Orthocephalus coriaceus (Fabricius)

Namyatova, Anna A. & Konstantinov, Fedor V., 2009, Revision of the genus Orthocephalus Fieber, 1858 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae) 2316, Zootaxa 2316, pp. 1-118 : 43-48

Orthocephalus coriaceus (Fabricius)

Figures 1, 7, 10, 14

Acanthia coriacea Fabricius, 1777: 299 .

Cimex grylloides Goeze, 1778:187 (syn by Reuter, 1888: 289).

Capsus mutabilis Fallén, 1807: 98 (syn. by Stål, 1868: 88).

Capsus pilosus Hahn, 1834: 96 (syn. with C. mutabilis Fallén by Kirschbaum, 1856: 243).

Capsus stygialis Mulsant and Rey, 1852: 132 (syn. by Reuter, 1890: 254).

Orthocephalus coriaceus Stål, 1868: 88 .

DIAGNOSIS: Recognized by the scalelike setae covering entire dorsum, pleurites, and abdomen (as in figs. 22 A-C, E, 23 A, D), dark brown to black body except for narrow yellowish spot near inner margin of each eye, evaporatorium and claval suture in male yellowish (fig. 1), aedeagus with long spicule somewhat curved basally and apically and short spicule comma-shaped, less than half as long as long spicule (fig. 7), medial sclerites of dorsal labiate plate twisted basally, distinctly twin-coned apically, comparatively small, of same length as and distinctly narrower than sclerotized rings (fig. 14). Males not easily confused with any other species. Females similar to O. funestus , but that species often can be distinguished by the pale brown or yellowish forecoxa and yellowish or brown femora with darker dots. Not separable from dark-colored females of O. funestus , because of the great similarity in the genitalic structure.

REDESCRIPTION: Male: Macropterous; length 4.5–5.1. COLORATION (fig. 1): Body uniformly dark brown to black except for dirty yellow spot near inner margin of each eye, evaporatorium yellow, and typically with narrow yellow longitudinal stripe on each outer part of clavus and inner half of corium, membrane uniformly pale brown. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Head and hemelytra smooth, pronotum and scutellum somewhat rugose. Dorsum, pleurites, and abdomen clothed with adpressed scalelike setae (as in figs. 22 A-C, E, 23 A, D); all appendages and abdomen with dark semiadpressed simple setae, especially long, dense, and semierect on antennal segments; entire dorsum, forecoxa, fore margin, and apex of femur with contrastingly long, erect bristlelike setae, somewhat shorter than diameter of eye, especially long on anterior margin of pronotum, head, and bases of hemelytra; antennal segment I with two mesial spines. STRUCTURE AND MEA- SUREMENTS: Body 2.9–3.4× as long as width of pronotum. Head: Shape of head and eye similar to those of O. bivittatus (as in figs. 20 B, 21 A, G); head 1.2–1.3× as wide as high; vertex 2.0–2.3× as wide as eye; eye located at a short distance from anterior pronotal margin; antennal fossa located close to inferior margin of eye; antennal segment I longer than diameter of eye; antennal segment II cylindrical, sometimes somewhat incrassate apically; 0.9–1.1× as long as basal width of pronotum, 1.1–1.3× as long as width of head; labium reaching middle coxa. Thorax: Pronotum 1.9–2.4× as wide as long and 1.2–1.3× as wide as head, with straight or slightly concave posterior margin, lateral margins of pronotum not carinate, calli slightly raised; hind femora relatively narrow, approximately 1.5× as wide as middle femora. GENITALIA: Aedeagus (fig. 7) with two spicules; long spicule longer than dorsal wall of theca, somewhat curved basally and apically, short spicule comma-shaped, distinctly shorter than dorsal wall of theca, less than half as long as long spicule; parameres as in fig. 14.

Female: Brachypterous, length 3.6–4.6. COLORATION: Similar to male; hemelytra dark brown to black, often with dirty yellow longitudinal marking at base of claval suture. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: As in male. STRUCTURE AND MESUREMENTS: Body 2.1–3.0× as long as width of pronotum. Head: 1.2–1.3× as wide as high; vertex 2.3–2.7× as wide as eye; antennal segment II 0.8–1.1× as long as basal width of pronotum, 0.9–1.2× as long as width of head. Thorax: Pronotum 2.0–2.4× as wide as long, 1.0–1.3× as wide as head; length of hemelytra ranging from reaching middle of abdominal segment VII to covering entire abdomen, typically covering abdominal segment VII; cuneus weakly delimited, claval commissure as long as inner claval margin; posterior and lateral margins of hemelytra rounded. GENITALIA: Sclerotized rings comparatively large, elongated; medial sclerites twisted basally, distinctly twin-coned apically, comparatively small, of same length and distinctly narrower than sclerotized ring (fig. 14); posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with trapeziform sclerite uniformly sclerotized, incision on the anterior margin narrow and not reaching middle of sclerite, anterior angles of this sclerite somewhat dentate, posterior margin without sclerites (as in fig. 18, bivittatus ); vulva with curved sclerites forming a circle (as in fig. 19, O. vittipennis ).

DISTRIBUTION: In the Palearctic region the distribution of this species spans Western and Central Europe. It has not been recorded from Russia except Kaliningrad Province. Introduced to North America ( Wheeler, Henry and Mason, 1983; Henry and Kelton, 1986). New records for Tunisia.

HOSTS AND NATURAL HISTORY: Kullenberg (1944), Southwood and Leston (1959), and Wheeler (1985) provided information on seasonal history and host plants of O. coriaceus . The species is typically found on dry, open, sandy areas where it feeds on various composites. Wheeler (1985) also sampled the species from herb and flower gardens. According to Kullenberg (1944), O. coriaceus usually attacks stems and leaves, especially the veins, of its hosts; adults have been observed to feed on inflorescence of grasses. Eggs are inserted in host stems. Overwintering occurs in the egg stage. In Sweden and the British Isles ( Kullenberg, 1944, Southwood and Leston, 1959) adults begin to appear in mid- to late June. In North America ( Wheeler, 1985) eggs begin to hatch by late April, adults appear in the end of May and are present until late June. Wheeler (1985) also provided detailed descriptions of all instars.

O. coriaceus seems to be closely associated with Asteraceae . According to Kullenberg (1944) Achillea millefolium L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. ( Asteraceae ) are favorable hosts in Sweden. In Europe, the species also reported from the following species of Asteraceae : Carduus spp. , Centaurea scabiosa L. ( Reuter, 1891), Tanacetum sp. ( Saunders, 1892) , Tanacetum vulgare L. ( Franz and Wagner, 1961), Achillea sp. , Centaurea sp. ( Wagner, 1974) ; Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) ( Woodroffe, 1959). However, the species was also sampled from Rubiaceae : Galium sp. ( Woodroffe, 1959) and Galium verum L. ( Franz and Wagner, 1961); Lamiaceae : Galeopsis bifida Boenn. ( Franz and Wagner, 1961) ; Fabaceae : Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) (as Spartium scoparium L.) ( Reuter, 1891); Fagaceae : ( Ehanno 1960) and Quercus occidentalis J. Gay (as Quercus pedunculata Ehrh. ) ( Ehanno, 1965).

Wheeler (1985) noted that in North America most common hosts in ruderal sites were Cichorium intybus L., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Centaurea maculosa Lam. , and Tanacetum vulgare L. ( Asteraceae ). He also listed all host plants of O. coriaceus in eastern United States belonging to three tribes of Asteraceae - Anthemidiae, Cynareae , and Cichorium , - and chiefly represented by species of Achillea , Artemisia , and Chrysanthemum . In addition to species noted by Wheeler (1985), O. coriaceus was reported from Solidago sp. (Asteraceae) by Messina, (1978) and from Potentilla erecta (L.) ( Rosaceae ) by Wheeler et al. (1983).

Some specimens from the collection of ZISP were collected from Achillea millefolium L. ( Asteraceae ) by an unknown collector and from Achillea sp. (Asteraceae) by Seidenstücker. Also a single specimen was collected from Cerasus vulgaris Mill. (as Prunus cerasus L.) ( Rosaceae ) by A. Matocq.

DISCUSSION: Males and females with uniformly dark brown to black appendages and hemelytra collected from Kyrgyzstan (in the collection of ZISP) share the genitalic structure typical of O. coriaceus and O. funestus . Although these two species can hardly be separated from each other by the genitalic structure without considerable experience, they have minor distinctions in the shape of the short spicule of the aedeagus (fig. 7). However, the shape of the short spicule in specimens from Kyrgyzstan does not allow for their placement in either of these two species with certainty. These males and females are similar to O. coriaceus in the general appearance and size, but differ in having uniformly dark brown to black hemelytra. Orthocephalus funestus usually has pale brown or yellowish femora with minute spots and pale brown coxa. Specimens of O. funestus with uniformly dark brown to black legs and antennae were noted only from Japan and Kuril Islands; they are similar to specimens from Kyrgyzstan in coloration but differ from them in all other respects. Because of the general habitus and size, these specimens are treated as O. coriaceus . More material from Central Asia is needed to clarify this issue.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: FRANCE: Aquitaine: Pyrenees Atlantiques Co.: Pau, 43.28333 ° N 0.36666 ° W, 15 Aug 1991, A. Matocq, Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae) , 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00230111) (MATOCQ). Champagne-Ardenne: Ardennes Co.: Rocroi, 6 km E to D. 877 Tourbier, 49.91666 ° N 4.5 ° E, 21 Aug 1991, F. Cherot, J. Pericart and A. Matocq, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00159170) (MATOCQ). Midi-Pyrenees: Ariege Co.: Mijanes, 42.73333 ° N 2.05 ° E, 1500 m, 10 Jul 1989, Unknown, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00226442) (MNHN). Najae, Mirepeux, 43.08333 ° N 1.86666 ° E, 09 Jul 1980, Unknown, Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) , 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00223600), 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00223600, AMNH_PBI 00238410) (MNHN). Hautes-Pyrenees Co.: Gedre, 42.78333 ° N 0.01666 ° E, 16 Aug 1991, G. Mehr and A. Matocq, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00260828) (MATOCQ). GERMANY: Bavaria: Aschaffenburg, 49.96666 ° N 9.15 ° E, 19 Jun 1926, K. Singer, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00155339) (ZISP); 10 Jun 1929, K. Singer, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00237938) (ZISP); 19 Jun 1929, Singer, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268007) (ZSM); 06 Jun 1946, K. Singer, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268008) (ZSM). Goessweinstein, Jura, Fraenkische Schweiz, 49.77 ° N 11.34 ° E, 24 Jul 1932, K. Schmidt, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268003) (ZSM). Bayern: Aschaffenburg, Strueth, 49.33 ° N 10.6 ° E, 17 Jun 1929, K. Singer, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00234991) (ZISP). Eichstaett Umgeb., 23 Jul 1955, Seidenstücker, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00267998) (ZSM); 18 Jul 1964, Seidenstücker, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00267997), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00267999) (ZSM); 04 Jul 1966, Seidenstücker, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268000) (ZSM); 11 Jul 1974, Seidenstücker, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00226770) Achillea sp. (Asteraceae) , 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00231047) (ZSM). Eilsbrunn, Regensburg, Bavaria, 49 ° N 11.98 ° E, 25 Jun 1986, Necker, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00250454) (ZSM). Fuerth I. B. Valley of Rednitz River [Rednitztal], 49.46 ° N 11 ° E, 28 Jun 1930, K. Schmidt, 4♀ (AMNH_PBI 00251504) (ZSM). Fuerth I. B. Weiherhof, 49.47 ° N 10.93 ° E, 08 Jul 1932, K. Schmidt, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268006), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268006) (ZSM). Fuerth Jura Hersbruck, 21 Jun 1931, K. Schmidt, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268004) (ZSM). Fuerth i. B. Hainberg, 11 Jul 1934, K. Schmidt, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268005) (ZSM). Gunzenhausen, 06 Jun 1947, Seidenstücker, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00230888) (ZSM); 18 Jun 1953, Seidenstücker, 4♂ (AMNH_PBI 00267991 through AMNH_PBI 00267994), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00267995, AMNH_PBI 00267996) (ZSM). Katzwang, Nuernberg, 49.35 ° N 11.05 ° E, 14 Jul 1929, K. Schmidt, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00146809) (ZSM). Losswaende hinter Damm, 49.98 ° N 9.14 ° E, 25 Jul 1926, K. Singer, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268010) (ZISP). Nuernberg, 49.45 ° N 11.06 ° E, 23 Jun 1940, Seidenstücker, 2♂ (AMNH_PBI 00229060, AMNH_PBI 00268002), 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268001) (ZSM). Hamburg: Hamburg, 53.551 ° N 10.021 ° E, V. Jakovlev coll., 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00238226) (ZISP). KYRGYZSTAN: Karakol [Przheval'sk], 42.48333 ° N 78.38333 ° E, 18 Jul 1904 - 19 Jul 1904, Abramov & Begak, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268221, AMNH_PBI 00268222) (ZISP); 18 Jul 1904, Abramov & Begak, 6♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268215 through AMNH_PBI 00268220) (ZISP). Kyrgyz [Aleksandr] Mts. Range, Alamedyn River, 42.85 ° N 74.56666 ° E, 2624 m, 05 Jul 1910, A. N. Kiritshenko, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268214) (ZISP); 08 Jul 1910, A. N. Kiritshenko, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268013) (ZISP). Kyrgyz [Aleksandr] Mts. Range, Chay-Sandyk Pass, 42.8 ° N 74 ° E, 2880 m, 23 Jun 1910, A. N. Kiritshenko, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268012) (ZISP). Kyrgyz [Aleksandr] Mts. Range, Tura-Kain, 42.51666 ° N 75.28333 ° E, 2134 m, 21 Jul 1910, A. N. Kiritshenko, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00268014) (ZISP). S Kyrgyz [Aleksandr] Mts Range, Chochoy River,Inflow of Kenkol River, 42.5 ° N 72.3666 ° E, 21 Jul 1930, Bianchi, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00259366), 3♀ (AMNH_PBI 00312048, AMNH_PBI 00314291, AMNH_PBI 00314454) (ZISP); 22 Jul 1930, Bianchi, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00259365, AMNH_PBI 00312048) (ZISP). LITHUANIA: Ukri [former Shavel' Uezd, Kovensk Government], 56.33333 ° N 23.05 ° E, 25 Jul 1907, Birshert, 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00231205, AMNH_PBI 00268011) (ZISP). SPAIN: Catalonia: Viella, Catalonia, 42.7 ° N 0.8 ° E, 14 Aug 1956, Unknown, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00229983) (JR). Navarra: Akatanburu (Lazar-Kakueta), Uztarroz [Uztarroze], Naffaroa, 45.91666 ° N 0.91666 ° W, 1250 m, 12 Jul 2003, S. Pagola Carte, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00312588), 2♀ (AMNH_PBI 00312591) (ZISP). Provincia de Alava: Laku (Gazeo), Gauna [Iruraitz-Gauna], Araba, 42.81666 ° N 2.48333 ° W, 600 m, 16 Jun 2007, S. Pagola Carte, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00312035) (ZISP); 30 Jun 2007, S. Pagola Carte, 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00312425) (ZISP). Artiga de Lin (Vall d'Aran), 42.43 ° N 0.5 ° E, 17 Jul 1967, Gonzalez, 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00268009) (JR). TUNISIA: Tunis: Tunis, Hannothiaux Coll., 1♀ (AMNH_PBI 00232828) (MNHN). Qurbus [Korbon, Korbous], 36.8167 ° N 10.5667 ° E, 275 m, Hannothiaux Coll., 1♂ (AMNH_PBI 00252543) (MNHN).