Libythea narina Godart 1819

Kawahara, Akito Y., 2013, <strong> Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae) </ strong>, Zootaxa 3631 (1), pp. 1-74 : 41-43

Libythea narina Godart 1819

( Figs. 9 , 21, 33, 46, 61, 141–144)

Libythea narina Godart 1819: 171 .

Libythea neratia Felder & Felder 1865: 313 . Wallace 1869: 335 [= narina ].

Libythea rohini Marshall 1880: 248 [new synonymy].

Libythea libera de Nicéville 1890: 207 , pl. D. Fig. 6 . Fruhstorfer 1903b: 294 [= narina ]. Shields 1984a: 265 [= rohini ].

Libythea hybrida Martin 1896: 353 , 354. Fruhstorfer 1903a: 294 [= narina ]. Hering 1921: 264 [= libera ].

Libythea luzonica Moore 1901: 61 [new synonymy].

Libythea (Libythea) narina: Pagenstecher 1901: 3 .

Libythea (Libythea) libera: Pagenstecher 1901: 3 .

Libythea (Libythea) hybrida: Pagenstecher 1901: 3 .

Libythea (Libythea) narina var. rohini Pagenstecher 1901: 7 .

Libythea (Libythea) tibera Pagenstecher 1902: 2 . Shields 1984a: 265 [= rohini ].

Libythea rohina Mengel 1905: 13 . Shields 1984a: 265 [= rohini ].

Libythea narina narina: Fruhstorfer 1909a: 52 .

Libythea narina rohini: Fruhstorfer 1909a: 52 .

Libythea narina libera Fruhstorfer 1909a: 52 .

Libythea narina neratia: Fruhstorfer 1909a: 52 [new synonymy].

Libythea narina canuleia Fruhstorfer 1909a: 52 [new synonymy].

Libythea hatami Kenrick 1911: 20 , pl. 4, Fig. 2 . Hering 1921: 265 [= narina ].

Libythea (Libythea) narina var. neratia: Pagenstecher 1911: 9 .

Libythea (Libythea) narina var. canuleia: Pagenstecher 1911: 9 .

Libythea (Libythea) narina var. luzonica Pagenstecher 1911: 9 .

Libythea narina hybrida Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 .

Libythea narina sangha Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 [new synonymy].

Libythea narina sumbawana Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 [new synonymy]. Libythea narina nahathaka Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 . d’Abrera 1971: 252 [= neratia ].

Libythea narina luzonica: Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 .

Libythea narina hatami Fruhstorfer 1914: 768 . Shields 1984a: 264 [= narina ].

Libythea ancoata Aurivillius 1919 : pl. 61 [misidentification]

Libythea narme [sic] Sbordoni & Forestiero 1985: 130.

Diagnosis. Libythea narina differs from many other Libythea species in that all of its wing markings are white. Females of L. geoffroyi can occasionally superficially resemble L. narina , but L. geoffroyi typically has blue or orange marks on the dorsal wing surface.

Type Specimens Examined. Libythea narina canuleia Fruhstorfer 1909 , HOLOTYPE: ♂, Indonesia: North Celebes, Toli-Toli, XI-XII-1895, Fruhstorfer ( BMNH). Libythea narina hatami Kenrick 1911 , HOLOTYPE: ♂, Indonesia: West Papua, Hatam, Arfak Mountains, Mount Misresi , 3000 ft [914 m], I-1910, C. and F. Pratt ( BMNH) . Libythea narina sangha Fruhstorfer 1914 , HOLOTYPE: ♂, Indonesia: Sumba ( BMNH) . Libythea narina nahathaka Fruhstorfer 1914 , HOLOTYPE: ♂, Indonesia: Seram ( BMNH) . Libythea narina sumbawana Fruhstorfer 1914 , HOLOTYPE: ♂, Indonesia: Sumbawa, H. Fruhstorfer ( BMNH) .

Other Specimens Examined. (77♂, 18♀): INDIA: Assam: Naga Hills , 5500–7000 ft [1676–2134 m]: 2♀, VII-1889, W. Doherty ( CMNH) . INDONESIA: Flores : 1♂: Wang Kung (Boleng), VI-VII-1980, J. Ebner ( MGCL) . 1♀: Langkawi, 13-I-1966, A. Flemina ( MGCL) . Maluku Prov., Ambon Island , 1♂ ( BMNH) . Halmahera , 1♂ ( BMNH) . Obi Island , 1♂, VII-IX-1918, W. J. C. Frost ( BMNH) ; 4♂, H. Fruhstorfer ( BMNH) . Seram , 1NH); 4).. Evans ( BMNH) . rface. 1♂, B. Neumögen ( USNM) ; 3000 ft [914 m], 1♂, XII-1919, C., F., & J. Pratt ( BMNH) . Mansuela , 6000 ft [1829 m], 3♂, 3-XII-1919, C., F., & J. Pratt ( BMNH) . Ma. Java: E. Java, Mt. Arjoemo , 1♂, IX- 1928, G. Overdijkink ( BMNH) . Sulawesi: Central Sulawesi, Palu , 4♂, H. Fruhstorfer ( BMNH) . Sumatra: Atjeh Province, Meloewak : 3♂, 1♀, 24-III-1939 ( CMNH) ; Lombok: Sapit : 3♂, III-VI-1896, H. Fruhstorfer ( BMNH) . Deli , 1♂, 18-IV-1894 ( BMNH) . N. W. Sumatra, 2♂, Martin ( BMNH) . Brastagi , 1♂, XI-1936, J. W. T. Glover ( BMNH) . Sumbawa : 1♂, H. Fruhstorfer ( BMNH) ; 1♂, IX-1891, H. J. Elwes ( BMNH) . MYANMAR: Ataran Valley, Kui Kazon, Tenasserim , Haungtharan : 2♂, II-1925 ( BMNH) ; Maymyo : 1♂, VII-1912 ( BMNH) ; 1♀, 3-VII- 1920; 1♂, 16-VII-1924 ( BMNH) ; 1♂, X-1925 ( BMNH) ; 1♂, 1♀, VI-1926, W. H. Evans ( BMNH) ; 1♂, 1♀, 3-VII- 1926, W. H. Evans ( BMNH) . Shan State, 1♂, IV-1921 ( BMNH) ; Momeik , 2000 ft [610 m]: 2♂, VI-1890, W. Doherty ( BMNH) . Thaungyin , 1♂, II-1892, Bingham ( BMNH) . Tilinyaw : 1♂, 7-III-1890, Watson ( BMNH) . PHILIPPINES: Luzon : Baguio: 1♂, V-1916 ( CMNH) . N. Luzon, Mt. St. Thomas , 6000 ft [1829 m], 1♂, 20-I- 1971, C. C. Treadway ( BMNH) . Palawan: 3♂, 1♀ ( BMNH) . THAILAND: 1♂ ( CAS) . 1♂, Chant. Khoo Sol Dao, 23-III-1983, D. Thomas ( MGCL) . [ Khlong Klang ], 600 ft [183 m], 1♂, 27-I-1933, C. H. Stockley ( BMNH) . Pak Jong : 1♂, VI-1969, F. Knapp ( CVC) ; 1♀ ( USNM) ; 1♂, 1♀, 10-V-1925, H. Smith ( USNM) . Ratchaburi: 1♂, 1♀, 24-III-1933 ( CMNH) ; Eastern Siam : 1♂, Mueklek ( USNM) . Uncertain country: ‘ Bouron’ : 1♂, Doherty ( CMNH) , 2♂: ( MGCL) . N. Thailand, Prachuap Prov. , 1♂, 28-V-1932, A. Kerr ( BMNH) . Prayao, Metum Forest , 1♂, 8-VI- 1933, D. M. Davidson ( BMNH) . Rawang Prov., Kapôr , 1♂, 18-I-1929, A. Kerr ( BMNH) . Nakhon Ratchasima, Muaklek, 1000 ft [305 m], 9♂, 1akhon Ra. Petchaburi, Petchaburi Riv. , 2♂, E. J. Godfrey ( BMNH) . W. Thailand, Pang Yao, 20 m. W. of Raheng , 2100 ft [640 m], 1♂, II-1920, C. H. Stockley ( BMNH) . VIETNAM: 10 mi from Cochin-China - Annam Border , 1♂, 16-IV-1938, K. J. Grant ( BMNH) . Uncertain country: 3♂ ( BMNH) . Patadala , 1♂, Swinhoe ( BMNH) .

Distribution. India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Biology. The life history of this species remains unknown. The species is evidently quite rare ( Kawahara, 2006a).

Remarks. Libythea narina can be distinguished by its dark brown/black and white dorsal wing marks. Previously, the white marks on the dorsal surface were used to distinguish subspecies of L. narina . For instance, Kenrick (1911) described hatami from New Guinea because one of his specimens had wide white dorsal bands, while Fruhstorfer (1914) described nahathaka based on a specimen with narrow white bands. Examination of specimens (including types) from across Southeast Asia has lead me to conclude that phenotypically intermediate specimens frequently occur between populations and two different phenotypes can regularly appear in the same locality. The width of the hindwing band was believed to be unique to hatami , but adults from across Southeast Asia (e.g., the Philippines [ luzonica Moore ] and Thailand [ rohini Marshall ]) also often exhibit a wide hindwing band, while other specimens may have a narrow hindwing band. All subspecific names are synonymized because there are no diagnostic characters that can be used to adequately distinguish these previously described subspecies.

Genus Libytheana Michener 1943

Libytheana Michener 1943: 1 [type species Libythea bachmanii by original designation].

Libythea Fabricius 1807: 284 [in part].

Hecaërgae Hübner [1819], imprint 1816–[1827]: 100. Aurivillius 1898: 246 [= Libythea ].

Hypatus Hübner [1825] : 85. Hemming 1934: 96 [= Libythea ].

Litytheana Sbordoni and Forestiero 1985: 130 [misspelling].

Lybytheana Shields 1985a: 20 [misspelling].

Lybitheana Espinosa et al. 1997: 150 [misspelling].

Diagnosis. Species of the genus Libytheana are distinguished by the following six synapomorphies: 1) presence of distal mark of forewing M 3, 2) trifid eighth abdominal tergum of male, 3) dorsally curved uncus, 4) T-shaped saccus, 5) developed eighth abdominal sternum of female, and 6) microtracheae present on membrane of corpus bursae (Kawahara 2009).

Remarks. Michener (1943: 1) listed four characters that he believed are synapomorphies for the genus. One of these, ‘labial palpi longer than the thorax’ is not unique to the genus because Libythea celtis can have labial palpi that are longer than the thorax. The six synapomorphies listed in the diagnosis should be used to distinguish Libythea from Libytheana . Shields (1984a), Okano (1987) and Motono (1993) recognized five species in Libytheana , but six are recognized here because bachmanii Kirtland is treated as a subspecies of carinenta , and the two fossils are recognized to belong in this genus.

Key to species of Libytheana

1. Extant species, not a compression fossil.................................................................... 2

– Compression fossil.................................................................................... 5

2. Hindwing CuA 2 extends beyond 1A + 2A by more than 1 mm ( Figs. 64-66........................................ 3

– Hindwing CuA 2 does not extend beyond 1A + 2A, or if so, by less than 1 mm ( Figs. 67, 68 ).......................... 4

3(2). Hindwing dorsum white-yellow and brown ( Figs. 157, 159 ); Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.......... Libytheana motya

– Hindwing dorsum orange and brown ( Figs. 161, 163 ); Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico............ Libytheana terena

4(2). Forewing apical marks dark orange ( Figs. 145, 147 ); Dominica (Lesser Antilles).................. Libytheana fulvescens

– Forewing apical marks white ( Figs. 149, 151, 155 ) or yellowish ( Fig. 153 ); North and South America excluding the Caribbean islands.............................................................................. Libytheana carinenta

5(1). Forewing apex weakly falcate ( Fig. 62 )................................................... Libytheana florissanti

– Forewing apex strongly falcate ( Fig. 63 )................................................. Libytheana vagabunda

Figures

FIGURES 2−13. Lateral view of the male eighth abdominal tergum of Libythea and Libytheana with scales and hairs removed. 2. Libythea celtis; 3. Libythea collenettei; 4. Libythea geoffroyi; 5. Libythea labdaca; 6. Libythea laius; 7. Libythea lepita; 8. Libythea myrrha; 9. Libythea narina; 10. Libytheana carinenta; 11. Libytheana fulvescens; 12. Libytheana motya; 13. Libytheana terena.

FIGURES 63−68. Wing venation of Libytheana. 63. Libytheana vagabunda; 64. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 65. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii; 66. Libytheana fulvescens; 67. Libytheana motya; 68. Libytheana terena.

FIGURES 149−164. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libytheana. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 149, 150. Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer): ♂, Mexico, San Juan (CMNH); 151, 152. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland): ♂, USA, North Carolina, 20 mi north of Raleigh (AYK); 153, 154. Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker): Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, San Antonio (FSNM); 155, 156. Libytheana carinenta streckeri Austin and Emmel: Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co, Donna (USNM); 157, 158. Libytheana motya Hübner [1823]: ♂, Cuba (CUIC); 159, 160. Libytheana motya (Hübner [1823]): ♀, Cuba, Santiago (AMNH); 161, 162. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♂, Dominican Republic, Pedernales, La Abeja, 38 km NNW of Cabo Rojo (CMNH); 163, 164. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♀, Hispañola (CUIC).

FIGURES 133−148. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea and Libytheana. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 133, 134. Libythea myrrha hecura Fruhstorfer: ♂, Borneo (BMNH); 135, 136. Libythea myrrha rama Moore: ♂, Holotype, Sri Lanka, Colombo (BMNH); 137, 138. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer: ♂, India, Assam (USNM); 139, 140. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer: ♀, India, Assam, Naga Hills (BMNH); 141, 142. Libythea narina Godart: ♂, Myanmar, Tenasserim, Ataran Valley (BMNH); 143, 144. Libythea narina Godart: ♀, Philippines, Palawan (BMNH); 145, 146. Libytheana fulvescens (Lathy): ♂, Dominica, 1−2 km north of Colihaut (MCLB); 147, 148. Libytheana fulvescens (Lathy): ♀, Dominica, Copt Hall (USNM).

FIGURES 54−62. Wing venation of Libythea and Libytheana. Fine lines indicate margins of wing markings; 54. Libythea cinyras; 55. Libythea collenettei; 56. Libythea geoffroyi; 57. Libythea labdaca; 58. Libythea laius; 59. Libythea lepita; 58. Libythea myrrha; 60. Libythea narina; 61. Libytheana florissanti.