Pauropsalta notialis notialis, notialis, 2013

POPPLE, L. W., 2013, <p class = " HeadingRunIn " align = " left "> <strong> A revision of the <em> Pauropsalta annulata </ em> Goding & amp; Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3730 (1), pp. 1-102 : 26-29

Pauropsalta notialis notialis subsp. nov.

( Figs 2B , 4C , 5C , 6C , 10A–B , 11–13 )

Pauropsalta sp. nr annulata 434: Moss & Popple (2000); Emery et al. (2005).

Pauropsalta annulata song type CS: Popple et al. (2008); Popple & Walter (2010).

Types: Holotype ♂ ‘ AUSTRALIA /N.S.W./ Concord’ , ‘ 24.xi.2002 ’ L. Popple & D. Emery’, ‘434-0012’, ‘ QM Reg. No. T 156320’ ( QM) ; Paratypes: NEW SOUTH WALES: 1♂ Afterlee Public School, [28°34'S 152°49'E], 16.x.2004, Popple & MacSloy, 434-0056 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Armidale N.S.W., 6.xii.1985, Coombs ( MC) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., i.1980, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., xi.1980, Hunter ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 5.xii.1980, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 23.ii.1982, at ultraviolet light, Hunter & Johnson ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 1.xii.1982, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 29.xi.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 6.xii.1983, in web, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 10.xii.1983, Hunter ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 13.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 19.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 20.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 4♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 21.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 22.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ 2♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 26.xii.1983, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 2.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 3.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 4♂ 1♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 6.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 6♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 10.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 11.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 13.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach New South Wales, 14.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 17.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 19.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 20.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 4♂ 2♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 24.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 27.i.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 7.ii.1984, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 14.ii.1984, Hunter ( MSM) r; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 3.i.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 14.i.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 25.i.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 27.i.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 30.i.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 9.xii.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 14.xii.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 15.xii.1985, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 3.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 6.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 8.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 10.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 14.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ 1♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 16.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 20.i.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 3.ii.1986, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 1.i.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 27.i.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., ii.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 10.ii.1987, at ultraviolet light, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 7.xi.1987, Hunter & Johnson ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 20.xi.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 20.xii.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 3♂ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 24.xii.1987, Hunter ( MSM) ; 1♀ Avoca Beach N.S.W., 14.i.1988, Hunter ( MSM) ; 2♂ Badgery's C [ree]k, [N.S.W.], xi.1995, Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Belmore (Taylor) N.S.W., xi.1903, W.W. Froggatt's collection ( ANIC) ; 1♀ Brisbane SE. Q., 30.xi.1969 ( QM) ; 2♂ 1♀ Banyabba Nat. Reserve nr Coaldale N.S.W., 8.i.1971, Hardie ( ANIC) ; 1♀ Berowra Waters [N.S.W.], 10.xii.1993, Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Box Hill, Sydney N.S.W., 7.xii.1994, Sundholm , m. v. light (ANIC) ; 1♀ Broken Bay [N.S.W.], 31.xii.1923, Mackerras ( MSM) ; 3♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 9.xii.1999, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 4.xii.2000, Emery ; 2♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 9.i.2000, Emery, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 2.xii.2000, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 8.xi.2003, Emery, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Carysfield Park, Bass Hill N.S.W., 9.xii.1999, Emery , 434-0005 ( LWP) ; 3♀ Taylors Rd Castlereagh, 20.i.2003, Emery, Emery , Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Taylors Rd Castlereagh, 9.xi.2003, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Castlereagh Nat [ure] Res [erve], 10.xi.2002, Emery & Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Concord, 24.xi.2002, Popple & Emery, 434-0014 ( QM) ; 1♂ 35.58°S 150.09°E, Congo, 8km SE.xE. of Moruya N.S.W., 5.i.1981, UPTON ( ANIC) ;); 1♂ Coonabarabran, [31°16'01"S 149°16'43"E], 1–2.xii.2004, Popple , m. v. lamp , 434-0065 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Wallgrove Rd E [astern] C[ree]k, 8.xii.2001, Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Wallgrove Rd E [astern] C[ree]k, 1.xi.2002, Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ 1♀ Emu Plains N.S.W., 14.xi.1971, Watkins ( ANIC) ; 3♂ Emu Plains N.S.W., 3.xii.1971, Watkins ; 1♂ Mullaway, North Coast N.S.W., 6.xii.1962, Frazier , at light ( ANIC) ; 1♂ Forster N.S.W., 27.xii.1984, Rose ( MSM) ; 1♀ same data as previous, 29.xii.1984 ( MSM) ; 1♀ Grafton N.S.W., 30.x.1954, PAUL ( ANIC) ; 1♂ Invergowrie N.S.W., 15.xii.1991, Coombs ( MC) ; 1♀ Kempsey N.S.W., 21.xi.1973, Walford-Huggins & Walford-Huggins ( MSM) ; 2♀ Kew N.S.W., 22.xii.1981, in dry scler[ophyll] forest, Williams & Williams ( MSM) ; 2♂ Kingston N.S.W., 23.xii.1985, Coombs ( MC) ; 1♂ Kingston N.S.W., 14.xii.1985, Coombs ( MC) ; 1♀ Kurnell N.S.W., 2.i.1971, South ( MSM) ; 1♀ Lane Cove, Sydney N.S.W., 7.xii.1983, Underwood & Underwood ( MSM) ; 1♂ ~ 1.5km WNW. of Lansdowne via Taree N.S.W., 14.x.1984, ex. dry sclerophyll forest, Williams ( MSM) ; 1♂ 3km N. of Lansdowne via Taree N.S.W., 1.xii.1984, ex. pasture/woodland complex, Williams ; 2♂ Failford, near Taree N.S.W., 7.i.1972 ( MSM) ; 2♂ same data as previous, 9.i.1972 ( MSM) ; 1♂ McMaster's Beach, Kincumber [N.S.W.], 10.xii.1933, Plomley ; 1♂ Wallis Lake N.S.W., 9.i.1972, Moulds ( MSM) ; 1♂ Munibung Hill, Newcastle N.S.W., 31.xii.1985, Atkins ( MSM) ; 1♂ "Old Bar Park", Old Bar E. of Taree N.S.W., 25.x.1983, on Leptospermum flavescens blossom, Williams & Williams ( MSM) ; 1♂ Port Macquarie N.S.W., 10.i.1972, Moulds ( MSM) ; 4♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 15.xi.1995, Emery ( DE) ; 4♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., xi.95, Emery ( DE) ; 4♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W.,. xii.1996, Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 1.xi.1997, Emery ; 1♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 7.xii.1997, Emery ( DE) ; 2♂ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 7.xii.1999, Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 9.xii.1999, Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 9.xii.1999, Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 9.xii.1999, Emery ( DE) ; 3♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., Emery ( DE) ; 1♂ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 17.xii.2000, Emery ( DE) ; 10♂ 2♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord N.S.W., 24.xi.2002, Popple & Emery, 434-0010 to 434- 0021 ( LWP) ; 2♂ 1♀ Q[ueen] E[lizabeth] Park, Concord, Sydney N.S.W., 7.xii.1994, Emery , 434-0006 to 434- 0008 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Seven Mile Beach N.S.W., [34°49'S, 150°46'E], 26.i.1997, Emery & Emery, 434-0001 ( LWP) ; 4♂ Saratoga N.S.W., 2.xii.1985, Darley-Bentley ( MSM) ; 1♂ same data as previous, 9.xii.1985 ( MSM) ; 3♂ same data as previous, 25.xi.1985 ( MSM) ; 11♂ Silverdale N.S.W., [33°56'S 150°35'E], 2.xii.2003, Popple & Emery, 434-0055 ( LWP) ; 2♂ 2♀ Mamre Rd St Marys, 5.xi.2002, Emery ( DE) ; 1♀ nr Sydney (Taylor), xii.1902, W.W. Froggatt's collection ( ANIC) ; 1♂ Vaucluse, Sydney N.S.W., 26.xii.1985, Palfreyman ( MSM) ; 1♂ Waitara, Sydney N.S.W., 12.xi.1982, Moulds & Moulds ( MSM) ; 3♂ Wamberal N.S.W., 25.xii.1985, Coombs ( MC) ; 1♂ 1♀ Wamberal Cemetery, 22.xi.2002, Emery & Popple ( DE) ; 1♂ Wamberal Cemetery N.S.W., [33°25'S 151°27'E], 22.xi.2002, Popple & Emery, 434-0009 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Central-west sect. of Yarratt S.F. NE. of Wingham N.S.W., 27.xi.1984, ex. dry sclerophyll forest, Williams ( MSM) ; 1♂ Central-west sect. of Yarratt S.F. NE. of Wingham N.S.W., 7.i.1984, in dry scler[ophyll] forest, Williams & Cross ( MSM) ; QUEENSLAND: 3♂ 1♀ The Amphitheatre, NW. Robinson Gorge N.P. [Qld], 25°12.07’S 148°59.43’E, Open forest (camp), 17.xii.1997, [Ewart] ( AE) ; 1♂ 1♀ Bellbird Grove, [27°25'28"S 152°54'10"E], 1.ii.2004, Popple & Popple, m. v. lamp , 434-0063 & 434-0064 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Top Blackbutt Ra., 10km E. of Blackbutt SE. Q., closed forest, 26°52.36'S 152°11.67'E, 23.xii.2001, Ewart ( AE) ; 7♂ 6♀ Browns Plains SE. Qld, 1–13.xi.1996, Rattray ( AE) ; 2♂ 1♀ Camp Mtn SE. Qld, [27°25'S 152°52'E], 21.xii.2003, Popple , at light, 434-0057 to 434-0059 ( LWP) ; 26♂ 30♀ Carnarvon Gorge Qld, 8–12.xii.1985, Moss & Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Dunmore State Forest approx. 50km SW. of Derby [Dalby] SE. Qld, 400m, 28.xii.1986, Hiller ( MSM) ; 1♂ 1♀ SE. Q.: 25°12’S 148°59’E, Expedition Range N.P., 560m, 17.xii.1997, m. v. lamp , open forest, Burwell, Evans & Ewart ( QM) ; 2♂ 4♀ SE. Q.: 25°12’S 148°59’E, Expedition Range N.P., 560m, 18.xii.1997, m. v. lamp , open forest, Burwell, Evans & Ewart ( QM) ; 2♀ Qld: 24°38'S 149°00'E, Expedition Ra. old hwy, 6.x.2003, M. V. light , Monteith , 11392 ( QM) ; 1♀ Kholo gardens SE. Qld, 14.xi.1999, Moss & Popple, 434-0022 ( LWP) ; 1♀ Leyburn Qld, 27.xi.1999, Maywald ( MC) ; 2♂ 1♀ Mt Lindesay farm, N. of farm near sill, on tree, 12.xi.1971, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Mt Lindesay area, low scrub, early x.1972, Ewart ( AE) ; 2♂ Moogerah Dam, 23.x.1977, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♀ Jct. of Triple Tracks, Mt Moffatt N.P., 15.xii.2005, at light, Ewart ( AE) ; 2♂ 1♀ 25°01’S 147°47’E, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk SCQ., Park Headquarters, 740m, 16.xi.1995, m. v. lamp , 740m, Burwell ( QM) ; 2♂ 25°01’S 147°47’E, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk SCQ., Park Headquarters, 18.xi.1995, m. v. lamp , 740m; Burwell ( QM) ; 1♀ Mt Moffatt N.P. Park HQ, 25°01'05"S 147°57'05"E, 13–15.i.2005, Popple , m. v. lamp , 434-0068 ( LWP) ; 1♂ 25°01’S 147°47’E, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk SCQ., Park Headquarters , 21.xi.1995, m. v. lamp, Burwell (QM) ; 1♂ 1♀ 2.3km SW. of West Branch Camp, Mt Moffatt, 2[4]°57.70'S 147°59.86'E, at light, 13.xii.2006, Ewart , 434- 0066 & 434-0067 ( LWP) ; 5♂ 1♀ Mt Moffatt N.P. C. Qld, Top Moffatt Camp, 13–15.xii.1987, Monteith , Thompson & Yeates ( MSM) ; 3♂ C Qld: 25°04’S 148°03’E, Top Moffatt Camp, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk , 26.xi.1997, m. v. lamp, Evans (QM) ; 1♂ C Qld: 25°04’S 148°03’E, Top Moffatt Camp, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk , 27.xi.1997, m. v. lamp, Evans (QM) ; 1♂ C Qld: 25°04’S 148°03’E, Top Moffatt Camp, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk , 28.xi.1997, m. v. lamp, Skevington, Evans & Lambkin (QM) ; 2♂ C Qld: 25°04’S 148°03’E, Top Moffatt Camp, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk , 29.xi.1997, m. v. lamp, Skevington, Evans & Lambkin (QM) ; 1♂ C Qld: 25°04’S 148°01’E, Rd to Top Moffatt Camp, Mt Moffatt Nat. Pk , 27.xi.1997, m. v. lamp, Skevington, Evans & Lambkin (QM) ; 2♂ 2.3km SW. of West Branch Camp, Mt Moffatt, 2[4]°57.70'S 147°59.86'E, at light, 13.xii.2006, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♀ Mt Nebo, SEQ., 20.xii. 1985, 500m, Hiller ( AE) ; 1♀ Mt Nebo, Brisbane SE. Qld, xi.1986, Horton ( AE) ; 2♂ Qld: 27°26'[S]x 152°53'E, Mt Nebo Road, 250m, 31.i.2003, M. V. light , Monteith , 11293 ( QM) ; 2♀ Qld: 27°26'S 152°53'E, Mt Nebo Road, 250m, 27.x.2003, open forest, Monteith , 51741 ( QM) ; 1♀ Rathdowney SE. Qld, [28°13'S 152°52'E], 6.x.2001, Popple , 434-0002 ( LWP) ; 1♂ Richardson’s Pty, Samford [Qld], 1.xii.1979, Recorded, Ewart ( AE) ; 2♂ Takaraka, Carnarvon N.P. C.Q., 25°04.18'S 148°16.31'E, light, 17.xii.2003, Ewart ( AE) ; 1♀ 15km S. Wyseby Jct, Rolleston – Injune Rd Q., 7.xii.1985, Moss & Ewart ( AE) ; 1♂ Withcott, approx. 8km NE. of Toowoomba Qld, 17.xii.1976, Moulds & Moulds ( MSM) .

Diagnosis ( Figs 4C , 5C , 6C , 10A–B ). The description for P. n. notialis is a near identical match to the one given for P. annulata . A small number of aspects differ as follows. Dorsal surface of head mainly black, never shiny black; eyes red, fading to brown, never white. Thorax mainly black, never shiny black; mesonotum mainly black, with narrow, dark to medium brown, dorsolateral triangular fasciae in area between submedian and lateral sigilla and additional fasciae along lateral margins (weakly produced or absent in most specimens). Abdominal sternites brown to pale brown, with a black medial fascia, never entirely black or almost so. Females similar in colouration to males, but always with a greater degree of brown colouration and never with an entirely black mesonotum. Ovipositor sheath extends approximately 1.0 mm beyond the end of the abdomen.

Distinguishing features. For differences between P. n. notialis and taxa in the P. annulata group apart from P. annulata s. str., refer to the distinguishing features given for P. annulata , and the morphological key. Male specimens may be indistinguishable from some specimens of P. annulata . However, P. n. notialis specimens never have white eyes, lack a shiny lustre on the head and thorax, typically do not possess lateral fasciae on the mesonotum (or they are small and inconspicuous), and the lateral region of their abdominal sternites is pale brown and never entirely black or nearly so. Females can be distinguished by the length of their ovipositor sheath, which extends approximately 1.0 mm beyond the end of the abdomen. In P. annulata females, the ovipositor sheath extends only ~ 0.5 mm beyond the end of the abdomen.

Measurements. N= 30 ♂ 30 ♀. Ranges and means (in parentheses), mm; BL: ♂ 11.7–14.2 (13.1); ♀ 13.6–16.6 (14.9); FWL: ♂ 13.0–17.5 (15.7); ♀ 16.2–18.0 (17.0); FWB: ♂ 4.7–6.0 (5.5); ♀ 5.4–6.6 (5.9); HW: ♂ 3.7–4.4 (4.1); ♀ 4.1–4.8 (4.4); PW: ♂ 2.9–3.5 (3.3); ♀ 3.3–3.8 (3.6); AW: ♂ 3.1–4.0 (3.7); ♀ 3.3–3.9 (3.6); OL: ♀ 5.2–6.2 (5.8).

Etymology. Latin notialis , meaning 'the south wind', referring to (1) the overall southern distribution of this subspecies (and also, more broadly, the species) in relation to the rest of the P. annulata complex, and (2) the buzzing call characteristic of this species being reminiscent of the sound of a strong breeze.

Distribution and Ecology ( Figure 11 ). Distributed throughout warm temperate areas from Gerringong on the south coast of New South Wales north coastally to near Ballina and inland through the New England Tableland and south-western slopes to Gunnedah and Coonabarabran, further north through inland and subcoastal south-east Queensland as far as Yarraman. Isolated populations also occur farther to the north and west, including north of Miles, north of Eidsvold and in Carnarvon National Park in central Queensland. Populations occur primarily in association with Eucalyptus moluccana (throughout the cicada's distribution) and Corymbia tessellaris (in the north of its distribution only). Other tree species on which reasonable numbers of singing males have been found include Angophora woodsiana , C. citriodora subsp. variegata , E. crebra , E. saligna , E. melanoxylon , E. melliodora , E. populnea , and E. racemosa (previously E. sclerophylla ). Adults are wary and sit on the main trunk, upper branches and foliage.

Geological and Pedological Associations. Occurs mostly in relatively shallow soils (<0.5 m) including duplex sandy loams derived from sandstone and granite, and silty clay loams derived from alluvium, often in situations where the water table is high. It also encroaches upon areas where clay alluvial soils lie over sediments, particularly where some sand is also present.

Calling Song ( Figs 2B , 12–13 ). The calling song of P. n. notialis consists of a slow lilting component and a monotonous buzzing component. Phrases of the lilting component comprise a long echeme (12–44 syllables, 0.160 –0.580 s), followed by a brief silence (0.028 –0.075 s), short echeme (2–3 syllables, 0.016 –0.037 s) and a long silence (0.054 –0.156 s) (all statistics, n=102 individuals). phrase repetition rates vary between 0.260 –0.795 s, and typically fall within the range of 0.360 –0.650 s. The buzzing component consists entirely of a sustained version (~1.000–> 60.000 s) of the long echeme that typifies the lilting component. The calling song may begin with either component and either may dominate during song production. The female responds only during bouts of the lilting component, specifically during the long silence at the end of each phrase. Whilst observations of this behaviour have been made, sound recordings of the interaction in this subspecies have yet to be obtained. The calling song has a frequency plateau between 8.0–12.0 kHz, with a highest amplitude dominant frequency between 8.7–11.3 kHz and a syllable repetition rate of approximately 100–120 Hz.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a comparison of the calling song structure of each taxon (and hybrid population) in the Pauropsalta annulata species group: (A) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (B) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (C) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E); (E) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (F) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E); (G) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (H) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (I) P. subtropica sp. nov., Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (J) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (K) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (L) P. kobongoides sp. nov., Weengallon (28°22'S 149°03'E); (M) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (N) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (O) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (P) P. ayrensis Ewart, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E). All recordings were made with RS1, except (M) and (O), which were obtained by A. Ewart with RS3 and the author using RS5, respectively (see methods).

FIGURE 4. Illustrations of male right timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E) and Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E) respectively; (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (J) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (K) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (L) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (M) P. kobongoides sp. nov., 65km NNE. of St George (27°32'S 148°50'E); (N) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (O) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (P) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (Q–R) P. ayrensis Ewart, (Q) 1km N. of Maroon Dam (28°11'S 152°39'E), (R) Mount Surprise (18°09'S 144°19'E). Scaling is the same for all illustrations except (P), which is scaled differently to the rest.

FIGURE 5. Illustrations of male right opercula, with medial margin at bottom. (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, (A) Lake Dyer (27°38'S 152°22'E), (B) Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E); (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E); (E) P.n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (G) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (H) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (I) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E).

FIGURE 6. Illustrations of male pygofers and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A–B) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, (A) Carina Heights (27°30'S 153°06'E), (B) Charlevue Creek (23°41'S 149°08'E); (C) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (D) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Dogwood Creek via Miles (26°39'S 150°11'E); (E) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E); (F) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E).

FIGURE 10. Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (A–B) P. n. notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–F) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., (C–D) Barakula State Forest via Chinchilla (26°15'S 150°49'E), (C) male, (D) female, (E–F) Blackall (24°26'S 145°28'E), (E) male, (F) female; (G–H) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrids, Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E), (G) male, (H) female respectively. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 11. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (including P. n. notialis subsp. nov. (solid circles), P. n. incitata subsp. nov. (solid triangles) and their hybrid P. n. notialisxincitata (crosses)). The large symbols represent specimen records (see type data and material examined), whereas small symbols represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 12. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis notialis subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E).

FIGURE 13. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis notialis subsp. nov. from six different localities, including: (i) Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E), (ii) Coonabarabran (31°16'S 149°17'E), (iii) Rathdowney (28°13'S 152°52'E), (iv) Bellbird Grove (27°25'S 152°54'E), (v) Ceratodus (25°18'S 151°09'E), and (vi) Mount Moffatt (25°01'S 147°57'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference.