Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941

Marta, Kimberly S., Bustamante, Abel A., Hagopián, Damián, Teixeira, Renato A., Brescovit, Antonio D., Valiati, Victor H. & Rodrigues, Everton N. L., 2024, Taxonomic revision of the jumping spider genus Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941 (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina), Zootaxa 5411 (1), pp. 1-71 : 6-7

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5411.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6CA22881-5405-400F-9108-02141164AE47
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10679849
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/081B87C6-FFCB-4C02-6EAE-58ECFB6904EC
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941
status

Treatment

Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941 View in CoL

Zoobank. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05948767-23CE-48C5-A376-1FD852F9DB3A

Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941: 191 View in CoL (type species: Euophrys morenensis Tullgren, 1905 ; gender feminine, by original designation); Galiano, 1970: 324.

Akeloides Mello-Leitão, 1944: 374 (type species: Akeloides quadripunctatus Mello-Leitão, 1944 ). Synonymized by Galiano (1970: 324).

Diagnosis. Males of Tullgrenella resemble those of other related Freyina genera, such as: Aphirape C. L. Kock, 1850 by having a hook-shaped RTA retro-dorsally (see Galiano 1981b: 6, figs 21, 23); Sumampattus Galiano, 1983 by the presence of endites with distal projections (see Galiano 1970: fig. 15; Galiano 1981a: figs 1–2, 9; Galiano 1983: fig. 8), tegular membranous process ( Figs 2D–2F View FIGURE 2 ) and pars pendula (see Galiano 1983: figs 6–7; Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 ); Hisukattus Galiano, 1987 and Akela Peckham & Peckham, 1896 by having proximal retrolateral lobe on the tegulum (see Galiano 1999: fig. 2E). Females of Tullgrenella resemble those of other freyines, such as: Aphirape and Sumampattus by the window in ventral epigyne and the presence of posteriorly-opening coupling pocket ( Figs 3C–D, 3F View FIGURE 3 ); Hisukattus and Akela by the copulatory ducts in concentric loops ( Figs 3E–F View FIGURE 3 ). However, the genus Tullgrenella can be distinguished from the aforementioned genera by males having a cradle-shaped conductor ( Figs 2F View FIGURE 2 , 4A–F View FIGURE 4 ) and a tegular membranous process upside to the embolar base ( Figs 4A, 4F View FIGURE 4 , 8C View FIGURE 8 ), and females having the window on the ventral epigyne ( Figs 5A–D View FIGURE 5 ) and monoplanar concentric copulatory ducts ( Figs 7A–Q View FIGURE 7 ).

Description. Length 4.0–9.0 mm. Dark, reddish–brown salticids ( Figs 1A–F View FIGURE 1 , 20A–H View FIGURE 20 , 32A–F View FIGURE 32 , 45A–F View FIGURE 45 ). Carapace reddish-brown, cephalic region smooth and dark, thoracic region with slope and two perpendicular bands of white setae to each other on thoracic slope ( Figs 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9A View FIGURE 9 ). Anterior half of thoracic region at the same level as cephalic region. Chelicerae robust and vertical in both sexes (not dimorphic), promargin with two teeth (proximal reduced), and retromargin with one tooth ( Figs 44A–B View FIGURE 44 ). Legs brown and yellow, with brown spots on distal portion and tarsus always lighter than other articles of legs. Legs formula: 4312/ 4132 in both sexes. Tarsal claws small, with five inferior teeth, not surpassing subungueal sulci ( Figs 44C–D View FIGURE 44 ), and the distal one larger in females. Claw tufts poorly developed ( Figs 44C–D View FIGURE 44 , see arrow). Abdomen: dark or brownish–yellow, with white spots on dorsal posterior abdomen ( Figs 8A View FIGURE 8 , 10A View FIGURE 10 , 13A–F View FIGURE 13 , 20A–H View FIGURE 20 , 23A View FIGURE 23 , 32A–F View FIGURE 32 , 33A View FIGURE 33 ); venter usually with a median longitudinal brown stripe of irregular contours ( Figs 8B View FIGURE 8 – 17B View FIGURE 17 ); sides with white longitudinal band at tip of anterior abdomen. Coloration of spinnerets as in legs. Male palp: femur macrosetae d1–1–1. Femur with ventral projection ( Figs 43C–D View FIGURE 43 , see arrow). Tibia with modest RTA with ventral sinuose or acute prong ( Figs 8D View FIGURE 8 , 23D View FIGURE 23 ) and usually incipient hook-like projection between the RTA and prolatero-dorsal tibial apophysis ( Figs 8D View FIGURE 8 , 10D View FIGURE 10 , 14D View FIGURE 14 , see red arrow). Usually with a small prolatero-dorsal tibial apophysis ( Figs 8D View FIGURE 8 , 14D View FIGURE 14 ). Cymbium apex suboval or sickle-shaped ( Figs 4A–F View FIGURE 4 ). Tegulum oblique in relation to cymbium apex and central depression ( Figs 14C View FIGURE 14 , 21C View FIGURE 21 , 25C View FIGURE 25 , 29C View FIGURE 29 , 33C View FIGURE 33 , 40C View FIGURE 40 , 48C View FIGURE 48 , see red arrow) with inverted U-shaped spermophore visible ( Figs 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 12C View FIGURE 12 , 23C View FIGURE 23 , 33C View FIGURE 33 , 40C View FIGURE 40 , 46C View FIGURE 46 , 48C View FIGURE 48 ); tegular distal portion with developed proximal retrolateral lobe of tegulum ( Figs 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 12C View FIGURE 12 , 14C View FIGURE 14 ). Tegulum with two projections: membranous process of tegulum (globose or elongated) upside to embolar base ( Figs 6A, 6C View FIGURE 6 , 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 38C View FIGURE 38 , 46C View FIGURE 46 , 48C View FIGURE 48 , see purple arrow) and one conductor ( Figs 2F View FIGURE 2 , 4A–F View FIGURE 4 , 6A, 6C View FIGURE 6 , 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 21C View FIGURE 21 , 23C View FIGURE 23 , 27C View FIGURE 27 , 33C View FIGURE 33 , 38C View FIGURE 38 , 46C View FIGURE 46 , 48C View FIGURE 48 ). Embolar base projecting dorso-prolaterally ( Figs 6C, 6F, 6I View FIGURE 6 ). Embolus sclerotized and slender, embolus way starting at 8–9 o’ clock (left palp; Figs 4A–F View FIGURE 4 , 6A–I View FIGURE 6 , 8C View FIGURE 8 , 21C View FIGURE 21 , 27C View FIGURE 27 , 33C View FIGURE 33 , 46C View FIGURE 46 ). Epigynum: epigynal plate with well-developed posteriorly-opening coupling pocket ( Figs 5A–D View FIGURE 5 , 7A–Q View FIGURE 7 ) and usually with a window circling around the copulatory opening, where the membranous copulatory ducts below could inflate during the movement of copulation ( Figs 5A–C View FIGURE 5 , 7A–Q View FIGURE 7 ). Copulatory opening median-posteriorly located, sometimes forming a septum or semi-septum, normally facing up ( Figs 5A–C View FIGURE 5 , 9C View FIGURE 9 , 11C View FIGURE 11 , 15C View FIGURE 15 , 47C View FIGURE 47 , 49C View FIGURE 49 ). In dorsal view, the spiral copulatory ducts with one, two, or three loops, and usually dorso-posteriorly situated from spermathecae ( Figs 7A–Q View FIGURE 7 ). Spermathecae circular to ovoid, with the base of the fertilization ducts placed above the spermathecae at the median-posterior region of the epigynum ( Figs 7A–Q View FIGURE 7 ).

Note. Species of Tullgrenella ( Figs 1A–F View FIGURE 1 , 20A–H View FIGURE 20 , 32A–F View FIGURE 32 , 45A–F View FIGURE 45 ) have bright colors, as well as a slightly elongated body, as in most genera of the subtribe e.g., Phiale C. L. Koch, 1846 , Aphirape , Sumampattus , Akela and Hisukattus . These features suggest possible mimetic relationships with other aposematically colored arthropods ( Edwards 2015).

Distribution. Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina ( Figs 50–54 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 ).

Natural history. Most individuals were collected on outcrops. Their habitat can be considered the soil or epigeous shrubs that occur in southern South America (grasslands and rocks), such as Chacoan subregion ( Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina), Brazilian subregion (Northern Brazil), and Andean region ( Chile). Few individuals were recorded in the South American Transition Zone ( Figs 50–54 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 ). The altitudinal occurrence of these species varies from 4 to 4776 m a. s. l. ( Figs 50–54 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 ).

Species groups. Based on the morphological variation of genital structures (palp and epigynum), as well as the geographic regionalization and altitudinal occurrence, we propose five species groups for the genus Tullgrenella : morenensis group (with six species, including the type species); quadripunctata group (three species); melanica group (two species); serrana group (six species, included four new species) and peniaflorensis group (two species). Putative synapomorphies of genital structures for each species group are suggested below.

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Arachnida
Order	Araneae
Family	Salticidae