Cardiacephala vitrata, Ferro & Marshall, 2018

Ferro, Gustavo Borges & Marshall, Stephen A., 2018, A revision of the Neotropical ant-like genus Cardiacephala Macquart, including Plocoscelus Enderlein syn. nov. (Diptera: Micropezidae, Taeniapterinae), Zootaxa 4429 (3), pp. 401-458 : 407-409

1 Wing dark with three round hyaline spots on apical third ( Fig. 40 ); discal band sometimes dark with up to four hyaline spots ( Fig. 84 )............................................................................................ 2

- Wing apex either entirely dark ( Fig. 86 ) or clear ( Fig. 103 ) or clear with a narrow preapical pigmentation ( Fig. 62 ) or three preapical black spots ( Figs. 35 , 43 , 74 ); discal band entirely dark................................................ 3

2 Paracephalon swollen and conical ( Fig. 40 ). Vertex flattened. Wing with discal band black, without hyaline spots............................ C. guttata (Walker) . Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guiana, Surinam, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela

- Paracephalon without swelling ( Fig. 82 ). Vertex rounded. Wing with discal band dissected by four hyaline rounded spots................................................................................. C. secunda Hennig. Ecuador

3 Wing apex entirely clear ( Fig. 103 )..................................................... C. vitrata n. sp. Ecuador

- Wing apex not as above, either entirely dark ( Fig. 86 ) or clear with a narrow preapical pigmentation ( Fig. 62 ) or three preapical black spots ( Figs. 35 , 43 , 74 )............................................................................ 4

4 Clypeus long, length more than half of width in frontal view ( Fig. 90 ). Fore tarsomeres 1–3 white (tarsomere one with brown pubescence basally), 4–5 covered with brown pubescence ( Figs. 28 , 92 ).......................................... 5

- Clypeus short, length less than half of width in frontal view. Fore tarsus not as above (either tarsomere one dark brown with gold/whitish ventral pubescence basally ( Fig. 9 ) OR fore tarsomere one dark brown and 2–5 white ( Fig. 30 ) OR fore tarsomere one white and 2–5 dark brown ( Fig. 24 )).................................................................. 6

5 Thorax brown. Paired spermathecal duct splitting into two convoluted stems marked by several long finger-like process ( Fig. 91 ).............................................................................. C. spinosa n. sp. Brazil

- Thorax black. Paired spermathecal duct splitting into two convoluted and broadened stems, without finger-like process ( Fig. 29 )......................................................................... C. camptomera (Bigot) . Brazil

6 Three frontal setae ( Fig. 4 ). Fore tarsomere one dark brown, tarsomeres 2–5 white.................................. 7

- Two frontal setae ( Fig. 14 ). Fore tarsomeres 2–5 dark brown................................................... 9

7 Scutellum upturned and peaked, slightly elongated at apex ( Fig. 4 )............ C. acuminata n. sp. Colombia, Costa Rica

- Scutellum upturned and broadly triangular ( Figs. 30 , 86 )..................................................... 8

8 Paracephalon swollen, swelling rounded ( Fig. 30 ). Abdominal pleural membrane dark brown, sometimes with rusty red regions. Yellowish species...................... C. cinnameus (Hennig) . Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru

- Paracephalon smooth, without swelling. Abdominal pleural membrane black. Blackish species.............................................................................. C. setosa (Hennig) . Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

9 Mid and hind tibiae flattened, sulcus on outer face strongly pronounced and curved ( Figs. 18 , 48 , 55 , 97 ). Blackish species...................................................................................................... 10

- Mid and hind tibiae slightly flattened, sulcus on outer face weak. Colour variable.................................. 13

10 Inner vertical setae insertions slightly protuberant ( Fig. 16 , 46 ). Wing apex clear with a dark and narrow preapical pigmentation................................................................................................ 11

- Inner vertical setae insertions flat. Wing apex darkened....................................................... 12

11 Paracephalon swollen ( Fig. 16 ). Paired spermathecae flat, disc-shaped...... C. aspera n. sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, Guiana, Peru

- Paracephalon without swelling ( Fig. 46 ). Paired spermathecae spherical................................................................................................ C. lobulosa n. sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

12 Epicephalon black ( Fig. 55 ). Ejaculatory apodeme large, blade wider than sperm pump.......................................... C. nigra Schiner. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela

- Epicephalon velvet brown ( Fig. 97 ). Ejaculatory apodeme small, sperm pump wider than blade..... C. velutinosa n. sp. Peru

13 Mid and hind tibia bicoloured, basal half dark brown and apical half yellowish ( Fig. 59 ). Crossvein r-m clear, without dark spot........................................................................ C. peruana (Hennig) . Bolivia, Peru

- Mid and hind tibia uniformly black, brown or yellowish. Crossvein r-m with small dark spot......................... 14

14 Paracephalon swollen ( Figs. 10 , 24 , 33 , 72 ) or slightly swollen ( Fig. 38 ), extending conically beyond the vertex........ 15

- Paracephalon without swelling, not extending conically beyond the vertex...................................... 19

15 Limits between paracephalon, epicephalon and vertex not distinguishable ( Fig. 38 ). Ocellar triangle displaced anteriorly (closer to anterior frons margin), vertex occupying more than half the length of the head.... C. erugata n. sp. Ecuador, Peru

- Limits between paracephalon, epicephalon and vertex clearly distinguishable. Ocellar triangle centralized, vertex occupying no more than half the length of the head................................................................... 16

16 Inner vertical setae inserted in strong tubercles ( Fig. 33 ). A1+CuA2 less than half as long as CuA2............................................................................... C. conifera Hendel. Brazil, Colombia, Guiana, Paraguay

- Inner vertical seta insertion flat, without tubercle. A1+CuA2 as long as CuA2..................................... 17

17 Female cervical sclerite with a small nipple-like swelling in posterior half. Wing apex clear with three preapical black spots ( Fig. 72 ). Black species...................................... C. podagrica Rondani. Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru

- Female cervical sclerite smooth, without nipple-like swelling in posterior half. Wing apex clear with a dark and narrow preapical pigmentation. Yellowish to brown species, sometimes slightly rusty red....................................... 18

18 Swelling on paracephalon pointing dorsally ( Fig. 9 ). Fore tarsomere one dark brown with gold/whitish ventral pubescence basally. Yellowish species............................................................ C. angularis n. sp. Peru

- Swelling on paracephalon posteriorly pointed ( Figs. 24, 26 ). Fore tarsomere one white, fore tarsomeres 2–5 dark brown. Brown, sometimes slightly rusty red species................... C. bulla n. sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

19 Vertex flattened, head depressed posteriorly ( Figs. 7 , 68 , 74 , 93 )................................................ 20

- Vertex rounded, head globose ( Figs. 14 , 43 , 50 , 53 , 64 , 78 , 80 , 99 )............................................. 24

20 Mid femur white in basal third. Black/dark brown species.................................................... 21

- Mid femur uniformly brown in basal third. Brown/yellowish species........................................... 22

21 Fore tarsomere one white, fore tarsomeres 2–5 dark brown. Wing apex clear with three preapical black spots. Phallic bulb subequal in length and width, almost spherical ( Fig. 96 ).......... C. umbra n. sp. French Guiana, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela

- Fore tarsomere one dark brown with gold/whitish ventral pubescence basally. Wing apex clear with a dark and narrow preapical pigmentation. Phallic bulb cylindrical, about three times as long as wide ( Fig. 23 ).......................................................... C. brevipennis (Walker) . Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela

22 Epicephalon smooth, without wrinkles posterior to ocellar triangle ( Fig. 74 ). Fore tarsomere one white, fore tarsomeres 2–5 dark brown. Wing apex clear with three preapical black spots....................... C. punctipennis (Macquart) . Brazil

- Epicephalon wrinkled posterior to ocellar triangle ( Figs. 7 , 68 ). Fore tarsomere one dark brown with gold/whitish ventral pubescence basally. Wing apex clear with a dark and narrow preapical pigmentation............................... 23

23 Yellowish species. Paracephalon and epicephalon yellow ( Fig. 68 ). Paired spermathecae cylindrical and thin ( Fig. 67 ). Phallic bulb cylindrical, about three times as long as wide ( Fig. 69 ).................................................................................................. C. planivertex n. sp. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru

- Brownish species, head and abdomen usually rusty red. Paracephalon and epicephalon darkened ( Figs. 5, 7 ). Paired spermathecae sac-like, tapered basally and apically swollen ( Fig. 6 ). Phallic bulb subequal in length and width, almost spherical ( Fig. 8 )............................................................................. C. aeruginosa n. sp. Ecuador

24 Inner vertical setae insertions with strong tubercles ( Fig. 50 )................ C. modesta (Cresson) . Colombia, Guatemala

- Inner vertical setae insertions flat, without tubercles........................................................ 25

25 Fore tarsomere one white, fore tarsomeres 2–5 dark brown................................................... 26

- Fore tarsomere one dark brown with gold/whitish ventral pubescence basally..................................... 27

26 Vertex brownish anterior to postocellar setae. Mid femur uniformly brown in basal third. Thorax brown....................................................................................... C. rotunda n. sp. Colombia, Costa Rica

- Vertex with a rounded black spot anterior to postocellar setae ( Fig. 53 ). Mid femur white in basal third. Thorax dark brown with blue metallic shine...................................................... C. nicaraguensis n. sp. Nicaragua

27 Female cervical sclerite slightly swollen posteriorly. Mid and hind femur white basally, apical third with an angled whitish yellow ring ( Figs. 62, 64 ).......................................... C. picina (Cresson) . Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama

- Female cervical sclerite flat, without posterior swelling. Mid and hind femur with basal and apical third brown or yellow. 28

28 R4+5 and M1+2 ending separately in wing margin. Paired spermathecae cylindrical and strongly curved in middle ( Fig. 100 )............................................................................. C. venezuelensis n. sp. Venezuela

- R4+5 and M1+2 meeting at wing margin. Paired spermathecae spherical or sac-like (tapered basally and distally swollen).... 29

29 Epicephalon smooth and shiny, not depressed anterior to postocellar setae ( Fig. 14 ). Yellowish species, sometimes with abdomen darkened at least on T4–T6.......................................................................................... C. arthritica (Wiedemann) . Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela

- Epicephalon somewhat wrinkled and depressed before postocellar setae ( Figs. 43 , 80 ). Brownish/ferruginous species with darkened regions on mesonotum and katepisternum........................................................ 30

30 Wing apex clear with three preapical black spots. Paired spermathecal duct stems with a preapical rounded swelling ( Fig. 44 ).................................... C. harenosa (Cresson) . Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guiana, Mexico, Panama

- Wing apex clear with a dark and narrow preapical band. Paired spermathecal duct stems very narrow in basal third, then expanded and convoluted ( Fig. 81 )............................................... C. schildi (Cresson) . Costa Rica

Figures

FIGURES 40–42. Cardiacephala guttata. 40, female, dorsal view; 41, female genitalia, ventral view; 42, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 82–85. Cardiacephala secunda. 82, female, dorsal view; 83, female genitalia, ventral view; 84, male, lateral view; 85, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 86–89. Cardiacephala setosa. 86, female, lateral view; 87, female genitalia, ventral view; 88, male, dorsal view; 89, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 103–105. Cardiacephala vitrata. 103, female, dorsal view; 104, female, lateral view; 105, female genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 62–65. Cardiacephala picina. 62, female, lateral view. Abbreviations: Dsc—Discal band; Stg—Stigmatal band, 63, female genitalia, ventral view; 64, male, dorsal view; 65, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 33–36. Cardiacephala conifera. 33, female, dorsal view; 34, female genitalia, lateral view; 35, female, lateral view; 36, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 43–45. Cardiacephala harenosa. 43, female, dorsal view; 44, female genitalia, ventral view; 45, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 74–75. Cardiacephala punctipennis. 74, female, lateral view; 75, female genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURES 90–92. Cardiacephala spinosa. 90, female, fronto dorsal view; 91, female genitalia, lateral view; 92, female, lateral view. Abbreviation: plp—Palpus.

FIGURES 28–29. Cardiacephala camptomera. 28, female, lateral view; 29, female genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 9–11. Cardiacephala angularis. 9, female, lateral view; 10, female, dorsal view; 11, female genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURES 30–32. Cardiacephala cinnameus. 30, female, lateral view; 31, female genitalia, ventral view; 32, male genitalia with taxonomically significant structures, lateral view. Abbreviations: bdp—Basal distiphallus, ddp—Distal distiphallus, ea— Ejaculatory apodeme, ep—Epandrium, hy—Hypandrium, pb—Phallic bulb, ph—Phallapodeme.

FIGURES 24–27. Cardiacephala bulla. 24, female, dorsal view; 25, female genitalia, ventral view; 26, male and female, Bolivia, heath river; 27, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 2–4. Cardiacephala acuminata. 2, female, anterodorsal view; 3, female, lateral view; 4, female genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURES 12–15. Cardiacephala arthritica. 12, female, Costa Rica; 13, Female genitalia with taxonomically significant structures labeled, ventral view. Abbreviations: bc—Bursa copulatrix, pd—Paired spermathecal duct, pds—Paired spermathecal duct stem, ps—Paired spermathecae, sd—Single spermathecal duct, ss—Single spermathecae, vr—Ventral receptacle (...) Abbreviations: ec—Epicephalon, fr—Frontal setae, iv—Inner vertical seta, os—Orbital seta, ov—Outer vertical seta, pc—Paracephalon, po—Postocellar seta, vx—Vertex (…) Abbreviation: s5—Sternite 5.

FIGURES 16–19. Cardiacephala aspera. 16, male and female, dorsal view; 17, female genitalia, ventral view; 18, male and female, Ecuador, Yasuni; 19, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 46–49. Cardiacephala lobulosa. 46, female, dorsolateral view; 47, female genitalia, ventral view; 48, male, dorsolateral view; 49, male sternite 5 and genitalia, ventral and lateral view, respectively.

FIGURES 55–58. Cardiacephala nigra. 55, female, lateral view; 56, female genitalia, lateral view; 57, male, dorsal view; 58, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 97–98. Cardiacephala velutinosa. 97, male, dorsolateral view; 98, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 59–61. Cardiacephala peruana. 59, male, lateral view; 60, female genitalia, ventral view; 61, male genitalia, dorsolateral view.

FIGURES 70–73. Cardiacephala podagrica. 70, male and female, Bolivia, Heath River; 71, female genitalia, ventral view; 72, male, dorsolateral view; 73, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 37–39. Cardiacephala erugata. 37, male, lateral view. Abbreviation: plp—Palpus; 38, male, dorsal view; 39, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 5–8. Cardiacephala aeruginosa. 5, female, lateral view; 6, female genitalia, ventral view; 7, male, dorsal view; 8, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 66–69. Cardiacephala planivertex. 66, female, Ecuador, Tiputini; 67, female genitalia, ventral view; 68, male, dorsal view; 69, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 93–96. Cardiacephala umbra. 93, female, dorsolateral view; 94, female genitalia, ventral view; 95, male, dorsolateral view; 96, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 50–52. Cardiacephala modesta. 50, female, dorsolateral view; 51, female genitalia, ventral view; 52, male sternite 5 and genitalia, ventral and lateral view, respectively.

FIGURES 53–54. Cardiacephala nicaraguensis. 53, male, dorsolateral view; 54, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 76–79. Cardiacephala rotunda. 76, female, frontal view; 77, female genitalia, ventral view; 78, male, dorsolateral view; 79, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 80–81. Cardiacephala schildi. 80, female, lateral view; 81, female genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURES 99–102. Cardiacephala venezuelensis. 99, female, lateral view; 100, female genitalia, lateral view; 101, male, dorsolateral view; 102, male genitalia, lateral view.

FIGURES 20–23. Cardiacephala brevipennis. 20, female, lateral view; 21, female genitalia, ventral view; 22, male, dorsolateral view; 23, male Sternite 5 and genitalia, lateral view.