Clinterocera jucunda ( Westwood, 1873 )

Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue & Huang, Guo-Hua, 2018, Taxonomy and natural history of the myrmecophilous genus Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China and adjacent regions: revision of the C. jucunda species group, Zootaxa 4531 (3), pp. 301-352 : 319-323

Clinterocera jucunda ( Westwood, 1873)

( Figs. 12–13 , 31 , 46–47 , 68–69 , 93–95 , 118–119 , 139 , 162–164 , 180 , 204–209 )

Callynomes jucundus Westwood, 1873: 26 (type locality: Siam [= Thailand]), plate VII, figs. 7–8; Heller 1897: 182 (in key); Schenkling 1921: 365;

Clinterocera jucunda (Westwood) : Sakai & Ikeda 1996: 43 (Mae Taeng; Doi Inthanon; Fang, Chiang Mai, Thailand); Krajčík 1999: 40; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 160, figs. 78- 1 ♂, 78- 2 ♀ (Vinh Phu, Vietnam; Chiang Mai, Thailand); Ek-Amnuay 2008: 202 (Wiang Pa Pao, Thailand), figs. C 4 ♂; Sakai 2008: 12 (Phonsavan; Xam Neau; Lak Sao, Laos), fig. 5 ♂; Krajčík 2012a: 74; Li et al. 2013: 32 (Mount Gaoligongshan, Tengchong, Yunnan, China), fig. 3 ♀.

Callynomes davidis var. humeralis Moser, 1902: 529 (type locality: Tonkin, Montes Mauson =[Mount Mẫu SƠn, Lạng SƠn, Vietnam]); Paulian, 1961: 235. New synonym.

Clinterocera davidis humeralis (Moser) : Krajčík 1999: 40; Smetana 2006: 299 (synonym of C. davidis ); Bezděk 2016: 390 (in synonymy).

Differential diagnosis. This species can readily separated from other species by the combination of the following characters: head and pronotum slightly tomentous; elytral disc with dense, elliptic punctures ( Fig. 13 ); lateral tomentous band on elytron distinct; posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots usually absent ( Figs. 118–119 , 139 ).

Redescription. General: Body length 17.5–22.9 mm; width 6.8–9.1 mm. Body black, elytra largely orangered (or orange). Body surface with numerous setiferous punctures; setae yellow, stubble like. Head, pronotum, elytral declivity, and pygidium with dull, khaki tomentum ( Figs. 118 , 162–164 ). Head: Clypeus apical margin raised, frons evenly convex. Surface slightly tomentous, denser in frons; with dense, minute, setiferous punctures; punctures elliptic behind clypeal apex, round in frons; setae short. Antennal scapus strongly expanded, subflabellate; exterior surface tomentous, with dense, minute punctures; interior surface with many setiferous punctures in margins, setae slender. Mouthparts: Prementum extremely expanded, scutellate; exterior surface matt, with dense, semicircular, setiferous punctures; setae short ( Fig. 119 ). Pronotum: Subcircular, margins slightly raised; anterior margin almost straight, slightly convex in medial in dorsal view; disc with dense, minute, rounded, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; punctures denser in lateral portion; setae short ( Fig. 12 ). Surface slightly tomentous; more sparse on disc; pronotal tomentous band absent ( Fig. 118 , 162–164 ). Scutellum: Subtriangular, slightly tomentous. Surface with sparse, fine, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Elytra: Subrectangular; largely orange-red (or orange), juxtascutellar area and elytral declivity black. Surface with dense, elliptic, arcuate-striolae, setiferous punctures, denser in elytral declivity; setae short ( Fig. 13 ). Disc without tomentum; elytral declivity with lateral tomentous band, posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots absent ( Fig. 62 ). Metepisternum and metepimeron: Metepisternum without tomentum; metepimeron slightly tomentous. Surface with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Sternum: Preprosternal apophysis robust, slightly reflexed, with cluster of long, yellow setae on the apex. Metasternum without tomentum, surface with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures in lateral portion; punctures rounded in middle portion; setae short. Abdomen: Shallow, longitudinal groove between male abdominal sternites III–V, female abdomen convex. Abdominal sternites surface with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures, and sparse, annulate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Surface almost without tomentum, but posterior margin of each sternite slightly tomentous ( Fig. 119 ). Propygidium surface heavily tomentous, with dense, setiferous punctures, setae short; terminal spiracla distinctly protruding. Pygidium: Distinctly convex. Surface heavily tomentous, with fine, round, setiferous punctures; setae short. Legs: Surface with dense, fine, sinuous striolae and arcuate, setiferous punctures; setae slender. Tibiae slender. Protibia with a small, external denticle in apical portion; a blunt protrusion near middle of outer margin, protrusion larger in female; apical tooth of inferior ridge of male protibia elongate, tapering, curved downwards ( Fig. 31 ), this tooth short and indistinct in female. Mesotibia and metatibia with a small, acute protrusion near middle of outer margin ( Fig. 139 ), and three distinct, acute protrusions in distal portion; two spurs tapering ( Figs. 46–47 ). Coxa, trochanter, anterior side of profemora, posterior side of mesofemora and metafemora, dorsal side of mesotibia and metatibia with sparse tomentum ( Fig. 139 ). Tarsi with 4 tarsomeres, slightly thick ( Figs. 31 , 46–47 ). Propretarsi short, acute. Parameres: Elongate, outer margins nearly parallel, distal portion slightly convergent, apex obtuse in apical view; interparameral split widened ( Figs. 68–69 ).

Variation. The size of black juxtascutellar marking of the individual inhabit in the west of the Red River Valley (including Thailand, Laos, northwestern Vietnam, and southwestern Yunnan) small and consistent ( Figs. 118 , 162 , 207 ), but that of some specimens captured in the east of the Red River Valley (including northeastern Vietnam and southeastern Yunnan) becoming larger ( Figs. 163–164 , 209 ). The size of tomentum on dorsal surface has a little variation ( Fig. 163 ).

Type material. Clinterocera jucunda ( Westwood, 1873) was probably described based on a single specimen ( Fig. 93 ), and was originally deposited in Saunders’s collection. According to Horn et al. (1990), the Cetoniinae specimens in “Saunders collection” were transfer to the “Sharp collection” and the “Oberthür collection”, and finally purchased by MNHN. However, no type material was found in either the BMNH or MNHN, and no specimens found from Thailand. Therefore, the original type series is presumably lost. No suitable candidate specimen found in all museums listed above, and thus the neotype was not designate at present.

The lectotype of Clinterocera humeralis Moser, 1902 is here designated and labeled: Tonkin / Montes Mauson / April_ Mai 2 -3000 / H. Fruhstorfer [white label] // LECTOTYPE ♂ / Callynomes davidis var. / humeralis Moser, 1902 / des. XU & Qiu 2017 [red label with black border] (MFNB, male, Figs. 94–95 ). Paralectotypes (4 males and 7 females in MFNB) are labeled same data as the lectotype except sex symbol.

Moser (1902) claimed that half of the specimens of C. davidis collected by Fruhstorfer from Mount Mẫu SƠn belong to his new variety C. davidis var. humeralis . All Moser’s type specimens were assumed to be in MFNB, but none were labeled as types of this variety. However, a total of 45 specimens with the same data were found in MFNB, but only 12 matched the diagnostic characters of C. davidis humeralis . Two of the remaining specimens were identified as C. jucunda and C. davidis , respectively, with Moser’s handwritten label. Moser usually only pinned an identification label for a series of specimens that were arranged below his label. Later, his collection was integrated into main collection of MFNB and the identification label was attached to the first specimen of the series (Mr. Bernd Jäger, personal communication, April 2017). Obviously, these conspecific specimens were regarded as three Clinterocera species by Moser, and the number of “each species” is impossible to determine. Moreover, the specimens Fruhstorfer collected from Mount Mẫu SƠn were later dispersed in many collections, and we did find 19 specimens bearing the same label in MNHN and NHMB. We assume that only the 12 specimens deposited in MFNB were examined by Moser, and thus we regard them as syntypes of C. davidis humeralis . To fix the name and clarify its taxonomic concept, a male is herein designated as the lectotype ( Figs. 94–95 ).

Other material examined (41♂♂, 51♀♀). CHINA: Yunnan : 3♂♂, 3♀♀ ( IBDU), 15–17.IX.2015, Mount Daweishan , Pingbian County, Honghe, 2,104 m, Ka-Ge XU ; 2♀♀ ( QCCC), 18.X.2013, Manjiu, Manwan , Yunxian County, Lincang, Zi-Chun XIONG ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 22.IV.2016, Manjiu, Manwan , Yunxian County, Lincang, Zi- Chun XIONG ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 2.VI.2016, Dabaozhai, Jinhe , Jinping County, 1,700 m, Tian-Long HE ; 1♀ ( HBUM), 28.VII.2004, Pinghe , Lvchun County, Jing LI & Cai-Xia YUAN ; 1♀ ( HBUM), 20.VII.2006, Gulinjing , Maguan County, Ben-Yong MAO ; 1♂ ( JZZC), 29.III.2016, Caiyanghe Nature Reserve , Simao, Pu’er, Jia-Zhi ZHANG ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 15.V.2016, Meng’a , Menghai County, Jinghong, Yong-Sheng LIU ; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ ( QCCC), 1–10.VI.2014, Mount Ailaoshan , Xinping County, Yuxi, Huang-Shun XI ; 1♀ ( MTD), Yünnan // Coll. C. Felsche / Kauf 20, 1918 // Clinterocera davidis Fairm. / Det. Mikšić 1980 . 1♀ ( KSCJ), 17–20.VI.1994, Yipinglang , 2000 m, 25°04′N, 101°55′E, Vít Kubáň . VIETNAM: 1♂ ( QCCC), VII.2016, Mucangchai, Yenbai Prov. , 1,700 m, native leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), V.2015, Mount Sapa , Lao Cai Prov .; 1♀ ( QCCC), VI.2015, Cao Bang Prov . 14♂♂, 19♀♀ ( MFNB), Tonkin, Montes Mauson, April _ Mai 2 -3000, H. Fruhstorfer ; 1♂ ( NHMB), Tonkin / Montes Mauson / April _ Mai 2 - 3000 / H. Fruhstorfer // Sammlung Schürhoff // Callynomes Davidis Fairm. / det. Schein. München ; 1♂, 2♀♀ ( NHMB) , 7♂♂, 8♀♀ ( MNHN), Tonkin / Montes Mauson / April _ Mai 2 -3000 / H. Fruhstorfer ; 1♀ ( NHMB), Tonkin, Than-Moi , Juni-Juli, H. Fruhstorfer ; 1♀ ( MNHN), Chapa Yunnan // Museum Paris , Coll. A. Sicard 1930 ; 1♀ ( MNHN), Thin-Ho, Tonkin , 19-2-49 ; 1♂ ( BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), V.[19]80, Vietnam bor. Tam Dao, lgt. Liba ; 1♂ ( BMNH, Krajčík Coll. ), 3–7.VI.1996, 21°27′N, 105°39′E, 70 km NW of Hanoi, Tam Dao, 900– 1,200 m, P. Spáčil ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 5.VII.2009, Hoang Lien National Park , Lao Cai Prov., 1,700 m, Wan-Zhi CAI . LAOS: 3♂♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), IV.2013, Mount Phu Pane , Hua Phan Prov .; 1♂ ( QCCC), VII.2013, Mount Pane , Hua Phan Prov., 2,060m ; 1♂ ( QCCC), V.2014, Mount Pane , Hua Phan Prov., 2,060m ; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), II.2014, Mount Pane , Hua Phan Prov .; 1♀ ( BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), 26.IV–11.V.2001, Hua Phan prov., Ban Saluei, Phu Pan Mt. , 20°15′N, 14°02′E, 1,500–2,000 m, J. Bezděk . THAILAND: 1♂ ( QCCC), VI.2006, Wiang Papao, Chiang Rai .

Distribution. China: Yunnan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.

Natural history. Adults were found in rotten wood in winter (Mr. Zi-Chun Xiong, personal observation, October 2013). In March 2016, a male was found in a rotten stump inhabited by Camponotus sp. ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) in southern Yunnan (Mr. Jia-Zhi Zhang, personal observation; Figs. 204–206 ).

Remarks. Clinterocera davidis humeralis was originally described by Moser (1902) for specimens from Mount Mẫu SƠn (northern Vietnam). This variety was believed sympatric with the typical form of C. davidis but characterized by the black juxtascutellar marking connected to the lateral margin of elytra and the humeral area red ( Fig. 94 ). Following Article 45.6 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), the taxonomic status of C. davidis humeralis ( Moser, 1902) is deemed to be subspecific and available, and this name was treated as a junior synonym of C. davidis in recent published catalogues ( Smetana 2006; Bezděk 2016). However, based on our examination, the type specimens of C. davidis humeralis are clearly conspecific with C. jucunda ( Figs. 163– 164 ) by its possession of densely punctures on pronotum, elliptic punctures on elytra, slightly tomentous body surface (posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots absent), and thicker tarsi. Additionally, the elytral coloration patterns of the type specimens of C. davidis humeralis ( Fig. 94 ) are in the range of continuous intraspecific variations of C. jucunda ( Figs. 118 , 162–164 ). In general appearance, the types of C. davidis humeralis are also similar to some indivduals of C. donckieri ( Figs. 159 ), but the body surface of C. donckieri is almost without tomentum, the elytra of C. donckieri covered with distinct posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots, and punctures on the elytra are elongate (shorter in C. jucunda ). Therefore, C. davidis humeralis ( Moser, 1902) is here transferred from synonymy with C. davidis to synonymy with C. jucunda .

Clinterocera jucunda is distributed in northern Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam ( Sakai & Ikeda 1996; Sakai & Nagai 1998; Sakai 2008), and was previously recorded from Mount Gaoligongshan (Yunnan, China) by Li et al. (2013), but this latter record was not adopted as the collecting data of some voucher specimens used by these authors is unreliable ( Bezděk 2016).

Figures

FIGURE 180. Known distribution of the Clinterocera jucunda species group (inset map shows the distribution of C. heinrichi). Some records and collecting sites are not shown because there is no precise geographical information.

FIGURES 6–27. Setiferous punctures on the pronotum and elytron of Clinterocera. 6–7, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 8–9, C. davidis; 10–11, C. donckieri; 12–13, C. jucunda; 14–15, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 16–17, C. nigra; 18–19, C. velutina new species (holotype); 20–21, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 22–23, C. yunnana; 24– 25, C. raui; 26–27, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 28–38. Protibia and protarsi of Clinterocera (male). 28, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 29, C. davidis; 30, C. donckieri; 31, C. jucunda; 32, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 33, C. nigra; 34, C. velutina new species (holotype); 35, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 36, C. yunnana; 37, C. raui; 38, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 39–61. Metatibia and metatarsi of Clinterocera (male and female). 39. Clinterocera bicolor; 40–41, C. brevifasciata new species (holotype and paratype); 42–43, C. davidis. 44–45; C. donckieri; 46–47, C. jucunda; 48–49, C. krikkeni new species (holotype and paratype); 50–51, C. nigra; 52–53, C. velutina new species (holotype and paratype); 54– 55, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype and paratype); 56–57, C. yunnana; 58–59, C. raui; 60–61, C. sinensis new species (holotype and paratype).

FIGURES 62–83. Male genitalia of Clinterocera (apical and lateral view). 62–63, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 64–65, C. davidis; 66–67, C. donckieri; 68–69, C. jucunda; 70–71, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 72–73, C. nigra; 74–75, C. velutina new species (holotype); 76–77, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 78–79, C. yunnana; 80–81, C. raui; 82–83, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 84–97. Type specimens of Clinterocera. 84–85, Clinterocera bicolor, female holotype and labels (photograph by Joachim Willers); 86–88, C. davidis, male lectotype (greasy) and labels (photograph by Antoine Mantilleri); 89–90, C. donckieri, male holotype and labels (photograph by Max Barclay); 91–92, C. cervenkai, male holotype and labels; 93. C. jucunda, illustrations of a syntype from Westwood (1873); 94–95, Callynomes humeralis, male lectotype and labels; 96–97, C. nigra, male holotype and labels (photograph by Shuhei Nomura).

FIGURES 112–135. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), dorsal and ventral view. 112–113, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 114–115, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 116–117, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 118–119, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 120–121, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 122–123, C. nigra (Taiwan); 124–125, C. velutina new species (holotype); 126–127, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 128–129, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 130–131, C. ishikawai (paratype); 132–133, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 134–135, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 136–147. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), oblique view. 136, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 137, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 138, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 139, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 140, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 141, C. nigra (Taiwan); 142, C. velutina new species (holotype); 143, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 144, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 145, C. ishikawai (Ryukyu, Japan, paratype); 146, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 147, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 148–164. Habitus of Clinterocera (variation). 148, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (Yunnan, China, paratype); 149, C. brevifasciata (Yunnan, China, allotype); 150, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 151–152, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 153, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 154–158, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 159–161, C. donckieri (Guangxi, China, slightly greasy); 162, C. jucunda (Hua Phan, Laos); 163, C. jucunda (Yunnan, China); 164, C. jucunda (Cao Bang, Vietnam).

FIGURES 204–209. Habitat of Clinterocera jucunda. 204–206, Habitat, ant nest, and Camponotus ant in Caiyanghe, Yunnan, China (photograph by Jia-Zhi Zhang); 207, living adults in artificial condition (from Yunxian, Yunnan, China); 208–209, an adult excavated from the root (Mount Ailaoshan, Yunnan, China, photograph by Huang-Shun Xi). Arrow indicates collecting site of the adult in the ant nest.