Bradyporus Charpentier, 1825

Ünal, Mustafa, 2011, Taxonomic review of the subfamily Bradyporinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Bradyporini; Ephippigerini) of Turkey, with description of new species and the relationship of the taxa, Zootaxa 2899, pp. 1-42 : 4-5

Genus: Bradyporus Charpentier, 1825 s.l.

Bradyporus: Charpentier, 1825 , Horae ent., p. 96. Type species: Locusta dasypus Illiger, 1800 . Callimus Fischer von Waldheim, 1833

Dinarchus Stål, 1874

Derallimus Caudell, 1912

Remarks. Fischer von Waldheim (1833: 374) gave the genus “ Callimus . Steven in lit“ (nec Callimenus ). Under the generic name, Callimus , he listed the genus Bradyporus and the species dasypus , multituberculatus and restrictus (1833: 374, 375) although he established the genus Callimenus in 1830. Fischer de Waldhein (1839: 114) used the genus name Bradyporus for B. dasypus and his species B. restrictus . All the following authors were used the genus Bradyporus Illiger for the species belong to Callimenus now: Bey-Bienko (1930: 50) for B. multituberculatus ; Miram (1929: 471) for B. multituberculatus ; Uvarov (1930: 352) for B. (Callimenus) dilatatus and he gave Callimenus as a subgenus of Bradyporus ; Uvarov (1935: 82) for B. montandoni and he gave Callimenus as a synonym of Bradyporus ; Uvarov (1934: 70–77) for B. dilatatus , B. latipes , B. macrogaster , B. dasypus , B. montandoni , B. oniscus , B. longipes , B. multituberculatus and B. dobrogensis and he gave Callimenus as a synonym of Bradyporus ; Bey-Bienko (1964: 211) for B. multituberculatus and B. montandoni ; Tarbinsky (1940: 17) for B. multituberculatus , B. dilatatus and he gave Callimenus as a synonym of Bradyporus ; Tarbinsky (1948: 95) for B. multituberculatus ; Mistshenko (1972: 17) for B. dasypus and B. latipes ; Mirzayans (1959: 27) for B. (Callimenus) latipes and he gave Callimenus as a subgenus of Bradyporus ; Kaltenbach (1965: 478) for B. (Callimenus) macrogaster macrogaster and he gave Callimenus as a subgenus of Bradyporus ; Karabaġ (1949: 55) for B. dilatatus ; Karabaġ (1958: 82, 83) for B. dilatatus and B. macrogaster and he gave Callimenus as a synonym of Bradyporus ; Ramme (1951: 106) for B. dasypus , and (1951: 382) for B. dilatatus , B. macrogaster and B. multituberculatus ; Karaman (1961: 111–115) for B. (Bradyporus) dasypus , B. (Callimenus) oniscus , B. (Callimenus) macrogaster , B. (Callimenus) macrogaster pancici , B. (Callimenus) macrogaster skopjensis and B. (Callimenus) macrogaster dobrogensis and he gave Callimenus as a subgenus of Bradyporus ; Avakyan (1981: 33) for B. dilatatus and he gave Callimenus as a synonym of Bradyporus ; Otte (1997: 7–8) for B. dasypus , B. macrogaster macrogaster and B. macrogaster pancici .

The authors in their papers except the given above paragraph (see References) used Callimenus as a valid separate genus and included all the species listed above, except B. dasypus which is the type species of Bradyporus , and they gave Bradyporus as a monotypic genus.

Harz (1969: 611) raising the taxonomic level of Callimenus (from subgenus to genus) separated Bradyporus from it by the male cercus with inner tooth about the middle, the titillator with strongly diverging apical parts and the longer ovipositor without apical denticles. The other authors, Caudell (1912: 19), Kis (1962: 118), Willemse (1985: 31) etc., mainly used the same characters especially the female ovipositor to separate both genera.

Coloration of B. dasypus seems very unique with metallic black. But B. toros sp. n. has also very unique coloration, with fully blackened body and reddish brown pronotum, which is separated from all the others. The coloration is not a good generic character. The male cercus with inner tooth about the middle is also present in the other species such as B. dilatatus , B. avanos sp. n., B. sureyai sp. n. and B. conophallus sp. n. Besides there are several types of male cerci. For example, B. montandoni and B. oniscus have type one which slender, long and with a very large inner tooth near the apex; B. macrogaster , B. dilatatus , B. avanos sp. n., B. sureyai sp. n., B. conophallus sp. n. etc. have male cerci with bidentate or bituberculate apex and with a large bidentate inner arm placed at distal part of cercus; another cercus type is seen in B. latipes and B. toros sp. n. with blunt apex, with a large bidentate inner arm at distal part; B. dasypus and B. karabagi sp. n. have own unique shape of male cerci. Therefore the male cercus is not used as a generic character. B. dasypus has a unique shape of titillator with strongly diverged apical arms and with long bridge between the left and right arms. However similarly most of the species have also very unique titillator such as B. avanos sp. n., B. sureyai sp. n., B. conophallus sp. n. etc. (see and compare the figures of titillators given herein). I think the shape of titillator in this group is a very good species character rather than generic. The length and the shape of ovipositor is unique in B. dasypus . It is only species that ovipositor is distinctly longer than hind femur. In addition it is a single species that the apex of ovipositor without teeth. Ovipositor is very distinct and can be used as a generic character. Interestingly B. karabagi sp. n. shares the structure of 2 parts of ovipositor with B. dasypus : 1) The upper and lower valves of ovipositor not diverged at apex; 2) The basal projecting of ventral valve with rounded apex in both species. I think these two characters support their relationship that not too far. The general shape of female subgenital plate of B. dasypus similar to B. oniscus and B. montandoni with its almost triangular-shape that strongly narrowed to apex. It seems that the males of Bradyporus and Callimenus have no enough characters to separate them in genus level. Only the longer length and the absence of apical teeth of ovipositor are available to generic separation of Bradyporus and Callimenus . According to Uvarov (1934: 72) Bradyporus dasypus is “the type of the genus. Well distinct from other known species, but the differences do not justify generic separation“. I mainly agree with Uvarov and all the listed authors given in the first paragraph of this section, that all species included to Callimenus and Bradyporus are members of a single genus.

Another interesting finding of this research is the distribution of the taxa. It has not been determined any congeneric partner ( Ünal, 2010) species of Bradyporus in Turkey during the field studies and in the literature. Its mean there is no second species of Bradyporus found at the same time in one site. But in Balkans there are some records of B. dasypus with 2 species of Bradyporus from the same locality. Karaman (1961) gave B. dasypus and B. macrogaster skopjensis (now a synonym of B. macrogaster longicollis ) from Skopje ( Macedonia) without the dates; Kis (1962) recorded B. dasypus and B. macrogaster longicollis (as Callimenus longicollis ) from Valea lui David ( Romania: Iaşi) on 19.5.1951 and 19.6.1958 respectively; Willemse (1984) gave B. dasypus and B. oniscus (as Callimenus oniscus ) from Florina: Klidhi ( Greece: Macedonia) without the dates. From these records it can not be certainly said that they are congeneric partners, but possibly they can be found at the same time and place as congeneric partners. B. dasypus may have more than 1 congeneric partners in its distributional area. According to the speciation stages proposed for Poecilimon and Isophya species ( Ünal, 2010) B. dasypus is in the stage 5. That is, B. dasypus was separated earliest from the other species of Bradyporus . If the stable and variable morphological characters and the comparisons of the all known taxa of this group are also considered the taxonomic level is better clarified. According to all these data I think all known species of this group are in a single genus, Bradyporus , but Callimenus should be a subgenus of Bradyporus .