [in Blackburn’ s hand; “5666” and “Vict.” written in red ink, “T.” written in black ink] // Australia. [red underline] Blackburn Coll. B.M.1910-236. // Deretaphrus cribriceps, Blackb. [in Blackburn’ s hand]” [ BMNH 98 NL, examined]. This type was removed from the original card-mount and point-mounted. The original pin and card-mount, abdomen (glued to a card, bearing a ♂ symbol), and genitalia [in glycerin in genitalia vial] are pinned beneath the specimen.

Deretaphrus popularis . LECTOTYPE ( Figs. 2 4 4–245 ) ( BMNH, minuten-pinned into block) label data: “Type H.T. [round label with orange border] // 7203 T. [in Blackburn’ s pen; “7203” written in red pen, “T.” written in black pen] // Australia. [red underline] Blackburn Coll. B.M.1910-236. // Deretaphrus popularis, Blackb. ” [in Blackburn’ s hand] [ BMNH 106 NL, examined]. Sex not determined.

Deretaphrus sparsiceps . LECTOTYPE ( Figs. 246–247 ) ( BMNH, card-mounted) label data: “T. 7205. [in Blackburn’ s hand at base of card-mount; “T.” in black ink, “7205” written in red ink] // Type H.T. [round label with red border] // Australia. [red underline] Blackburn Coll. B. M.1910-236. // Deretaphrus sparsiceps, Blackb. [in Blackburn’ s hand]” [ BMNH 107 NL, examined]. Sex not determined. PARALECTOTYPE ( SAMA, card-mounted, card with thick black line at base) label data: “Port Lincoln Blackburn // Deretaphrus sparsiceps cotype [in Blackburn’ s hand] // Deretaphrus sparsiceps Bl. [handwritten] // D. viduatus Pasc. [in Carter’ s hand] Det. H.J. Carter. // S. Aust. Museum specimen [orange label]” [ SAMA 156 NL, examined]. Sex not determined.

Additional Material Examined (197). AUSTRALIA: AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TER- RITORY (A.C.T.): Black Mountain ( ANIC 205 NL); Piccadilly Circus, Brindabella Range ( ANIC 143 NL). NEW SOUTH WALES: Belmore suburb ( AMSA 28–31 NL, AMSA 37 NL); Berkshire Park ( ANIC 27 NL); Bulga ( ANIC 243–244 NL); Cabramatta ( BMNH 27 NL); Dorrigo ( SAMA 174 NL, SAMA 197 NL); Fairfield Park ( BMNH 90 NL); Jamberoo ( AMSA 42 NL, AMSA 75 NL); Minnamurra Falls, near Kiama ( ANIC 239 NL); Kioloa ( ANIC 139 NL, ANIC 141 NL); Kioloa State Forest, 15 km. NE of Bateman’ s Bay ( ANIC 134 NL); Kurnell ( BMNH 88 NL); Glen Cutte, Kurrajong ( AMSA 39–41 NL, AMSA 78–79 NL); Lake Cowal ( ANIC 176 NL); Lilyvale ( AMSA 83 NL); Little Dromedary ( CASC 129 NL); Liverpool ( SAMA 224 NL); Lorien, approx. 1 km. NNW of Lansdowne via Taree ( ANIC 102 NL); Mittagong ( BMNH 25 NL); Nepean Gorge, near Mulgoa ( ANIC

18 NL); Penrith ( AMSA 59 NL, AMSA 64 NL); Picton ( AMSA 74 NL, ANIC 155 NL); Revith ( AMSA 6 NL); Richmond River ( BMNH 22 NL); Ryde ( ANIC 128–131 NL); Sydney ( ANIC 54 NL, BMNH 24 NL, BMNH 26 NL; Tuross ( AMSA 44 NL); Wingham ( ANIC 25 NL); Wingham Brush, Manning River ( ANIC 22–24 NL). QUEENSLAND: Bluff Range, West slope, via Biggenden ( ANIC 165 NL); Boomer Range ( QMBA 7 NL); Brisbane ( QDPI 8 NL, QMBA 25 NL, SAMA 148 NL, SAMA 153 NL, UQIC 42 NL); Bunya Mountains ( QMBA 21 NL); Dawson River ( SAMA 225–226 NL); Dunwich, Stadbroke Island ( UQIC 17 NL); Eumundi ( QDPI 17 NL); Expedition Range National Park ( QMBA 6 NL); Gayndah ( ANIC 106–107 NL); Indooroopilly ( ANIC 38 NL); Lake Clarendon ( QMBA 10 NL); Nangur State Forest ( QMBA 13 NL); Pine Mountain, summit ( QMBA 14–16 NL); Rockhampton ( AMNH 23 NL); Roma ( ANIC 45 NL); Rosewood ( ANIC 13 NL); Stanthorpe ( QDPI 14 NL, UQIC 45 NL); Theodore ( UQIC 44 NL); no locality ( HNHM 3–4 NL). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Adelaide ( BMNH 23 NL, SAMA 147 NL, SAMA 155 NL, SAMA 274 NL); Lucindale ( ANIC 30 NL, ANIC 76 NL, SAMA 10–11 NL, SAMA 45 NL, SAMA 47–52 NL, SAMA 160 NL); Mannum ( SAMA 145 NL); Mount Lofty ( SAMA 242 NL); Murray Bridge ( ANIC 16 NL); Murray River ( AMSA 58 NL, SAMA 249 NL, SAMA 251 NL); Nuriootpa ( SAMA 253 NL); Point Davenport ( ANIC 172–174 NL); Port Noarlunga ( SAMA 230 NL); no locality ( SAMA 211 NL). TASMANIA: Launceston ( SAMA 238 NL); Liffey Valley ( ANIC 67 NL); Lower Gordon River ( ANIC 11 NL); Mount Wellington ( SAMA 69 NL); no locality ( SAMA 286 NL). VICTORIA: Albion ( BPBM 2–3 NL, BPBM 15 NL); Blairgowrie ( ANIC 136 NL); Brighton ( MVMA 85 NL); Broadmeadows ( MVMA 77 NL); Burrumbeet ( ANIC 46 NL); Cheltenham ( MVMA 45 NL); Croydon ( MVMA 70–71 NL, MVMA 82 NL); Eltham ( MVMA 58–59 NL); Fern Tree Gully ( MVMA 5 NL); Fitzroy River ( BMNH 86 NL); Fulham ( SAMA 229 NL); Grampians ( SAMA 150 NL); Harcourt ( SAMA 146 NL, SAMA 157–159 NL); Harrietville ( MVMA 84 NL); Healesville ( MVMA 66 NL); Koonung Creek ( MVMA 80 NL); Melbourne ( BMNH 20 NL); Melton ( MVMA 69 NL); Moe ( ANIC 212 NL, ANIC 279–280 NL); Mount Hope ( MVMA 86 NL); Mount Waverly ( ANIC 50–51 NL); Narracan ( MVMA 79 NL); Noble Park ( QMBA 17 NL); Nunawading ( MVMA 68 NL); Port Phillip ( MNHUB 43 NL); Ringwood ( MVMA 78 NL, QMBA 22 NL); Seaford ( ANIC 69–70 NL, MVMA 72–73 NL, MVMA 81 NL); Sorrento ( ANIC 147–148 NL); Wahring ( ANIC 47 NL); West Warburton ( MVMA 53 NL); Werribee ( SAMA 67–68 NL); Wodonga, 13 km. W ( ANIC

200 NL); no locality ( ANIC 164 NL, FMNH 23 NL). STATE UNKNOWN: Anulgoa ( ANIC 156 NL); Croydon ( ANIC 55 NL); Great Lake ( SAMA 187 NL); Sutherland ( ANIC 145 NL); Warburton ( ANIC 277–278 NL); no locality ( AMSA 72 NL, ANIC 43 NL, ANIC 140 NL, ANIC 144 NL, ANIC 150 NL, BMNH 21 NL, BMNH 79 NL, BPBM 9 NL, BPBM 11 NL, BPBM 48 NL, CASC 127 NL, FMNH 11 NL, FMNH 25 NL, MCZ 24 NL, MCZ 29 NL, MCZ 39 NL, MNHUB 42 NL, MVMA 55 NL, MVMA 65 NL, MVMA 67 NL, MVMA 74–76 NL, OUMNH 5 NL, OUMNH 21 NL, SAMA 149 NL, SAMA 163 NL, SAMA 222 NL).

Deretaphrus wollastoni Newman, 1855 ( Figs. 80 , 128–129 , 163 , 178 , 248–249 )

Deretaphrus wollastoni Newman in Wollaston and Newman, 1855: 210. Pascoe 1862: 461–462; Masters 1871: 79; Blackburn 1903: 120.

Diagnosis. This species can be readily distinguished from congeners by the variously interrupted carinate elytral interstitial intervals (forming numerous short, interrupted carinae). It most closely resembles D. erichsoni . The raised interstitial intervals of both species are numerously interrupted; however, in D. wollastoni , the interrupted portions of the elytral interstitial intervals do not form distinct denticles near the apex. Instead, the interruptions form raised or elevated patches throughout the entire length of the elytra. In D. wollastoni , the pronotum is more elongate (nearly quadrate in D. erichsoni ), the pronotal median longitudinal depression is more apparent and extends into the anterior half of the pronotum, the pronotal punctures are much larger, denser, and coarser, and the keels on the posterior portion of the pronotum are much more strongly produced. Deretaphrus wollastoni exhibits no sexual dimorphism of abdominal ventrite V, as can be found in D. erichsoni .

Redescription. Length 6.7–10.6 mm. Width 2.1–2.9 mm. Body elongate, parallel, dark red; dorsal surface glabrous, slightly shiny; ventral surface moderately shiny, glabrous except for minute setae that arise from punctures. Head: In dorsal view, slightly narrowed anteriorly; without laterally expanded supra-ocular ridges; eyes visible from above; posterior margin of eye meets a distinct strip of abruptly raised cuticle; punctures small and dense except sparse along posterior margin. Frontoclypeal suture arcuate anteromedially, slightly impressed, more distinct in lighter colored specimens, suture darker than surrounding area. In darker colored specimens, frontoclypeal suture indistinct, same color as surrounding area. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly arcuate. with large punctures, anterior margin with slightly raised border; Submentum shape similar to Fig. 50 ; short and transverse, distinctly separated from subgenal braces, without paired setose pits; anterior margin arcuate, inflexed medially, slightly expanded anteroventrally over oral cavity, palpi visible, mentum concealed; anterolateral angles rounded. Antennal groove well-developed, impunctate. Antenna sparsely setose, appearing glabrous except under high magnification, setae on antennal club segments sparse. Antennal club distinctly asymmetrical, leading edge of club segments much more inflated than trailing edge. Dorsal surface (external face) of mandible without median setose groove. Thorax ( Fig. 80 ): Pronotum elongate, widest near anterior ¼, tapering thereafter to base; dorsal surface convex, depressed along midline for nearly entire length; anterior margin straight, wider than head; anterior angles rounded, obtuse; base narrower than elytral bases; posterior margin weakly sinuate; posterior angles depressed, with small denticle; lateral margin with incomplete carina, forming a raised border in dorsal view, terminating anteriorly before the true anterior margin of the pronotum. Pronotal disc with large, closely set, shallow punctures, nearly reticulate; puncture size decreases toward anterior margin. Pronotal median longitudinal depression well-developed; median depression more shallow anteriorly, ending before anterior margin, becoming slightly wider posteriorly; posterior portion of depression less punctate, rugose; internal punctures slightly larger than on rest of pronotal disc; median depression closed at the base by posterior margin of pronotum, bordered on either side by a raised portion (“rib”) of the pronotal disc. Pronotal disc with paired, short carinae that originate from posterior corners of pronotum, extend longitudinally (not following curvature of lateral margins) and terminate before midline. Hypomeron punctate; lateral walls nearly vertical. Prosternum flat medially, strongly deflexed at lateral margin. Prosternum depressed immediately anterior to procoxae. Tergosternal suture nearly straight. Anterior procoxal groove raised, sinuate and sharply medially just anterior to the procoxae. Elytra ( Figs. 128–129 ): Elytron evenly convex; interstitial intervals 3, 5–9 raised and shiny for entire length, more strongly raised (nearly carinate) towards apex; interval 4 raised, ending slightly before elytral base. All raised intervals frequently interrupted, appearing sinuate in lateral view. Crest of raised intervals with punctures bearing minute setae. Basal elytral margin with intervals 3 and 5 each ending in a knob-like protuberance; finger-like callosity on the elytral shoulder short but pronounced. Legs: Setation sparse; inner face of tibia with 2 fringes (1 more prominent) of relatively short setae. Tarsus sparsely setose except for 2 pockets of dense setae on the ventral surface at the apex of tarsomeres 1–3. Abdomen: Ventrite V slightly swollen medially, depressed at apex. Aedeagus: Phallobase simple, as in Fig. 163 . Basal piece with short anterolateral struts; struts strongly curved anteriorly, nearing 90°. Parameres moderately short, broadly rounded apically, narrowed basally, distinctly separated and individually articulated to phallobase; parameres sparsely setose with short setae at apical margins; dorsal surface with short subtriangular hook-like projections; projections thickest at base, narrowing apically, narrowly separated, parallel medially, slightly shorter than half the length of the parameres, apices slightly swollen, out-turned. Penis similar to Fig. 169 ; short, moderately thick, slightly sinuate, apical tip narrowed and pointed, basal tip slightly expanded, bearing paired anterior struts. Penis bicolored, lighter in basal 1/3.

Variation. The size and color is variable within the species. In some specimens, the pronotal median longitudinal depression is slightly more impressed.

Distribution. Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia ( Fig. 178 ).

Biology. Four specimens were taken at a light [ ANIC 19 NL, ANIC 20 NL, ANIC 26 NL, SAMA 252 NL], and one specimen was take under bark [ ANIC 310 NL]. One specimen was reared from Jacksonia scoparia (Fabaceae) , and one specimen was taken by fogging trees with pyrethrum [ QMBA 11 NL] .

Taxonomic Notes. Newman’ s (1855) meager description of D. wollastoni cannot be used to satisfactorily diagnose members of this species. In the description, Newman states that there is “on each margin, a ridge or keel of corresponding length, which does not follow the curved margin of the prothorax where it widens, but is continued in a direct line towards anterior margin, ceasing, like the median depression, about half-way between anterior and posterior margins of prothorax.” When interpreted strictly, this character is not present in any known species of Deretaphrus . It is apparent that Pascoe (1862) had not seen any specimens that corresponded to Newman’ s D. wollastoni , and Blackburn (1903) wrote: “ D. Wollastoni , Newm., is probably not a Deretaphrus ; at any rate it is very different from any species before me…” There is also no mention of D. wollastoni in Carter and Zeck (1937). Through examination of specimens and attached label data, we feel confident our concept of D. wollastoni is the same concept Newman had when he described this species.

Remarks. Newman (1855) did not mention the number of specimens examined. In order to stabilize this name, a neotype is here designated from the material of D. wollastoni .

Type Locality. Moreton Bay , Queensland .

Type Material Examined. No specimen could be identified as a type of D. wollastoni . Newman gave no indication where the type specimens were deposited, and the type could not be located in Newman’ s material at the BMNH (Max Barclay, personal communication). There is a single specimen identified as D. wollastoni in E. Heinze’ s material at the Berlin Museum ( MNHUB). The specimen does have two small carinae on the pronotum that extend more or less anteriorly in a direct line. Although the majority of Newman’ s description is vague, the specimen identified as D. wollastoni by E. Heinze is the closest fit and the only reasonable candidate to serve as a neotype. Therefore, a neotype is here designated for Deretaphrus wollastoni Newman. All subsequent identifications were based on the neotype.

Type Material Examined. N E O T Y P E ( Figs. 248–249 ) (♂, MNHUB, card-mounted, with abdomen glued to card) label data: “Brisbane [handwritten on pink label] // Coll. Hacker // ♂ [on square label with black border] // Deretaphrus erichsoni Newm. [in Carter’ s hand] Det. H.J. Carter [label folded] // wollastoni Newm. [in Heinze’ s hand] det. Dr. E. Heinze 19_” [ MNHUB 44 NL, examined] .

Additional Material Examined (35). AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES: Blue Mountains ( UQIC 29 NL); Bungabee State Forest, SE Kyogle ( ANIC 20 NL); Enfield ( AMSA 9 NL); Fortis Creek National Park, South boundary, N of Grafton ( ANIC 26 NL); Sandy Point, Sydney ( ANIC 28 NL, ANIC 270 NL); Sydney ( ANIC 81–82 NL, ANIC 310 NL, SAMA 220 NL); Wallis Lake ( MVMA 43 NL); Yarratt State Forest, West boundary ( ANIC 19 NL); no locality ( MAMU 16 NL). QUEENSLAND: Alderly ( QMBA 38 NL); Brisbane ( BPBM 41 NL, QDPI 1–2 NL, QDPI 7 NL, QMBA 34–35 NL, QMBA 37 NL, SAMA 15 NL, UQIC 33–34 NL, UQIC 41 NL); Duaringa ( CASC 124 NL); Enoggera Reservoir ( QMBA 11 NL); Pine Mountain ( AMSA 19 NL); Stonehenge ( UQIC 18 NL); Sunnybank ( UQIC 25 NL). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Mabel Creek H.S., 30 km. SW. ( SAMA 252 NL). STATE UNKNOWN: no locality ( BPBM 39–40 NL, OUMNH 23 NL, QDPI 21 NL).

Figures

Figs. 6–11. Deretaphrus biology. 6) Series of D. viduatus depicting size variability; 7) Pupal cell of Trichaulax philipsii; 8) D. puncticollis, pupal cocoon mass (with emerging adult) attached to larva of T. philipsii; 9) D. puncticollis, with pupal cocoon; 10) D. xanthorrhoeae, pupal cocoon; 11) D. viduatus, pupal cocoon with silken threads and smooth external surface.

Figs. 14–15. Deretaphrus species pupal cocoon. 14) D. puncticollis, 50X; 15) D. viduatus, 70X.

Figs. 48–53. Deretaphrus species, head capsule, ventral view, showing setae and shape of submentum. 48) D. ignarus;

Figs. 75–81. Deretaphrus species, pronotum. 75) D. parviceps; 76) D. piceus; 77) D. puncticollis; 78) D. rodmani;

Figs. 124–129. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 124–125) D. rodmani; 126–127) D. viduatus;

Figs. 158–164. Deretaphrus species, phallobase. 158) D. parviceps; 159) D. piceus; 160) D. puncticollis;

Figs. 175–176. Distribution of Deretaphrus species. 175) D. fossus and D. ignarus; 176) D. piceus and D. viduatus.

Figs. 237–245. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 237) D. rodmani, holotype labels; 238–239) D. viduatus, lectotype, BMNH; 240–241) D. colydioides, lectotype, BMNH; 242–243) D. cribriceps, lectotype, BMNH; 244–245) D. popularis, lectotype, BMNH.

Figs. 165–172. Deretaphrus species, penis (left: dorsal view; right: lateral view; phallobase, to scale with penis). 165) D. boliviensis; 166) D. bucculentus; 167) D. gracilis; 168) D. hoplites; 169) D. ignarus; 170) D. oregonensis; 171) D. parviceps; 172) D. puncticollis.

Figs. 1–3. Deretaphrus fossus, neotype. 1) Dorsal habitus; 2) Ventral habitus; 3) Lateral habitus.

Figs. 4–5. Deretaphrus antennatus, live specimen from Barrow Island, Western Australia (Image credit: Pia Scanlon, Dept. of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia).

Figs. 12–13. Deretaphrus xanthorrhoeae, pupal cocoons. 12) Dorsal view; 13) Ventral view.

Figs. 16–17. Deretaphrus xanthorrhoeae, pupal cocoon. 16) 50X; 17) 100X.

Figs. 18–24. Deretaphrus fossus, head morphology. 18) Head, dorsal view; 19) Head, lateral view; 20) Head, ventral view; 21) Labrum, ventral view; 22) Maxilla, ventral view; 23) Left mandible, dorsal view; 24) Labium, ventral view.

Figs. 25–28. Deretaphrus fossus, thorax and abdomen morphology. 25) Metathoracic wing; 26) Metendosternite, ventral view; 27) Pterothorax, ventral view; 28) Abdominal ventrites I–V, ventral view.

Figs. 29–31. Generalized male terminalia and genitalia of Deretaphrus. 29) Abdominal terminalia; 30) Aedeagus;

Figs. 32–33. Generalized female terminalia and genitalia of Deretaphrus. 32) Abdominal terminalia and ovipositor;

Fig. 34. Generalized female reproductive tract of Deretaphrus, ovaries removed.

Figs. 35–41. Deretaphrus species, head. 35) D. bucculentus, dorsal view; 36) D. carinatus, dorsal view; 37) D. incultus, dorsal view; 38) D. parviceps, dorsal view; 39) D. rodmani, dorsal view; 40) D. ocularis, dorsal view; 41) D. ocularis, lateral view.

Figs. 42–43. Deretaphrus species, head showing clypeal emargination, mandibular setae, and areas of metal incorporation. 42) D. interruptus, anterior view; 43) D. piceus, anterior view.

Figs. 44–47. Deretaphrus species, antenna showing setal density. 44) D. erichsoni, right antenna; 45) D. interruptus, right antenna; 46) D. puncticollis, left antennal club; 47) D. interruptus, left antennal club.

Figs. 54–56. Deretaphrus species, morphology. 54) D. puncticollis, prosternum; 55) D. erichsoni, right protibia and protarsus; 56) D. erichsoni, right mesotibial spurs.

Figs. 57–65. Deretaphrus species, pronotum. 57) D. aequaliceps; 58) D. alveolatus; 59) D. analis; 60) D. antennatus;

Figs. 66–74. Deretaphrus species, pronotum. 66) D. gracilis; 67) D. hoplites; 68) D. ignarus; 69) D. incultus;

Figs. 82–87. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 82–83) D. aequaliceps; 84–85) D. alveolatus;

Figs. 88–93. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 88–89) D. antennatus; 90–91) D. boliviensis;

Figs. 94–99. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 94–95) D. carinatus; 96–97) D. erichsoni;

Figs. 100–105. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 100–101) D. gracilis; 102–103) D. hoplites;

Figs. 106–111. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 106–107) D. incultus; 108–109) D. interruptus;

Figs. 112–117. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 112–113) D. lateropunctatus; 114–115) D. ocularis;

Figs. 118–123. Deretaphrus species, elytra, dorsal and lateral views. 118–119) D. parviceps; 120–121) D. piceus;

Figs. 130–131. Deretaphrus species, elytra. 130) Dorsal view; 131) Lateral view.

Figs. 132–139. Deretaphrus species, abdominal apex. 132) D. analis, ventral view (either sex); 133) D. piceus, ventral view (either sex); 134) D. erichsoni, female, ventral view; 135) D. erichsoni, female, oblique lateral view; 136) D. hoplites, female, ventral view; 137) D. xanthorrhoeae, male, ventral view; 138) D. xanthorrhoeae, female, ventral view; 139) D. xanthorrhoeae, female, posterior view.

Figs. 140–148. Deretaphrus species, phallobase. 140) D. aequaliceps; 141) D. alveolatus; 142) D. analis;

Figs. 149–157. Deretaphrus species, phallobase. 149) D. gracilis; 150) D. hoplites; 151) D. ignarus; 152) D. incultus;

Figs. 173–174. Distribution of Deretaphrus species. 173) D. alveolatus, D. antennatus, D. parviceps, and D. rodmani;

Figs. 177–178. Distribution of Deretaphrus species. 177) D. aequaliceps, D. erichsoni, D. iridescens, and D. ocularis;

Figs. 179–180. Distribution of Deretaphrus species. 179) D. analis, D. bucculentus, D. hoplites, and D. lateropunctatus;

Figs. 181–182. Distribution of Deretaphrus species. 181) D. boliviensis; 182) D. oregonensis.

Figs. 183–191. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 183–184) D. aequaliceps, lectotype, BMNH; 185–186) D. alveolatus, holotype, SAMA; 187–188) D. analis, lectotype, SAMA; 189–190) D. antennatus, holotype, WAMP; 191) D. boliviensis, holotype, USNM.

Figs. 192–200. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 192) D. boliviensis, holotype labels; 193–194) D. bucculentus, holotype, AMSA; 195–196) D. carinatus, holotype, WAMP; 197–198) D. erichsoni, lectotype, BMNH; 199–200) D. granulipennis, lectotype, MNHN.

Figs. 201–209. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 201) Presumed pin and label of the original type of D. fossus, BMNH; 202–203) D. fossus, neotype, SAMA; 204–205) D. cordicollis, lectotype, BMNH; 206–207) D. gracilis, lectotype, BMNH; 208–209) D. hoplites, holotype, SAMA.

Figs. 210–218. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 210–211) D. ignarus, lectotype, BMNH; 212–213) D. pascoei, lectotype, ANIC; 214–215) D. incultus, lectotype, AMSA; 216–217) D. interruptus, lectotype, MNHUB; 218) D. iridescens, lectotype, BMNH.

Figs. 219–227. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 219) D. iridescens, lectotype labels; 220–221) D. lateropunctatus, holotype, BMNH; 222–223) D. ocularis, holotype, SAMA; 224–225) D. oregonensis, lectotype, MCZ; 226–227) D. parviceps, lectotype, SAMA.

Figs. 228–236. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 228–229) D. piceus, lectotype, MNHUB; 230–231) D. bakewellii, lectotype, BMNH; 232–233) D. thoracicus, lectotype, BMNH; 234–235) D. puncticollis, lectotype, SAMA; 236) D. rodmani, holotype, WAMP.

Figs. 246–251. Primary type specimens and specimen labels of Deretaphrus species. 246–247) D. sparsiceps, lectotype, BMNH; 248–249) D. wollastoni, neotype, MNHUB; 250–251) D. xanthorrhoeae, lectotype, SAMA.