Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner, 1907

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 43-45

3. Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 329 . HT, ♀: Holotype; Costa Rica, Van Patten; 82; Godman-Salvin Coll., 1908–168, B.C.A. Orth. II.; Calynda quadrilobulata Redt. ; Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner, 1907 , det. John Huxley, 1964; BMNH(E) #844522 [NHMUK]. ( Fig. 13E )

Remarks: Taking the great range of intraspecific variability of ♀♀ of C. coronata Carl, 1913 into account (→ see comments above) suggests the unique holotype of C. quadrilobulata might merely be a ♀ with extreme thoracic armature and two additional sub-basal lobes on the outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora. However, both these features and the six spiniform projections of the pronotum in particular are not within the usual range of variability seen in C. coronata , but may merely be an individual trait. In addition to these features, the specimen only differs from C. coronata by the somewhat longer and more acutely pointed cerci and slightly larger epiproct. More ♀♀ with such features and ♂♂ from the same locality will be needed to decide with confirmation, whether C. quadrilobulata really is conspecific with C. coronata .

Distribution: Costa Rica [NHMUK].

Keys to the species of Calynda

♀♀

1. Large insects (body length incl. subgenital plate> 110.0mm)................................................... 2

- Small species (body length incl. subgenital plate <110.0 mm)............................................. bicuspis

2. Pronotum with six paired spiniform projections; meso- and metafemora with two rounded lobes on each of the two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora ( Fig. 13E ).................................................... .. quadrilobulata

- Pronotum unarmed; meso- and metafemora at best with one sub-basal lobe on each outer ventral carina........... coronata

♂♂

1. Small (body length <80.0 mm); plain brown ( Fig. 106C ); vomer roundly triangular in outline and Noticeably longer than width at base ( Fig. 14O )................................................................................ bicuspis

- Larger (body length> 80.0 mm); body brown with miD– and hind legs and bases of front legs green and genae with a yellowish longitudinal streak dorsally and ventrally ( Fig. 107B ); vomer broadly heart-shaped with base impressed medially and almost corresponding to entire length ( Fig. 14Q )............................................................ coronata

[* The ♂ of C. quadrilobulata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 is not known]

5.6. Genus Cladomorphus Gray, 1835

( Figs. 3D , 4A , 15–18 , 83A–C , 90A–B , 94A , 98H–J , 101F , 121A–E )

Type-species: Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835: 15 , by subsequent designation of Rehn, 1904: 61.

Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: 15 (in part).

Audinet-Serville, 1838: 224.

Rehn, 1904: 61. (Designation of type-species)

Kirby, 1904: 357.

Karny, 1923: 239.

Bradley & Galil, 1977: 190.

Bragg, 2001: 623.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 94 (in part).

Kumagi & Fonseca, 2009: 41.

Hennemann & Conle, 2010: 103.

Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 16, 125. Brock & Büscher, 2022: 546 (in part).

= Phibalosoma Gray, 1835: 42 . (Type-species: Phibalosoma lepelletieri Gray, 1835: 42 (= C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ), by original monotypy). [Synonymised by Bradley & Galil, 1977: 190] Audinet-Serville, 1838: 248. Westwood, 1859: 71 (in part). Saussure, 1870 –1872: 172. Kaup, 1871: 36. Stål, 1875: 27, 80. Kirby, 1904: 356 (in part). Redtenbacher, 1908: 425 (in part). Karny, 1923: 239. Bragg, 2001: 641. Otte & Brock, 2005: 94.

[Not: Cladomorphus, Stål, 1875: 94 ]

[Not: Phibalosoma, Chopard, 1911: 347 ]

Description. ♀, ♂ ( Figs. 15–18 ): Large to very large (body length ♂♂ 113.4–175.0 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 174.0–260.0 mm), moderately slender to stocky Cladomorphini . Females apterous, ♂♂ very slender insects with well-developed alae. Colouration various shades of grey, ochre and brown, ♀♀ often somewhat lichenose and flecked with lighter and darker tones. Head globose with vertex strongly convex and multi-tuberculate; usually with a pair of more pronounced tubercles or protrusions in central portion ( Figs. 16 C-H). Antennae moderately thickened and at best reaching to abdominal segment III in ♂♂ and metanotum in ♀♀. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally with lateral margins moderately dilated and gently rounded. Pedicellus elliptical in cross-section, weakly carinate laterally and only about half the length of scapus, antennomere III also slightly elliptical in cross-section and more than 2x the length of pedicellus. Antennomere IV much shorter and the following gradually increasing in length. Pronotum about as long as but narrower than head, rectangular, notably longer than wide with a moderate transverse median sulcus; surface ± granulose. Mesothorax elongate and>4.8x longer than pronotum; very slender and uniform in width in ♂♂, relatively shorter, broader and often slightly swollen pre-medially in ♀♀. All thoracic segments to a variable degree and either uniformly or unevenly granulose, tubercular or minutely and densely spinulose. Posterior margin of metanotum in ♀♀ usually with an obtuse median protuberance. Tegmina of ♂♂ ovoid in outline and notably narrowed towards the base, the central hump shallow to moderately developed. Alae at least reaching to abdominal segment V. Median segment slightly longer (♀♀) or>3x longer than metanotum (♂♂). Abdominal segments II–VII at least 1.5x longer than wide, much longer in ♂♂, all of more or less uniform width; basal terga may be minutely granulose in ♀♀. Tergum V with a transverse, scale-like posteromedian projection or swelling. Sternum VII of ♀♀ with a very prominent praeopercular organ that is formed by two or three dentoid lobes at posterior margin ( Figs. 90A–B ). Terminalia of ♀♀ ( Figs. 3D , 18 ): Combined length of terga VIII–X about equal in length to tergum VII, IX shortest. Anal segment longer than wide with a fine but acute medio-longitudinal median carina and a concave median excavation posteriorly; the basal lateral portions slightly deflexed. Epiproct small, shield-shaped, wider than long and just slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment. Cerci small, round in cross-section and somewhat tapered towards the apex. Paraprocts large and reaching to apex of anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII strongly elongated, filiform, tri-carinate in cross-section and projecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Gonoplacs moderately enlarged, compressed laterally and slightly paddle-shaped ( Fig. 3D ). Subgenital plate strongly keeled longitudinally and projecting over apex of abdomen by at least the combined length of the two terminal terga; shape variable but lateral margins ± undulate to lobate and apex obtuse. Terminalia of ♂♂ ( Figs. 4A , 17 E-J): Three terminal abdominal segments club-like and broader than all preceding segments, together about equal in length to segment VII. VIII distinctly trapezoidal and widened towards the posterior, IX with the lateral margins roundly deflexed and anal segment much narrowed. The narrow posterior portion bilobate and the posterior margin somewhat swollen and set with minute denticles ventrally. Paraproct very small and hidden under anal segment. Cerci slender, tapered towards a narrow tip and roughly reaching to apex of anal segment. Vomer very large, narrowed towards the apex and mostly with two strongly upcurved terminal hooks ( Figs. 4A , 94A ) only one species with a single terminal point). Poculum large, bulgy and with a spatiform to tube-like apical appendix that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by considerably more than the combined length of the three terminal abdominal segments ( Figs. 4A , 17E–J ; this appendix missing in one species). Legs all long and slender in ♂♂, relatively much shorter and much more robust in ♀♀. Metatarsi in ♂♂ roughly reaching to tip of appendix of poculum and in ♀♀ reaching no further than abdominal segment VII. All carinae of front legs of ♀♀ ± lamellate and often undulate. The carinae of the mid and hind legs may be granulose and the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora often bear a tooth, tooth-like expansion or spine about one-third off the base. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora and tibiae unarmed, granulose or minutely spinulose. Posterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae often with a dorso-median tooth or lobe. Tarsi short and robust in ♀♀, moderately slender in ♂♂; the basitarsi about as long as following three tarsomeres combined, often with a ± rounded lobe dorsally.

Eggs ( Figs. 98 H-J). Large (overall length ca. 5.0–6.0 mm), capsule ovoid longer than high or wide, slightly compressed laterally and oval in cross-section. Dorsal surface more convex than ventral or lateral surfaces; the latter tending to flatten. Polar-area rounded. Capsule surface smooth to very minutely coriaceous and dull. Micropylar plate elongate and almost parallel-sided, ranging in length from half to three-quarters of capsule length. Micropylar cup small and at posterior end of plate, median line distinct and almost reaching to posterior pole of egg. Operculum elliptical and with a hollow and raised, roundly convex to conical network. Colour of opercular structures and micropylar plate differing from that of capsule.

Differentiation. Very similar and closely related to Xylodus Saussure, 1859 and Hirtuleius Stål, 1875 . From Xylodus this genus may be distinguished by: the larger size; slenderer shape; less pronounced cephalic armature and relatively longer mesothorax of both sexes, which is more than 2x longer than the head and pronotum combined (<2x in Xylodus ). Females also differ by the flat and not swollen mesonotum, relatively longer abdominal terga VIII–X and subgenital plate, less conspicuously enlarged gonoplacs and comparatively less undulate and lamellate carinae of the mid and hind legs. From Hirtuleius it may be differentiated by the considerably larger size and tubercular, ± conical vertex of both sexes. Females also differ by having a crenulate swelling or protuberance on abdominal tergum V (lacking or on tergum VI in Hirtuleius ), much more prominent praeopercular organ ( Figs. 90A–B ) and undulate lateral margins of the subgenital plate. Males are readily separated from those of Hirtuleius by the conspicuous elongate apical appendix of the poculum, which however is missing in the northernmost distributed species of Cladomorphus ( C. guianensis ). The ♂ of this latter species however clearly differs from Hirtuleius by the conically raised head and not densely granulose thoracic segments. In addition to Xylodus , the long appendix of the poculum is shared with ♂♂ of Otocraniella Zompro, 2005 , which merely differs from Cladomorphus by the flattened head and absence of tegmina and alae.

Comments. Gray (1835: 15) established Cladomorphus to comprise four Neotropical species all known from the ♀♀ only, but one of which is not congeneric ( Ceroys perfoliatus ( Gray, 1835)) . Subsequently, Rehn (1904: 61) designated C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 as the type-species of Cladomorphus . The genus Phibalosoma Gray, 1835 was established solely for Ph. lepelletieri Gray, 1835 . This species however was only known from the ♂♂ and represents the opposite sex of Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 . Consequently, Phibalosoma is a synonym of Cladomorphus and was synonymised by Bradley & Galil (1977: 190).

Distribution ( Fig. 101F ). Eastern and south-central South America (E-Brazil, N-Argentina, Paraguay and French Guiana). The genus is distributed throughout the entire Atlantic Forest (Portuguese: Mata Atlântica) along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the north to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south but also has two species much more northward, one of which even occurs as far north as French Guiana. French Guiana represents a disjunct distribution and the abovementioned morphological peculiarities of the concerned species ( P. guianensis ), question its generic position.

Species included:

Figures

FIGURE 3. Terminalia of ♀♀: A. Phanocles ploiaria (Westwood, 1859); B. Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n. PT [ANSP]; C. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; D. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; E. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) [coll. FH]; F. Bacteria ferula (Berthold, 1827) [Diapheromerini: “Bacteriformia”].

FIGURE 4. Terminalia of ♂♂: A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Phanocles mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. FH]; C. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) [coll. FH]; D. Xylodus adumbratus Saussure, 1859 [ZMUH]; E. Bacteria ferula (Berthold, 1827) [Diapheromerini: “Bacteroformia”; the white arrow indicates how stigmae VIII are shifted away from the anterior margin of abdominal segment VIII.

FIGURE 13. Calynda Stål, 1875: A. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1047–1]; B. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1047–2]; C. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0562–6]; D. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0562–13]; E. C. quadrilobata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 ♀ HT, habitus dorsal view [NHMUK].

FIGURE 14. Calynda Stål, 1875: A. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Monteverde), head and prothorax in lateral view [coll. AJH]; B. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head and prothorax in dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head, pro- and anterior half of mesohorax in lateral view [coll. FH]; D. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), head and prothorax in lateral view [coll. FH]; E. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head and prothorax in dorsal view [coll. FH]; F. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ grey colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in lateral view [coll. OC]; G. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ orange colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; H. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ green colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in ventral view [coll. OC]; J. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; K. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Monteverde), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. AJH]; L. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]; M. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; N. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; O. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in ventral view [coll. OC]; P. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado N.P.), terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; Q. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado N.P.), terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]. Arrow shows position of stigma VIII at anterior of tergum VIII.

FIGURE 15. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: A. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀ (Brazil, Espirito Santo), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0184–1]; B. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Jedenfalls), habitus dorsal view [ZMUH]; C. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♀ (Argentina), habitus dorsolateral view [NHMW]; D. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861) ♀ (Brazil, San Antonio de Jesu), habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP].

FIGURE 16. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: A. C. aborigenus (Giglio-Tos, 1910) ♀ HT (Brazil), habitus lateral view [MRSN]; B. C. pleuracanthus sp. n. ♀ HT (Brazil, Est. Bahia, Bana da Varzinha), habitus dorsal view [CEIOC]; C. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀, head and prothorax in lateral view [MNRJ]; D. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀, head and prothorax in lateral view [MNHU]; E. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861) ♀, head and prothorax in dorsolateral view [MNHU]; F. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂, head and pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum in dorsal view [ZMUH]; G. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂, head and prothorax in dorsolateral view [coll. FH]; H. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♀, head and prothorax in lateral view [MHNG].

FIGURE 17. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: A. C.phyllinus Gray,1835 ♂ (Brazil,Santa Catharina,San Bento do Sul, RioVermelho), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0184–5]; B. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♂ (Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pirapora), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN] (Arrows indicate the diagnostic characters, i. e. the dorsal crest of probasitarsus, cephalic horns, dorso-apicla lobe of meso- and metafemora and distinct medio-dorsaö lobe of mesotibiae); C. C. aborigenus (Giglio-Tos, 1910) ♂ (Brazil, R. G. Norie, Natal), habitus lateral view [MNRJ]; D. C. aborigenus (Giglio-Tos, 1910) ♂ (Brazil, R. G. Norie, Natal), habitus dorsal view [MNRJ]; E. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♂, terminalia in lateral view [MNHN]; F. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♂, terminalia in dorsal view [MNHN]; G. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂, terminalia in lateral view [ZMUH]; H. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; J. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂, terminalia in ventral view [MNHU].

FIGURE 18. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835, terminalia of ♀♀: A. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835, lateral view [coll. FH]; B. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835, dorsal view [MNHU]; C. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835, dorsal view [FIOCRZ]; D. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835, ventral view [MNHU]; E. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861), lateral view [ANSP]; F. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861), dorsal view [ANSP]; G. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861), ventral view [ANSP]; H. C. aborigenus (Giglio-Tos, 1910) HT of C. marcelloi Piza in litt., lateral view [ESALQ]; J. C. aborigenus (Giglio-Tos, 1910) HT of C. marcelloi Piza in litt., ventral view [ESALQ]; K. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936), lateral view [USNM]; L. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936), dorsal view [USNM]; M. C. pleuracanthus sp. n. HT, lateral view [CEIOC] (Arrow and dotted line indicated the broken off gonapophyses VIII); N. C. pleuracanthus sp. n. HT, dorsal view [CEIOC]; O. C. pleuracanthus sp. n. HT, ventral view [CEIOC]. Arrows and dotted circles indicate the characterstic praeopercular organ thau is useful for species distinction.

FIGURE 83. Mesosternum: A. Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861) ♀ PLT [MHNG]; B. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀ St. Catharina, Brazil [coll. FH]; C. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♂ St. Catharina, Brazil [ZMUH]; D. Hirtuleius laeviceps Stål, 1875 ♀ LT [NHRS]; E. Hirtuleius caudatus Chopard, 1911 ♂ Montagne de Chevaux, Commune de Roura, French Guiana [coll. OC]; F. Hirtuleiodes peruanus gen. n., sp. n., ♀ HT [MNHN]; G. Hirtuleiodes gibbosus (Chopard, 1911) ♂ Montagne de Chevaux, Commune de Roura, French Guiana [coll. FH]; H. Xylodus ceratocephalus (Gray, 1835) ♀ HT [MHNG]; J. Xylodus adumbratus Saussure, 1859 ♂ Espirito Santo, Brazil[ZMUH]; K. Otocraniella flagelloantennata Zompro, 2004 ♂ HT [MZUSP]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 90. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀: A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861) [ANSP]; C. Hirtuleius caudatus HT [MNHN]; D. Hirtuleiodes peruanus gen. n., sp. n. HT [MNHN]; E. Hirtuleiodes granuliceps (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) PT [MNCN]; F. Globocrania emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908 [MNHU]; G. Ocreatophasma elegans gen. n., sp. n. HT [MNHN]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 94. Vomer of ♂♂ (ventral view): A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Xylodus ceratocephalus (Gray, 1835) [ZMUH]; C. Hirtuleius gracilis Conle, et al., 2020 PT [coll. OC]; D. Otocraniella flagelloantennata Zompro, 2004 HT [MZUSP]; E. Hirtuleiodes granuliceps (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) HT [MNCN]; F. Jeremia grossedentata Redtenbacher, 1908 [MNHN]; G. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 [ZSMC]; H. Aplopocranidium waehneri (Günther, 1940) [MNHN]; J. Jeremiodes bolivianus Hennemann & Conle, 2007 HT [ZSMC]; K. Jeremiodes guianensis Hennemann & Conle, 2007 HT [MNHN]; L. Jeremiodes costaricensis sp. n. HT [MNCR-A]; M. Jeremiodes laetus Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 HT [NHMW]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 98. Eggs: A. Andeocalynda decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; B. Andeocalynda tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; C. Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 [coll. FH]; D. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 [coll. FH]; E. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; F. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) [coll. FH]; G. Globocalynda unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ex abdomen PLT of Globocalynda simplex (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [NHMW, © 2019 Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection / H. Bruckner]; H. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; J. Cladomorphus tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) [coll. FH]; K. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 [ZSMC]; L. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, Monteverde [coll. FH]; M. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, San Mateo [ANSP]; N. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; O. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) [MZUSP, © Pedro Ivo Chiquetto-Machado]; P. Globocrania tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P. [coll. FH]. [Scale = 1 mm]

FIGURE 101. Maps showing the known distributionsof the genera A. Alienobostra Zompro, 2001, B. Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020, C. Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004, D. Bostriana Hennemann, Conle & Valero, 2021, E. Calynda Stål, 1875 and F. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835.

FIGURE 106. Live insects of Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875, all taken at Finca Lerida 1600 m, Volcán Baru, Prov. Chiriqui, Panamá: A. ♀ brown form with lobed mid legs; B. ♀ dark brown form with lobed mid legs; C. ♂; D. Mating couple; E. ♀ unarmed green form.

FIGURE 107. Live insects: A. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ at Bosque del Niño N.P. 1100 m, Costa Rica; B. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ at Volcán Arenal, Costa Rica (© Mieke Duytschaver); C. Phanocloidea incompta (Rehn, 1904) mating couple at at Volcán Arenal, Costa Rica (© Sascha Eilmus).

FIGURE 121. Live insects of Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, all captive reared from São Paulo, Brazil (© Bruno Kneubühler): A. ♀ in lateral aspect; B. ♀ in dorsal aspect; C. ♂ in lateral aspect; D. Closeup of head and ptothorax of ♀; E. Closeup of head and ptothorax of ♂.