Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst, 1800)

Kovařík, František, 2004, A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828, with descriptions of seven new species (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae), Euscorpius 15 (15), pp. 1-60 : 25-27

Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst, 1800)

( Fig. 19 )

Scorpio longimanus Herbst, 1800: 42 ; Latreille, 1804: 122; Kraepelin, 1895: 34; Kraepelin, 1897: 537; Lönnberg, 1897: 186; Kraepelin, 1908: 191.

Buthus longimanus : C. L. Koch, 1840: Fig. 595; C. L. Koch, 1841: 1; C. L. Koch, 1850: 88.

Scorpio (Ischnurus) longimanus : Gervais, 1844b: 69.

Palamnaeus longimanus : Simon, 1893: 328; Simon, 1899: 79; Pocock, 1900: 97 (in part); Simon, 1901: 78; Schultze, 1927: 375; Auber, 1963: 273.

Palamnaeus (Scorpio) longimanus : Pavesi, 1898: 2.

Heterometrus longimanus : Kraepelin, 1899: 111; Werner, 1902: 601; Masi, 1912: 123; Kraepelin, 1913: 166; Lampe, 1918: 197; Kopstein, 1921: 129; Kopstein, 1923: 186; Kopstein, 1926: 111; Kopstein, 1927: 104; Banks, 1928: 505; Werner, 1932: 576; Werner, 1934: 277; Werner, 1936: 186; Roewer, 1943: 228; Vachon, 1948: 57(1952: 37);? Bücherl, 1959: 269; Rosin & Shulov, 1963: 570; Vachon, Roy & Condamin, 1970: 426; Stockmann, 1979: 405; Francke & Sissom, 1984: 12; Casper, 1985: 281; McCormick & Polis, 1990: 301; Polis & Sissom, 1990: 187; Pointer, 1991: 24; Soleglad & Fet, 2003: 8.

Heterometrus (Scorpio) longimanus : Kraepelin, 1901: 271.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus : Vachon & Lourenço, 1985: 9; Kovařík, 1992: 185; Kovařík, 1994: 197; Kovařík, 1997: 183; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 434; Kovařík, 2002: 17; Soleglad & Fet, 2003: 5.

Heterometrus longimanus typicus : Masi, 1912: 123.

Heterometrus longimanus longimanus : Giltay, 1931: 3; Giltay, 1935: 2; Takashima, 1945: 90.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus longimanus : Couzijn, 1981: 100;?Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 522; Fet, 2000: 435.

= Buthus costimanus C. L. Koch, 1837: 27 , fig. 266; C. L. Koch, 1850: 88 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1895: 34).

Palamnaeus costimanus : Thorell, 1876b: 217; Thorell, 1888: 329.

Palamnaeus costimanus borneensis Thorell, 1876b: 217 ; Thorell, 1888: 414.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus borneensis : Couzijn, 1981: 104; Kovařík, 1997: 183; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 435

= Centrurus galbineus C. L. Koch, 1838: 110 ; C. L. Koch, 1850: 89; Pocock, 1902: 365; Braunwalder & Fet, 1998: 33 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1895: 34).

= Palamnaeus angustimanus Thorell, 1876b: 211 (syn. by Simon, 1901: 78).

Palamnaeus longimanus angustimanus : Simon, 1901: 78.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus angustimanus : Couzijn, 1981: 103; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 435.

= Pandinus humilis Simon, 1877: 94 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1895: 34).

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus humilis Couzijn, 1981: 109 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 435. = Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus belitungensis Couzijn, 1981: 105 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 435; Kovařík, 2002: 17. Syn. n.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus bengkalitensis Couzijn, 1981: 106 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 435. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus marmoratus Couzijn, 1981: 109 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 436. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus paris Couzijn, 1981: 106 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 436.

= Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus tarawakanensis Couzijn, 1981: 108 ; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 436. Syn. n.

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Africa – incorrect type locality – holotype lost, neotype from Indonesia, Sumatra, Talang, Gunung designated by Couzijn (1981: 100); RMNH .

TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Indonesia, Bangka , 2♀ 2juvs. (paratypes of Heterometrus (Heterometrus) longimanus belitungensis Couzijn, 1981 ), SMFD No. 5330 .

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Indonesia, Java, Idien-geb , 3♀, SMFD No. 6743/150; Sumatra, Padang , 1♂, SMFD No. 6702/109; Sumatra, 2juvs., leg. S. Auer, SMFD No. 5291; Sumatra, Fort de Kock , 1♂ 1♀, SMFD No. 8814/183; Sumatra, Padang , 1♂, leg. Tiefsee, ZMHB No. 98/99 and 882/1914; Borneo , 1♂ 4♀ 3juvs., leg. Vráz, NMPC ; Sumatra, 3♂, leg. Hildebrandt, NMPC ; Java, 2juvs., 1870, leg. J. Xantus, HNHM ; Borneo, Matang , 1870, 8♂ 1♀ 36juvs.17juvs. before first ecdysis, leg. J. Xantus, HNHM Nos. 2024, 2031, 2032, and 2039; Sumatra, Deli , 1879, 2♂ 1♀, leg. V. Schauler, SMFD No. 5328; Sumatra, 1882, 2♀, HNHM Nos. 2015 and 2036, 1883, 2♂, leg. Dr. Machik, HNHM Nos. 2021 and 2026; Sumatra, 1886, 1♀, leg. Hochwiesner, SMFD No. 5329; Sumatra, Deli , 1892, 2♂ 2♀ 1im., leg. Benecke, SMFD No. 5348; West Borneo, Pontianak , 1893, 2♂ 2♀ 6juvs., leg. F. Will, SMFD No. 5324; Halmahera , 1894, 5♂ 5♀ 4ims., leg. Kükenthal, SMFD No. 5350; Borneo, Baramfluss , 1894, 3ims.13juvs., leg. Kükenthal, SMFD Nos 5325 and 5326; Nias , 1896, 2♂ (ims.) 1♀, leg. S. Raap and Knuth, ZMHB No. 5705/37; Linga Island , VII.1899, 1♂, leg. W. L. Abbott, probably Pulau Lingga, 0º12'S 107º35'E, CASC ; Sumatra, 1900, 1♀ 1im., leg. V. Guer, SMFD No. 5327; E. Sumatra, Kateman river , 20.VIII.1903, 1♂, 1.IX.1903, 1im., CASC ; Sumatra, 9.II.1902, 1♂, ZMHB ; Sumatra, 22.IV.1905, 1♂, leg. G. Studt, ZMHB No. 491/05; Sumatra, Kahat , X.1925, 1♂ 1im., CASC ; Borneo , XI.1926, 1im. ♂ 2juvs., leg. Stebbing, BMNH No. 1926.XI.18.10-11; Sumatra, Takengon , 21.I.1929, 1♂ 1♀, leg. H. R. Rookmaaker, ZMHB No. 405D/29; Mentaus , 3♀, ZMHB No. 1198/07; Sumatra, Hügelland Boelaeh Blang-Cra, Lho Seumawe , Atjeh, 1929, 1♂ 2♀ 1juv., leg. Rookmaaker, SMFD No. 5368; Sumatra, Tandjong, Morava , 1931, 9♂ 3♀ 1juv., leg. Kleinkay, HNHM No. 2316; Sumatra, Lippisches Landes , 26.VII.1954, 4♂ 3♀ 5juvs., SMFD ; 1992, 2♂ 1♀ 2juvs., FKCP ; Timur Nunukan , rain forest, 15– 17.IX.1995, 1♀ 2juvs., leg. P. Beron & T. Ivanova, SOFM No. 177; Sumatra, S. Medan, Brastago , VI.1997, 1im., leg. R. Sauer, FKCP ; Borneo , 1♂ 1♀, FKCP ; Borneo, Nanga Pinoh distr, Tontang , 26.VII.1993, 1juv., leg. J. Schneider, FKCP ; W. Sumatra, Japannli bay , 2.I.2002, 1♂, CASC . Malaysia, Sarawak, Kuching , VIII.1993, 1♂, leg. J. Schneider, FKCP ; Sarawak, Sebong, distr. Kapit , 9–20.III.1994, 1♂ 2juvs., leg. P. Bílek, FKCP . Sabah, Tamparuli , 3.V.1996, 2juvs., leg. S. Snäll, FKCP . Philippines, Palawan, Puerto Princese , 1980, 1♀, FKCP ; Mindanao Island , Misamis Occidental, 21.XII.1955, 2♀, leg. B. Marapao, CASC ; Sulu island, Tawi Tawi, Tarawakan Farm District , 11.VII.1957, 1im., CASC ; Palawan island, Puerto Princesa, V–VI.1961, 2♀, leg. Angel C. Alcala, CASC . Singapur, XII.1897, 3♂, leg. L. Biró, HNHM .

DIAGNOSIS. Adults 90–140 mm long. Base color of adults uniformly black, only manus and telson may be reddish brown. Pectinal teeth number 12–18 in both sexes. Male with chela, femur and patella of pedipalp narrower and longer than in female. Male fingers of pedipalp very long. Fixed fingers longer or at least as long as manus of pedpalp. Chela not lobiform in male, slightly lobiform in female, its length to width ratio 3.3– 4.4 in male, ca. 2.4. in female. Much of manus smooth, sparsely tuberculate. Patella of pedipalp with pronounced internal tubercle. Carapace usually with disc smooth and margins granulate, but sometimes entire surface granulate. Telson hirsute, elongate, vesicle as long as or longer than aculeus.

COMMENTS. This species is known under a number of older names and as many as eight subspecies. I have studied the paratypes of H. l. belitungensis Couzijn, 1981 and specimens from nearly the entire area of known distribution of the species, and have not found any morphological differences indicating the existence of any subspecies. I have examined also CASC specimens from the type locality of H. l. tarawakanensis Couzijn, 1981 and have not found them to differ in any way from the nominotypical subspecies. However, I have not studied the types of all the subspecies.

DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia (L. Koch, 1837: 29), Malaysia (Kraepelin, 1895: 39), Philippines (Simon, 1877: 95), Singapore (Fet, 2000: 434). Apart from the original type locality (Africa), as erroneous must be regarded also all records for Cambodia (Kraepelin, 1895: 39), India (Kraepelin, 1901: 271; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 527), Laos (Kraepelin, 1901: 271), Myanmar (Kraepelin, 1895: 39, Kraepelin, 1913: 166), Thailand (Kraepelin, 1901: 271) and Vietnam (Kraepelin, 1901: 271) .

Figures

Figure 19: Heterometrus longimanus, dorsal view, male.