Canacidae, Jones, 1906

McAlpine, D. K., 2007, The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships, Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1), pp. 27-64 : 43-44

Key to subfamilies of Canacidae s.l.

1 Frontal orbit with three to five major outwardly inclined bristles, of which foremost is near level of ptilinal fissure, in addition to an inner series of three or more proclinate-inclinate shorter bristles or setulae; proclinate-inclinate interfrontal bristles in two distinct series; pair of convergent, often widely spaced postverticals present; costa along marginal cell with a continuous series of closely placed short black anterior spinules, and no series of longer, widely spaced spines; discal and second basal cells separate; anal cell closed; vein 6 not extending distinctly beyond anal cell, even as a sharp fold in membrane ........................................................................................... Tethininae

—— Fronto-orbital bristles not arranged as above; if biseriate interfrontal bristles present, then either convergent postvertical bristles absent or anal cell open distally; other characters variable ............................................... 2

2 Face, at least on lower part, almost vertical, not receding on to ventral surface; prelabrum thus located approximately as far forward as anterior surface of head capsule ................................................................................... 3

—— Face, in profile, convex below, markedly receding on to ventral surface of head; prelabrum thus markedly displaced posteriorly .................................................. 5

Neopelomyia , probably referable to Pelomyiinae , disagrees in these characters, but differs from other subfamilies in having discal and second basal cells confluent. 3 Wing either vestigial, or with long vein 6 extending to margin; fronto-orbital bristles normally three, of which middle one is reclinate and further from eye than others; female: syntergite 1 + 2 longer than rest of abdomen ......................................................................................... Apetaeninae

—— Wing unreduced, with vein 6 scarcely extending beyond anal cell; if three fronto-orbital bristles present, then middle one not further from eye than others; syntergite 1 + 2 not normally as long as rest of abdomen .................................................................................................................................... 4

4 Anal cell closed; face prominent, extensively visible in profile, entirely sclerotized; prelabrum large and very broad; prementum very broad, deeply cleft distomedially; tergites 1 and 2 without or with quite indistinct weak line of demarcation mid-dorsally; cercus of female basally thickened and fused with epiproct, distally tapered, with one or two spinescent bristles ................................................................... Canacinae

—— Anal cell open distally; face not prominent; prelabrum of moderate size, c. half width of surrounding subcranial membrane, and not over one quarter width of head; prementum not much broader than long, nor deeply cleft; tergites 1 and 2 separated in mid-dorsal region by distinct membranous strip, fused at sides; cercus of female basally articulated, distally blunt, without spinescent bristles ............................... Zaleinae

5 Antennae widely divergent from bases; antennal segment 2 short, collar-like, with series of short, stout spines or spinescent setulae on medial surface; one to three incurved fronto-orbital bristles located below the two upper eclinate fronto-orbitals; upper postocular bristle (behind outer vertical) present; scutellum dorsally setulose; fore coxa broad, less than 2 ⁄ 3 as long as fore femur; costa with obliquely incised notch at subcostal break, beyond break with a well spaced series each of anterodorsal and anteroventral long spines; discal cell closed basally by well sclerotized vein .................................. Horaismopterinae

—— Antennae subparallel; antennal segment 2 not remarkably short, with few fine setulae on medial surface; incurved fronto-orbital bristles absent; upper postocular bristle absent; scutellum without setulae; fore coxa elongate, at least 2 ⁄ 3 as long as femur; costa with simple subcostal break, beyond break without such spaced spines; discal cell basally confluent with second basal cell ..................................................... Pelomyiinae