Myrsidea quadrifasciata (Piaget, 1880)

Sychra, Oldrich, Kolencik, Stanislav, Papousek, Ivo, Bilbija, Branka & Literak, Ivan, 2021, Myrsidea quadrifasciata (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) - a unique host generalist among highly host-specific chewing lice, Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 79, pp. 379-400 : 379

Myrsidea quadrifasciata (Piaget, 1880)

Figs 1-3 , 4-18 , 19-20

Menopon quadrifasciatum Piaget, 1880: 440, pl. XXXV, fig. 6. Type host: Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Myrsidea quadrifasciata (Piaget, 1880): Thompson (1937), Clay (1949b), Thompson (1957), Touleshkov (1962, 1974), Macháček (1977a), Lakshminarayana (1979), Gadzhiev and Mustafaeva (1981), Price et al. (2003: 131), Mey (2004), Manilla (2000), Saxena et al. (2007), Naz et al. (2021).

Menopon quadrifasciatum var. major Piaget, 1880: 441. Type host: Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758). New synonymy.

Myrsidea major (Piaget, 1880): Thompson (1937), Clay (1949a), Emerson (1972), Price et al. (2003: 130), Price and Dalgleish (2007: 14).

Menopon argentinus Kellogg, 1906: 49, pl. II, fig. 7. Type host: Spinus magellanicus (Vieillot, 1805). New synonymy.

Myrsidea argentina (Kellogg, 1906): Price et al. (2003: 128), Cicchino and Valim (2015: 241, fig. 34).

Menopon serini Séguy, 1944: 80, fig. 84. Type host: Serinus serinus (Linnaeus, 1766). New synonymy.

Myrsidea serini ( Séguy, 1944): Hopkins and Clay (1952: 233), Negru (1963: 11), Negru (1965: 499, fig. 1e), Klockenhoff (1984a: 18, figs 1-4, tables 1-2, 1984b: 283), Price et al. (2003: 131), Price and Dalgleish (2007: 12, fig. 39), Cicchino and Valim (2015: 232, figs 1-33), Kolencik et al. (2016: 245).

Liquidea serini ( Séguy, 1944): Złotorzycka (1964: 169, 176).

Myrsidea queleae Tendeiro, 1964: 182, photos 11-16. Type host: Quelea quelea lathami (Smith A., 1836). New synonymy.

Myrsidea queleae Tendeiro, 1964: Klockenhoff (1984b: 281), Price et al. (2003: 131), Sychra et al. (2010), Halajian et al. (2014).

Myrsidea balati Macháček, 1977a: 1, figs 1a, b, 4, 7-8. Type host: Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758). New synonymy.

Myrsidea balati Macháček, 1977: Price et al. (2003: 128), Adam (2007), Adam et al. (2009).

Myrsidea textoris Klockenhoff, 1984b: 270, figs 1-3, 10a, 11a, b. Type host: Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus ( Müller, 1776). New synonymy.

Myrsidea textoris Klockenhoff, 1984b: Lindholm et al. (1998: 147); Price et al. (2003: 132); Halajian et al. (2012: 65, 2014: 770); Sychra et al. (2014 b: 599).

Myrsidea viduae Tendeiro, 1993: 57, figs 2, 4, 6. Type host: Vidua macroura (Pallas, 1764). New synonymy.

Myrsidea viduae Tendeiro, 1993: Price et al. (2003: 133).

Myrsidea anoxanthi Price and Dalgleish, 2007: 13, figs 40-44. Type host: Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse, 1847). New synonymy.

Myrsidea darwini Palma and Price, 2010: 136, figs 1-5. Type host: Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837. New synonymy.

Type host.

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Passeridae ).

Type locality.

Unknown (most likely Netherlands).

Differential diagnosis.

In both sexes showing the characteristics of the " M. serini -Artengruppe" ( Klockenhoff 1984b), or Myrsidea serini species-group ( Price and Dalgleish 2007). It is well characterized with 1) weakly developed hypopharyngeal sclerites; 2) abdominal segments with continous row of tergal setae across segments I-II, and with well-defined median gap in row of tergal setae on other segments; 3) the females with non enlarged and unmodified tergites (except tergites II-III with slight medioposterior curvature) (Figs 1-3 ); 4) the females with a strongly spiculate posterior margin of the subgenital plate; and 5) the males with characteristic genital sac sclerites (Figs 4-18 ).

Description.

The following overall description is based on a large number of specimens from different hosts. Data for the most important morphometric characteristics for specimens according to their hosts are presented in supplement Tables S3b-S12. For better orientation and to avoid repetition of lists of hosts in the following text we refer to Myrsidea from particular hosts under their previous names in quotation marks, for example, " M. serini ", " M. textoris ", etc. (for specification see Table S1).

To evaluate the status of " M. argentina " we also examined available nymphs of 3rd instar: 1) two nymphs from Spinus magellanicus - type host of " M. argentina ", and 2) one nymph from Passer montanus - host of M. quadrifasciata . These nymphs differ from previous descriptions of " M. argentina " by Kellogg (1906) and " M. serini " by Cicchino and Valim (2015). Here the essential characters are given, with data from Kellogg (1906) and Cicchino and Valim (2015) in parentheses as (Kellogg/Cicchino and Valim).

FEMALE (n=167) (as in Fig. 19 ): Head. Hypopharyngeal sclerites weakly developed. Length of dhs 10, 0.05-0.10; dhs 11, 0.07-0.11; ratio dhs 10/11, 0.70-1.10. Ls5 0.06-0.07 long, latero-ventral fringe with 9-10 setae. Gula with a total of 7-11 setae (3-6 setae on each side). Thorax. Pronotum with 6 setae on posterior margin and 3 short spiniform setae at each lateral corner. Prosternal plate with rounded anterior margin. First tibia with 3-4 outer ventro-lateral and 3-4 dorsolateral setae. Mesonotum divided. Metanotum not enlarged, with 6-13 marginal setae; metasternal plate with 4-8 setae; metapleurites with 3-4 short strong spiniform setae. Femur III with 14-21 setae in ventral setal brush. Abdomen. Tergites not enlarged, all with straight posterior margin, only tergites II-III slightly convex medioposteriorly. Abdominal segments with continous row of tergal setae across segments I-II, and with small, but noticeable, median gap in row of tergal setae on other segments. Tergal setae: I, 7-18; II, 8-18; III, 7-19; IV, 7-17; V, 6-15; VI, 5-14; VII, 4-11; VIII, 3-8. Postspiracular setae long to extremely long on II, IV, VII and VIII and shorter on I, III, V and VI with length as in Table S9. Inner posterior seta of last tergum as long as or longer than anal fringe setae with length 0.09-0.10; length of short lateral marginal seta of last segment, 0.03-0.05. Pleural setae: I, 2-6; II, 5-8; III, 5-9; IV, 5-8; V, 4-7; VI, 4-6; VII, 3-5; VIII, 2-4. Pleurites I-II with only short spine-like setae; pleurites III-VII also with 1-2 slender and longer setae; without anterior pleural setae. Pleurite VIII with inner setae (0.02-0.03) as long as outer (0.02-0.04). Anterior margin of sternal plate II with a medial notch. Sternal setae: I, 0; II, 3-5 in each aster, aster setae length: s1, 0.09-0.11; s2, 0.05-0.07; s3, 0.04-0.06; s4, 0.03-0.05; with 9-20 marginal setae between asters, 4-14 medioanterior; III, 16-31; IV, 27-45; V, 27-49; VI, 12-39; VII, 11-22; VIII-IX, 6-22; and 6-14 setae on deeply serrated vulval margin; sternites III-VII without medioanterior setae. Anal fringe formed by 27-43 dorsal and ventral setae. Measurements. TW, 0.34-0.46; POW, 0.30-0.34; HL, 0.25-0.32; PW, 0.18-0.30; MW, 0.36-0.51; AWIV, 0.51-0.71; ANW, 0.19-0.24; TL, 1.26-1.80.

MALE (n=90) (as in Fig. 20 ). Similar to female except as follows. Head. Length of dhs 10, 0.05-0.10; dhs 11, 0.06-0.11; ratio dhs 10/11, 0.70-1.10. Ls5 0.05-0.06 long. Thorax. Metanotum not enlarged with 6-14 marginal setae; metasternal plate with 4-6 setae; metapleurites with 3 strong, short spiniform setae. Femur III with 15-20 setae in ventral setal brush. Abdomen. Abdominal segments with continous row of tergal setae at least across segments I-III, with small median gap in row of tergal setae on other segments. Tergal setae: I, 9-18; II, 9-21; III, 9-22; IV, 7-26; V, 9-23; VI, 8-24; VII, 6-19; VIII, 4-14. Length of inner posterior seta of last tergum, 0.07-0.08; short lateral marginal seta of last segment, 0.03. Pleural setae: I, 3-5; II, 5-8; III, 5-9; IV, 5-7; V, 4-8; VI, 3-6; VII, 3-6; VIII, 2-3. Pleurites I-II with only short spine-like setae; pleurites III-VII also with 1-4 slender and longer setae; without anterior pleural setae. Pleurite VIII with inner setae (0.03) as long as outer (0.03-0.04). Sternal setae: I, 0; II, 3-4 in each aster, aster setae length: s1, 0.07-0.08; s2, 0.04-0.06; s3, 0.03-0.04; s4, 0.02; with 8-16 marginal setae between asters, 4-14 medioanterior; III, 16-34; IV, 24-44; V, 24-45; VI, 21-39; VII, 12-24; VIII, 4-19; remainder of plate, 6-8; and with 3-6 setae posteriorly; sternites III-VII without medioanterior setae. With 6-12 internal anal setae. Genital sac sclerite as in Figs 4-18 . Measurements. TW, 0.33-0.42; POW, 0.28-0.33; HL, 0.23-0.30; PW, 0.20-0.29; MW, 0.28-0.41; AWIV, 0.37-0.54; GW, 0.09-0.10; GL, 0.34-0.43; ParL, 0.06-0.08; GSL, 0.03; TL, 1.05-1.41.

THIRD INSTAR NYMPH. Marginal seta of metanotum 7 (4/6). Tergocentral setae of abdomen: I, 7-10 (10/8-9); II, 8-9 (11/8); III, 8 (11/8-9); IV, 8 (11/8-9); V, 6-7 (10/6-7); VI, 6 (10/6-7); VII, 5-6 (9/6); VIII, 4-5 (4/4). Number of setae of dorsal anal fringe, 16-21 (cca 15/15). Dimensions: HL, 0.25-0.29 (0.27/0.28-0.30); TW, 0.35-0.36 (0.35/0.39-0.40); TL, 1.20-1.29 (1.20/1.40-1.41).

Material examined.

Ex Passer domesticus ( Passeridae ): 1♂ (designated as a neotype), England: Cheshire, Great Budworth, 5.xii.1934, A.W. Boyd leg. (NHML: B.M. 1955-616); 2♂, 2♀, USA: Mississippi, Tibbee, 15.iii.1936, E.W. Stafford leg. (KCEM: 8170, 8172-74); 1♂, 1♀, USA: Hawaii, Honolulu, 8.ii.-8.iii.1947, J. Alicata leg. (USNM: Lot 47-4795, vial 2). - Ex Passer montanus ( Passeridae ): 1♀ (paratype of M. balati ), Czech Republic, Nesyt, 9.xi.1973, P. Macháček leg. (ZFMK: 1986/15), 1♂, Czech Republic, Jinačovice (49°15′N 16°31′E), 13.i.2006, O. Sychra and I. Literak leg. (MMBC), 1♀, Czech Republic, Moravské Knínice (49°17′N 16°29′E), 8.ii.2009, O. Sychra and I. Literak leg. (MMBC), 1♀, Czech Republic, Kardašova Řečice, 19.vii.1938, K. Pfleger leg. (SNMB); 1♀, Hungary, Nagykanizsa, 28.vi.1952, Balát coll. (MMBC: B185), 1♀, Hungary, Bajcza (Zala m.), 19.iv.1953, Balát coll. (MMBC: C579); 1♀, 1 nymph, Slovakia, Gabčíkovo, 22.vii.1953, Balát coll. (MMBC: 1380), 2♂, 1♀, Slovakia, Gbelce (47°51′N 18°30′E), 10.vii.2019, O. Sychra and L. Oslejskova leg.; 3♂, 3♀, Thailand, San Sai, Ban Pong, 16.ii.1962, Kitti Thonglongya leg. (KCEM: 8183-85); 1♀, W. Java, Bogor, 8.xi.1968 (KCEM: 9E 0414); 2♀, no data (NHML: 840). - Ex Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus, 1766) ( Icteridae ): 9♀, 3♂, USA: South Carolina, Charleston, 1934, 27.iii.1933, H.S. Peters leg. (USNM: Bish. 1934 #20711). - Ex Agelaoides badius badius (Vieillot, 1819) ( Icteridae ): 1♀, 4♂, Paraguay, Los Tres Gigantes Biological Station in the Pantanal (20°04′S 50°09′W), 6.ix.2012, I. Literak leg. (MMBC: PG357). - Ex Emberiza citrinella caliginosa Clancey, 1940 ( Emberizidae ): 1♀, 1♂, New Zealand, Raoul I., Kermadec Is., 11.xii.1972; J. Ireland leg., R.L.C. Pilgram Collection (MONZ). - Ex Euplectes franciscanus (Isert, 1789) ( Ploceidae ): 2♂, 2♀, Senegal, Niokolo Koba National Park, Simenti (13°02′N 13°18′W), 8.ii.2005, P. Prochazka leg. (MMBC). - Ex Euplectes jacksoni (Sharpe, 1891) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 3♀, Kenya, i.1936, Meinertzhagen coll. (NHML: No. 6081). - Ex Euplectes orix (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Ploceidae ): 2♀, South Africa, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville (29°39′S 30°23′E), 7. and 19.ii.1994, A. Lindholm leg. (slide no. 57A, 106A). - Ex Euplectes progne delamerei (Shelley, 1903) ( Ploceidae ): 2♂, Kenya, iii.1936, Meinertzhagen coll. (NHML: No. 7462); 1♂, 3♀, Kenya, ii.1936, Meinertzhagen coll. (NHML: No. 6715). - Ex Foudia madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 2♀, Madagascar, Diego Suarez, 1921, G. Melow Coll. (NHML: 1921-200). - Ex Passer luteus (Lichtenstein, M.H.C., 1823) ( Passeridae ): 3♀, Senegal, Matam (15°37′N 13°20′W), 6.ix.2007, I. Literak and M. Capek leg. (MMBC). - Ex Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus (Statius Müller, 1776) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 3♀, Senegal, Kaolack (14°09′N 16°06′W), 7.ix.2007, I. Literak and M. Capek leg. (MMBC). - Ex Microspingus melanoleucus ( d‘Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837) ( Thraupidae ): 1♀, Paraguay, Los Tres Gigantes Biological Station in the Pantanal (20°04′S 50°09′W), 6.ix.2012, I. Literak leg. (MMBC: PG359). - Ex Ploceus cucullatus nigriceps (Layard, 1867) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, Mozambique, Zambue, Tete District, 3.ix.1964, A.L.Moore leg. (KCEM: A36). - Ex Ploceus nigricollis brachypterus Swainson, 1837 ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 1♀, Cameroon, Yaounde, 1955, J. Mouchet (NHML: B.M. 1955-737). - Ex Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 5♀, 1 nymph, India, Deccan, ii.1937, Meinertzhagen coll. (NHML: No. 8615-17); 2♀, India, Daulatabad, Maharastra, 25.vi.1969, (KCEM: S.No. XE-363, XE-193, AB-24042); 1♀, India, Daulatabad, Aurangabad, 20.vii.1968, (KCEM: 9E 0250, A81348 ); 1♀, Thailand, Doi Pha Hom Pok Chiengmai 22.xii.1965, (KCEM: MAPS-3658). - Ex Ploceus velatus tahatali A. Smith, 1836 ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, South Africa, Limpopo province, Polokwane Game Reserve (23°58′S 29°28′E), 11.ii.2012, A. Halajian leg. (MMBC). - Ex Quelia cardinalis (Hartlaub, 1880) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂ (paratype of M. queleae ), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), Mababe , 6.x.1952, F. Zumpt leg. (NHML: B.M. 1959-273). - Ex Quelea quelea aethiopica ( Sundevall , 1850) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 1♀, Sudan, May 1936, Meinertzhagen coll. (NHML: No.7836). - Ex Quelea quelea lathami ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Matopos , 30.iii.1952 (NHML: B.M. 1980-40, coll.691); 1♂, 1♀, Transvaal (now South Africa), Nr. Komatipoort, 18.i.1961, F. Zumpt leg. (NHML: B.M. 1965-526); 4♂, 3♀, South Africa, Limpopo province, De Loskop (23°30′S 29°18′E), 7.xii.2012, Halajian leg. (MMBC). - Ex Quelea quelea quelea ( Linnaeus , 1758) ( Ploceidae ): 1♂, 1♀, North Cameroon, Marona, J.Mouchet leg. (NHML); 2♂, 2♀, Senegal, Matam (15°37′N 13°20′W), 6.ix.2007, I. Literak and M. Capek leg. (MMBC). - Ex Serinus canaria ( Linnaeus , 1758)-captive bird ( Fringillidae ): 1♀, 1♂, New Zealand, Christchurch , 20.xii.1944, R.L.C. Pilgram Collection (MONZ). - Ex Spinus magellanicus ( Fringillidae ): 4♀, 2♂, 2 nymphs, Peru, Cascay , Huanuco (9°50'S 76°08'W), 20. and 22.viii.2011, I. Literak leg (MMBC: O. Sychra PE16-19). - Ex Sporophila nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1823) ( Thraupidae ): 1♂, Peru, Cascay , Huanuco (9°50'S 76°08'W), 21.viii.2011, I. Literak leg (MMBC: O. Sychra PE20). - Ex Vidua macroura ( Viduidae ): 2♀, São Tomé and Príncipe, Missao Zoologica a São Tomé, loc. 41, São João dos Angolares (MZUL: 23/6/984) .

Remarks.

Piaget (1880) gave only a short description of M. quadrifasciata based on 13 females and 11 males from Passer domesticus . Later Thompson (1937) in his review of Piaget’s collection referred to the presence of only one slide with two females of M. quadrifasciata , but mentioned Passer montanus as host. He also stated: "A male is mentioned in the original description, but there is no male in the collection." Subsequently Clay (1949b) specified that there is no original Piaget’s specimen of M. quadrifasciata from the type host, either in the NHML or in the museum in Leiden and confirmed the presence of two females from Passer montanus in the NHML.

We were able to examine slide no. 840 mentioned by Thompson (1937) and Clay (1949b), labeled as Menopon fasciatum , that is deposited in NHML and originally from Piaget’s collection. Moreover, there were also three slides labeled as " Myrsidea 4fasciata " from Passer domesticus in the collections of NHML; but in fact, there is actually only one slide (No. B.M.1955-616) with one male (here designated as neotype) belonging to this species. On the next two slides (both under the same number, B.M.1980-40) there are two females of Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister, 1838) collected from the same locality as Myrsidea , i. e. England: Cheshire, Great Budworth and Plumbey by A.W. Boyd (10.ix.1932), and J.S. Booth (8.10.1932), respectively. It is probably the same situation concerning the record of Menacanthus quadrifasciatum Piag. from house sparrow (collected by A.W. Boyd (13.3.1923) in Great Budworth) reported by Britten (1932). The name of this species is manually rewritten as Menacanthus spinosus Piaget, 1880 (now M. eurysternus ) in the available copy of this paper on phthiraptera .info web page (http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44361.pdf).

There are few reports about the occurrence of M. quadrifasciata on P. domesticus and P. montanus (see Table 1 ). It is quite prevalent in Asia with prevalence 20-50% and mean intensity only about 2 specimens per infested bird (Table 1 ).

Figures

Figures 1 - 3. Dorsal view of female metathorax and abdomen. 1: Myrsidea quadrifasciata quadrifasciata ex Passer domesticus. 2: M. q. quadrifasciata ex Passer montanus. 3: M. q. queleae ex Quelea quelea.

Figures 4 - 18. Male genital sac sclerites of Myrsidea quadrifasciata. 4 - 5: M. q. quadrifasciata ex Passer domesticus. 6 - 7: M. q. quadrifasciata ex Passer montanus. 8: M. q. argentina ex Agelaoides badius from Paraguay. 9 - 11: M. q. argentina according to Cicchino and Valim (2015). 12 - 13: M. q. serini according to Klockenhoff (1984 a). 14: M. q. darwini according to Palma and Price (2010). 15: M. q. anoxanthi according to Price and Dalgleish (2007). 16: M. q. textoris ex Ploceus cucullatus. 17 - 18: M. q. queleae ex Quelea quelea.

Figures 19 - 20. Myrsidea quadrifasciata quadrifasciata ex Passer domesticus. 19: Female. 20: Neotype male.