CETOPSINAE BLEEKER, 1858

De Pinna, Mário C. C., Ferraris, Carl J. & Vari, Richard P., 2007, A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (4), pp. 755-813 : 801-802

SUBFAMILY CETOPSINAE BLEEKER, 1858

Type genus: Cetopsis Spix and Agassiz, 1829

Diagnosis (Br:> 5, jk: 99, bs: 99):

Single row of dentary teeth, or more than one row of teeth present only along approximately one-half of length of tooth-bearing surface, plus some additional teeth located near symphysis (4);

Adductor mandibulae muscle hypertrophied, extending dorsally to midline of neurocranium (7);

Levator arcus palatini muscle very developed and clearly visible in dorsal view (reversed in Cetopsis oliveirai ) (16);

Dorsal portion of hyomandibula with distinct anterior process forming long, direct articulation with ventrolateral margin of neurocranium (17);

Metapterygoid extending posteromedial of entopterygoid (21);

Vomerine teeth disposed in one row (39);

Rigid layer of fibrous cartilage associated with anterolateral margins of mesethmoid, forming protective wall surrounding anteromedial portions of olfactory capsule (52);

Distal portion of posterior ceratohyal broadened (78, reversed in Denticetopsis sauli );

Third and fourth branchiostegal rays distinctly shorter than other rays (82);

Coracoids extending for two-thirds or less of length of cleithrum (102);

Contralateral posterior basipterygial cartilages fused medially at base, forming single stem for posterior cartilaginous process(es) (110);

Lateral branch of basal bifurcation of posterior basipterygial cartilage ax-head shaped (112, State 2, reversed to state 0 in Cetopsis oliveirai );

First pelvic-fin ray base segments orientated obliquely, with distinct laminar expansion (115, State 2, reversed to State 1 in Cetopsidium morenoi );

Pelvic fins with medial membrane joining contralateral medial rays and abdomen (117, State 1 or 2, reversed to State 0 in Cetopsis candiru );

Last anal-fin ray and caudal peduncle united by membranous connection extending at least to basal one-half of ray and may extend along entire length of ray (119, reversed to State 0 in species of Paracetopsis , Cetopsis motatanensis , the clade formed by Cetopsis oliveirai , C. coecutiens and C. candiru , and in the clade formed by C. pearsoni , C. plumbea , C. sandrae , C. montana , C. orinoco , C. gobioides and C. arcana , with a subsequent transition to State 1 in the latter species);

Adipose fin absent in adults (122, convergent in the outgroup species Nematogenys inermis ).