Moneuptychia pervagata Freitas, Siewert & Mielke

Freitas, André V. L., Barbosa, Eduardo P., Siewert, Ricardo R., Mielke, Af. H. H., Zacca, Thamara & Azeredo-Espin, Ana Maria L., 2015, Four new species of Moneuptychia (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) from Brazil, Zootaxa 3981 (4), pp. 521-541 : 531-535

Moneuptychia pervagata Freitas, Siewert & Mielke , new species

( Figs. 2 F, 3C, 8–9)

Yphthimoides viviana ; Iserhard et al. 2010: 312, Tab. 1 . Moneuptychia sp.; Santos et al. 2011: 255, Fig. 1 .

Moneuptychia sp. n.; Dolibaina et al. 2011: 349, Tab. 1

Adult: Diagnosis. Moneuptychia pervagata n. sp. is similar to Moneuptychia itapeva Freitas, 2007 . It can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: the transverse dark brown bar crossing the ventral forewing two-thirds from wing base being much reduced or absent, and restricted to the discal cell (this line is more conspicuous, and extends from discal cell to 2A in M. itapeva ); presence of marked ocelli in Rs-M1 and CuA2-2A on dorsal hind wing (these are absent in M. itapeva ); ocelli in M1-M2 and CuA1-CuA2 on ventral hind wing much larger compared to the remaining ocelli (they are more equivalent in size in M. itapeva ). The male genitalia of M. pervagata n. sp. differ from that of M. itapeva by the shape of the gnathos being two rounded bumps below the uncus (conspicuous and forked in M. itapeva ).

Descriptions of adults: Male ( Fig. 8 ). Forewing length 14–17 mm (n = 15); hind wing length 11–14 mm (n = 15). Eyes naked, entirely brown. Palpus length 2.0 times head height, beige, with long dark brown and white hairs. Antenna of males 7–8 mm in length, with 35 antennomeres extending to mid-costa; shaft rust brown, dorsally covered by dark brown scales, club with 11 antennomeres, not conspicuously developed. Male foreleg covered by long beige hairs. Wings with dorsal ground color dark brown with few markings, restricted to marginal and submarginal lines in both wings; forewing with one minute black ocellus in M1–M2; hind wing with three black ocelli outlined by a light brown ring in Rs-M1 (ocellus 1), CuA1-CuA2 (2) and CuA2-2A (3); ocelli 1 and 2 larger, ocellus 2 and 3 with white pupil (this double in ocellus 2). Forewing of males presenting a conspicuous callus on SC vein, close to distal end of swollen portion of vein ( Fig. 3 C). Ventral wings mostly brown; forewing crossed by two nearly straight dark brown lines, first very indistinct crossing discal cell one third from base; second extending from costa to 2A at two thirds from wing base; a dark brown zigzag submarginal line and a brown marginal line extending from costa to 2A; two black ocelli outlined by a yellowish ring in R5-M1 (ocellus 1) and M1–M2 (2); ocellus 2 large and with white pupil (both ocelli can be absent in some individuals). Hind wing crossed by two dark brown nearly straight lines from costa to anal margin, first one-third from wing base, second two-thirds from it; second crossing line delimiting a lighter medial area between line and ocellar region; a brown zigzag submarginal line and a brown regular marginal line extending from costa to 2A; a series of six black ocelli outlined by a yellowish ring can be found in Rs-M1 (ocellus 1), M1–M2 (2), M2–M3 (3), M3–CuA1 (4), CuA1–CuA2 (5) and CuA2– 2A (6); ocellus 1 small and absent in some individuals, ocellus 2 completely black, ocelli 2 and 5 larger; ocellus 3 usually double (when visible); ocelli 3, 4, 5 and 6 with double white pupil. Hind wing outer margin rounded. No conspicuous androconial scales or patches observed.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 9 ). Saccus short and slender in ventral view; tegumen rounded; gnathos as two rounded bumps below uncus; appendix angularis extremely conspicuous projecting posteriorly as a long process; uncus narrow and elongated, ( Fig. 9 B); valvae elongated, narrowing towards end, with internal margin projecting internally in a structure with a series of small teeth and with a single and small pointed process projecting internally ( Figs. 9 C–D); aedeagus slightly curved upwards, with a very small triangular projection in left near tip; cornuti absent; juxta membranous.

Female ( Figs. 2 F, 8). Forewing length 16–18 mm (n = 6); hind wing length 14–16 mm (n = 6). Body entirely dark brown. General color and pattern very similar to that of males, with wings more rounded.

Remarks on color variation. Variation on the dorsal wing surfaces is virtually absent. The ventral surface of both wings shows some variation in size and presence of ocelli (as described above in both sexes).

Early stages. Available pictures are of low quality and are not shown in the present paper, but in general appearance the immatures are very similar to those of M. montana and M. itapeva ( Freitas 2007) .

Egg. Spherical, light cream, without conspicuous markings. Height 0.80 – a. 84 mm mm; diameter 0.82–0.84 mm (n = 4). Duration 6 days (n = 1).

First instar. Head capsule width 0.58 mm; scoli 0.06 mm (n = 1). Head capsule dark brown, with enlarged chalazae, bearing a pair of short scoli on vertex, each with two long narrow setae ending in a fine point. Third stemmata larger than the other stemmata. Body green, smooth, with red longitudinal stripes; caudal filaments very short. Legs, prolegs and caudal filaments light green. Setae dark elongated. Maximum length 4.0 mm. Duration 8 days (n = 2).

Second instar. Head capsule width 0.8 mm; scoli 0.18 mm (n = 1). Head dark brown with two diverging short scoli on vertex. Body greenish beige with a conspicuous dorsal dark green stripe; caudal filaments short. Maximum length 7 mm. Duration 13days (n = 1).

Third instar. Head capsule width 1.04 mm; scoli 0.24 mm (n = 1). Head brown, with two diverging very short scoli on vertex. Body beige with several longitudinal wavy stripes and a conspicuous dorsal dark stripe; caudal filaments short. Maximum length 8 mm. Duration 16 days (n=1).

Fourth instar. Head capsule width 1.4 mm; scoli 0.38 mm (n = 1). Head brown, with two diverging very short scoli on vertex. Body brown with several longitudinal wavy stripes and a conspicuous dorsal dark stripe; caudal filaments short. Maximum length 12 mm. Duration 14 days (n = 1).

Fifth instar. Head capsule width 1.84 mm; scoli 0.42 mm (n =1). Head brown, with two diverging short scoli on vertex. Very similar to previous instar. Maximum length 17 mm. Duration 15 days (n = 1).

Sixth (last) instar. Head capsule width 2.42 mm; scoli 0.52 mm (n = 1). Head brown, with two diverging short scoli on vertex. Body purplish brown with several zigzag longitudinal stripes; middorsal stripe conspicuously dark; ventral region dark brown; legs and prolegs light brown; caudal filaments short. Maximum length 25 mm. Duration 20 days (n = 1).

Pupa. Short and smooth; mostly dark brown, with short squared ocular caps; cremaster dark in ventral portion; dorsal abdomen with a paired series of short subdorsal white protuberances bordered with white. Total length 10.0 mm. Duration 15 days (n = 1)

Habitat, Behavior and Natural History. The species occurs in open, natural grass fields, usually near forest edges ( Figs. 2 A,B), being rare or absent in disturbed places. Oviposition behavior was not observed in nature, and the host plant in the field is unknown. Fertile eggs were obtained from a wild-captured female confined in a plastic bag along with leaves of several potential host-plants (species of Poaceae ) and put under a source of heat (40W incandescent lamp). In the laboratory, larvae easily accepted the Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum Flüggé (Poaceae) (grama-batatais), a common species of grass. Adults were observed only in open habitats and grasslands, flying among grass patches and perching, usually on the ground. Males were observed interacting with other males on sunny occasions, when it was possible to hear a clicking noise when two or more males flew together. In the Serra da Mantiqueira, adults of both sexes were observed feeding on flowers of Galianthe brasiliensis (Rubiaceae) ( Fig. 2 F). No courtship behavior was observed.

Distribution. The species is known from the coastal mountains of south and southeastern Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro, at altitudes from 800 to 1900 m.

Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin ( pervagata = widespread), and refers to the wide distribution of this species.

Types. Holotype male. Deposited in the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (DZUP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. With the following labels separated by transverse bars: / HOLOTYPUS / Moneuptychia pervagata Freitas, Siewert & Mielke det. 2014 / Santa Catarina, Painel, Laj[g]es [27º 55' 44" S, 50º 06' 18" W], 1000m, 23-II-1973. Mielke leg. / DZ 26.563 /

Allotype female. Deposited in the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (DZUP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. With the following labels separated by transverse bars: / ALLOTYPUS / Moneuptychia pervagata Freitas, Siewert & Mielke det. 2014 / Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, Pilão de Pedra, 1-II-2012. O. Mielke & Dolibaina leg. / DZ 30.646 /

Paratypes (all from Brazil). DD — Paraná: Candói, Parque Municipal Recanto dos Votorões, 900m, 20-XI- 2011, 1 male, Giacomet leg. Guarapuava, Parque Municipal das Araucárias, 23-II-2009, 1 female, Dolibaina leg. 9- XI-2007, 1 male, Dolibaina leg. Quatro Barras, Morro do Anhangava, 1325m, 25-I-2009, 2 males and 1 female, Dolibaina leg. 20-I-2010, 1 male, Dolibaina leg. Santa Catarina: Campo Alegre, Morro do Quiriri, 1400m, 7-XI- 2009, 3 males and 2 females, Dolibaina leg. DZUP— Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Serra da Itatiaia, 1900m, 16-I-1969, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.650. Minas Gerais: 15 km SE from Delfim Moreira, 1500–1700m, 22-23- I-2004, 1 male and 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 30.655, DZ 30.656. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, 1700m, 4-7- IX-1937, 1 female, Travassos & Oiticica leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 5.526. I-1966, 3 males, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.638, DZ 30.639, DZ 30.640. 19-IX-1966, 2 females, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.626, DZ 30.627. 3-II-1970, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.628. 4-II-1970, 10 males, Ebert leg., excoll. Ebert, DZ 30.629, DZ 30.630, DZ 30.631, DZ 30.632, DZ 30.633, DZ 30.634, DZ 30.635, DZ 30.636, DZ 30.637, DZ 30.641. Serra da Bocaina, 1600m, 3-4- II-1967, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.649. Paraná: Castro, Carambei, 30-I-1971, 3 males, Moure, Mielke & Marinoni leg., DZ 30.619, DZ 30.620, DZ 30.621. Castro, 1000m, 26-I-1972, 1 female, Mielke & Tangerini, DZ 30.617 15-XI-1971, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 30.618. 10 km N Castro, 20-XII-1977, 2 males, Mielke leg., DZ 30.622, DZ 30.623. Colombo, 03-XII-1970, 2 males, Mielke & Lauterjung leg., DZ 16.183, DZ 30.624. Guarapuava, 1130m, 13-I-1980, 1 male, C. Mielke & Miers leg., DZ 30.647. Morretes, Pilão de Pedra, 900m, 5-II-1969, 8 males, Mielke & Laroca leg., DZ 26.545, DZ 26.546, DZ 26.547, DZ 26.548, DZ 26.549, DZ 26.550, DZ 26.552, DZ 26.555, 4 females, Mielke & Laroca leg., DZ 26.551, DZ 26.553, DZ 26.554, DZ 26.556. 2-IV-1978, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 30.643. Palmas, 1100m, 6-II-1976, 1 male, Mielke & Buzzi leg., DZ 30.625. Ponta Grossa, Vila Velha , 900m, 20-III-2002, 1 male and 1 female, Mielke leg., DZ 30.608, DZ 30.609, 21-III-2002, 3 males, Mielke leg., DZ 30.610, DZ 30.611, DZ 30.612, 11-I-2009, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 30.613, 20-21- IV-2010, 3 males, Mielke & Moser leg., DZ 30.657, DZ 30.658, DZ 30.659. Vila Velha , 1-IV-1966, 4 males, Mielke & Laroca leg., DZ 16.176, DZ 30.614, DZ 30.615, DZ 30.616. São José dos Pinhais, Pilão de Pedra, 1-II-2012, 1 male and 1 female, O. Mielke & Dolibaina leg., DZ 30.644, DZ 30.645. Santa Catarina: São Bento do Sul, 850m, 15-I-1971, 3 males, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 26.557, DZ 26.558, DZ 26.559. 14-I-1971, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 26.560. 12-I-1971, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 26.561. 13-I-1971, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 26.562. Curitibanos, 22-I-1973, 1 male, Ebert leg., excoll. Ebert, DZ 30.642. Lages, Painel, 1000m, 23-II-1973, 2 males, Mielke leg., DZ 16.190, DZ 30.604. São Bento do Sul, Rio Vermelho, 800m, 21-III-2002, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 30.607. São Joaquim, 1400m, 23-II-1973, 2 males, Mielke leg., DZ 30.605, DZ 30.606. São Joaquim, without date, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. Ebert, DZ 30.648. Campo Alegre, Serra do Quiriri, 1300m, 14-IX-2009, 1 female, Mielke, Carneiro & Melo leg., DZ 30.660. Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas, 30-X-1961, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 26.535. 14-X-1962, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 26.536. Vacaria, Bela Vista, 950m, 27-II-1973, 8 males, Mielke leg., DZ 26.537, DZ 26.538, DZ 26.539, DZ 26.540, DZ 26.541, DZ 26.542, DZ 26.543, DZ 26.544. DZUP-OM — São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, 1600–1700m, 22-25- I-1992, 3 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 28.371, OM 28.485, OM 28.515. MZUJ — São Paulo: P. N. Bocaina, Serra da Bocaina, 1450–1500 m, 1 male, 13-II-2014, T. Pyrcz leg. ZUEC — São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, Estrada Municipal do Fojo, 17-18-I-2014, 1550– 1600 m, 22º42’35”S 45 º 31’50”W, B-880-UFOJO, 1 male (DNA voucher YPH-0370), AVL Freitas leg., ZUEC LEP 8913. Pindamonhangaba, Pico do Itapeva , 16-I-2014, 1800–2000 m, 22º46’2”S 45º31’36”W, B-878-ITAPV, 2 males (DNA vouchers YPH-0378, YPH-0380), 1 female (DNA voucher YPH-0377),—AVL Freitas leg., ZUEC LEP 8914, ZUEC LEP 8915, ZUEC LEP 8916.

Additional material. ZUEC-AVLF — São Paulo: Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, Campos do Jordão, 11-12- I-2001, 8 males, 1 female, AVLF leg. Pico do Itapeva , Lago, Pindamonhangaba, 1850–2000 m, 24-I-2001, 1 female; 31-XII-2005, 2 males; 6-XII-2007, 1 male; 27-XII-2009, 1 male, AVLF leg. Rio Grande do Sul: Maquiné, Mirante, Serra do Umbu, 830 m, 23-II-2003, 2 males, 1 female; AVLF leg.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Holotype male (left) and allotype female (right) of Moneuptychia montana. n. sp. Dorsal above, ventral below. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 2. Habitat and live adults of Moneuptychia spp. A. Open highland grassland (“ campo de altitude ”), Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo (habitat of M. montana n. sp., M. pervagata n. sp. and M. itapeva); B. Contact between grassland and altitude forest, Alto do Capivari, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo (habitat of M. montana n. sp., M. itapeva, M. pervagata n. sp. and M. soter); C. Trail inside altitude forest, Alto da Boa Vista, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo (habitat of M. vitellina n. sp. and M. soter); D. Male of M. montana n. sp. (Alto do Capivari, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo); E. Male of M. vitellina n. sp. (Alto da Boa Vista, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo); F. Female of M. pervagata n. sp. (Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo).

FIGURE 3. Cleared left forewings of males of five Moneuptychia species (all in dorsal view) showing the conspicuous callus in SC vein; A in general view (black arrow indicates the callus); B in closer view; C to F in an intermediate view. A, B. Moneuptychia montana n. sp.; C. Moneuptychia pervagata n. sp.; D. Moneuptychia wahlbergi n. sp.; E. Moneuptychia itapeva; F. Moneuptychia soter.

FIGURE 8. Holotype male (left) and allotype female (right) of Moneuptychia pervagata n. sp. Dorsal above, ventral below. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 9. Male genitalia of M. pervagata n. sp. A. lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. aedeagus (lateral view); E. aedeagus (dorsal view). All morphological details following Fig. 4. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.