Clinterocera donckieri ( Bourgoin, 1924 )

Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue & Huang, Guo-Hua, 2018, Taxonomy and natural history of the myrmecophilous genus Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China and adjacent regions: revision of the C. jucunda species group, Zootaxa 4531 (3), pp. 301-352 : 313-317

Clinterocera donckieri ( Bourgoin, 1924) , revised status

( Figs. 10–11 , 30 , 44–45 , 66–67 , 89–92 , 116–117 , 138 , 159–161 , 180 , 200–202 )

Callynomes donckieri Bourgoin, 1924: 138 (type locality: Yunnan, China); Mao 1937: 1096. Clinterocera donckieri (Bourgoin) : Krikken 1977: 311; Krajčík 1999: 40; Smetana 2006: 299; Krajčík 2011: 71; Krajčík 2012a: 74; Bezděk 2016: 390 (synonym of C. davidis ). Synonymized with C. davidis davidis by Jákl 2016: 18.

Clinterocera cervenkai Krajčík, 2012b: 4 (type locality: Yaogu, Maolan, Guizhou, China), figs. 8 ♂, 9 (parameres); Bezděk 2016: 390. New synonym.

Differential diagnosis. This species is extremely similar to C. davidis , but it can be distinguished from the latter by the greater width ( Fig. 116 ), head and pronotum usually without tomentum ( Figs. 159–161 ), juxtascutellar marking always connected with lateral margain of elytra ( Figs. 116, 15 9–161 ), and only sparse tomentum on ventral surface ( Fig. 117 ).

Redescription. General: Body length 18.1–22.9 mm; width 6.8–9.1 mm. Body black, elytra largely orangered (or orange). Body surface with numerous setiferous punctures; setae yellow, stubble like. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytral disc usually without tomentum; elytral declivity and pygidium with khaki tomentum ( Figs. 116 , 138 ). Head: Clypeus apical margin raised, frons evenly convex; surface usually without tomentum, with dense, fine, setiferous punctures; punctures elliptic behind clypeal apex, rounded in frons; setae short. Antennal scapus strongly expanded, subflabellate; exterior surface tomentous, with dense, minute punctures; interior surface with many setiferous punctures in margins, setae slender. Mouthparts: Prementum extremely expanded, scutellate; exterior surface matt, with dense, semicircular, setiferous punctures; setae short ( Fig. 117 ). Pronotum: Subcircular, margins slightly raised; anterior margin almost straight, slightly convex in medial in dorsal view; disc with dense, fine, rounded arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; punctures denser in lateral portion; setae short ( Fig. 10 ). Surface usually without tomentum, or posterior half of margin slightly tomentous. Scutellum: Subtriangular; surface without tomentum, with sparse, fine, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Elytra: Subrectangular; humeral area and half posterior of disc orange-red (or orange), juxtascutellar area and elytral declivity black ( Figs. 116 , 138 ); black juxtascutellar marking always connected with lateral margain of elytra. Surface with sparse, fine, elliptic, arcuate-striolae, setiferous punctures, denser in elytral declivity; setae short ( Fig. 11 ). Disc without tomentum; elytral declivity with distinct lateral tomentous band; posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots usually distinct ( Fig. 138 ). Metepisternum and metepimeron: Metepisternum usually without tomentum; metepimeron tomentous; surface with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Sternum: Preprosternal apophysis robust, slightly reflexed, with cluster of long setae on the apex. Metasternum without tomentum surface, with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures in lateral portion; punctures rounded in middle portion; setae short. Abdomen: Shallow, longitudinal groove between male abdominal sternites III–V, female abdomen convex. Abdominal sternites surface with dense, fine, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures, and sparse, fine, annulate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Surface almost without tomentum, posterior margin of each sternite slightly tomentous ( Fig. 117 ). Propygidium surface tomentous, with dense, setiferous punctures; terminal spiracla distinctly protruding. Pygidium: Distinctly convex. Surface heavily tomentous, with fine, round, setiferous punctures; setae short. Legs: Surface with dense, fine, sinuous striolae and arcuate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Tibiae slender. Protibia with a small, external denticle in apical portion; a blunt protrusion near middle of outer margin, protrusion larger in female; apical tooth of inferior ridge of male protibia elongate, tapering, curved downwards ( Fig. 30 ), this tooth short and indistinct in female. Mesotibia and metatibia with a small, acute protrusion near middle of outer margin; three distinct, acute protrusions in distal portion; two spurs slender, tapering ( Figs. 44–45 ). Coxa, trochanter, anterior side of profemora, posterior side of mesofemora and metafemora, dorsal side of mesotibia and metatibia with sparse tomentum. Tarsi with 4 tarsomeres, slightly thick ( Figs. 30 , 44–45 ); propretarsi short, acute. Parameres: Elongate, outer margins convergent, distal portion expanded, apex blunt in apical view; interparameral split constricted ( Figs. 66–67 ).

Variation. About half of the specimens we examined had a large juxtascutellar marking that occupies anterior half of elytral disc ( Figs. 89, 91 , 161 ). Posthumeral spots are absent in a few individuals. Occasionally the head, disc of pronotum, and metepisternum are tomentous.

Type material. The holotype (by monotypy) of C. donckieri ( Bourgoin, 1924) is labeled: Yunnan / ex Donckier [pale yellow label] // Callynomes / Donckieri / Bourgoin / ♂ (Type) [pale yellow label] // Bourgoin Coll./ B. M. 1938-252 [pale yellow label] // Type [pale yellow label with red circle] // BMNH (E) / 1268979 [white label] (male, BMNH, Figs. 89–90 ).

The holotype of C. cervenkai Krajčík, 2012 is labeled: China, S. Guizhou, 13.VI / YAOGU env., 800-900 m / 25°20′N 107°56′E / Jaroslav Turan leg., 2011 [white label] // HOLOTYPUS, ♂ / Clinterocera / sehuali sp.n. 2012 / M. Krajcik [red label] // Krajcik collection [white label] // M. Krajčík / collection / BMNH (E) 2015-37. [white label] (male, BMNH, Figs. 91–92 ).

In the original description, Krajčík (2012b) stated that C. cervenkai is very similar to C. donckieri except for the absence of the lateral band. The matt surface appearing shiny in the habitus figure exposed the fact that the holotype was greasy. After a thorough cleaning, the tomentum on elytra was distinctly evident ( Fig. 105 ). In addition, the name “ Clinterocera sehuali ” used on the holotype label was never used and was presumably changed before Krajčík (2012b) was published.

Other material examined (21♂♂, 31♀♀). CHINA: 1♀ ( MNHN), Chine merid; Guizhou : 1♀ ( SWU), 19– 20.VI.2006, Yaolan, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, Zai-Hua YANG ; 1♀ ( HLSC), 26.VII.2008, Shishangsenlin, Maolan Nature Reserve , Libo County, Ye LIU ; 3♂♂, 1♀ ( GFGY), 24.V.1988, Banzhai, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 540 m ; 2♂♂, 1♀ ( GFGY), 27.V.1988, Dongduo, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 650 m ; 1♂ ( GFGY), 29.V.1988, Dongduo, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 700 m ; 1♀ ( GFGY), 26.V.1985, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, ZHAO, WANG & LIU ; 1♀ ( GFGY), 18.V.1990, Dongduo- Banzhai-Dongchang, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 570–620 m ; 1♀ ( GFGY), 19.V.1990, Dongduo- Banzhai-Jiaxian, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 570 m ; 1♂, 1♀ ( GFGY), 14.V.1990, Banzhai- Limingguan, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 560–570 m ; 1♂ ( GFGY), 20.V.1990, Dongduo-Weng’ang, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 570 m ; 1♀ ( GFGY), 21.V.1979, Wuli , Dushan County, DENG ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 15.VI.2009, Guizhou Institute of Prataculture , Dushan County, Zhao-Chang LI ; 1♀ ( GFGY), 22.VIII.1984, Yongle , Leishan County, ZHAO, WANG & LIU ; 1♀ ( GFGY), VI.1983, Jinping County, Yan-Xian LIU ; 1♂ ( GFGY), 20.V.1979, Dongfeng Forest Farm [in Liping County], 440 m , Chun-Gui XU; 1♀ ( QCCC), 13.V.2017, Defeng, Liping County, Shuai WANG ; 1♀ ( QCCC), VII.2008, Guiyang ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 16.VI.2009, Jiucaigou , Danzhai County, 870 m , Li TAO; 2♀♀ ( MNHN), Kouy-Tcheou, R. P. J. R. Chaffanjon 1903 ; 1♀ ( MNHN), Chine Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol 1913 ; 1♂ ( MNHN), Museum Paris, Kouy-Tcheou, Pére Esquirol 1912 ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 14. VI.2018, Maolan Natural Reserve , Libo County, 750 m , Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU; Guangxi : 1♀ ( QCCC), 5.VII.2011, Mount Guposhan, Hezhou ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 4.VII. 20011, Mount Maoershan, Gaozhai , Xing’an County, Shan-Yi ZHOU ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 7.VII. 20007, Mount Maoershan, Gaozhai , Xing’an County ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 20.VII.2007, Nanchao, Yachang Forest Farm, Leye County, Di LIANG ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 24.VII.2004, Leye County, An-Ming SHEN ; 1♀ ( QCCC), VI.2015, Mochuan Twon, Xing’an County, Guilin , Native leg. ; 1♂, 3♀♀ ( QCCC), VII.2012, Mount Damingshan, Wuming County, Nanning , native leg .; 2♂♂ ( QCCC), VI.2008, Mount Damingshan, Wuming County, Nanning , native leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 18.IV.2013, Mount Damingshan, Wuming County, Nanning , 505 m , Yan-Quan LU; 1♀ ( QCCC), 2.VI.2014, Mount Shengtangshan , Jinxiu County, 1,300 m , Jin-Teng ZHAO; 1♀ ( QCCC), 5.V.2014, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 550 m , Jin- Teng ZHAO; 1♂ ( QCCC), 17.V.2014, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,100 m , Jin-Teng ZHAO; 1♂ ( QCCC), 3.VI.2014, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,200 m , Jin-Teng ZHAO; 1♀ ( QCCC), 20.VII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, Jin-Teng ZHAO ; 1♂ ( SYAU), 13.VI.1982, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, Jun-Hua HE ; 1♀ ( GXIP), 14.VI.1982, Logging camp of Jinxiu County, Zhu-Yin WANG; Yunnan : 1♀ ( MNHN), Peyentsing [Baiyanjing, i.e. Shiyang of Dayao County], Yunnan .

Distribution. China: Guangxi (new provincial record), Guizhou, Yunnan.

Nature history. Females were observed flying slowly above the ground, and landed on limestone ( Figs. 200– 202 ). There were two unsuccessful attempts to breed females to produce immature stages, but the pupae died in their cells.

Remarks. The little-known species Clinterocera donckieri ( Bourgoin, 1924) was originally discoveried from Yunnan and no other conspecific specimens have been reported so far, except for one very old female specimen from Dayao County. Jákl (2016) recently synonymized this species with C. davidis based on the study of the type specimens. We closely examined the types and other material of both species from various localities. Although the male genitalia and punctures on the dorsal surface show no distinct differences, and ambiguous states of several characters were obsevered, some stable differences in external characters can be found: the body of C. donckieri is broader; the dorsal surface of C. donckieri is usually almost without tomentum (dense tomentum in C. davidis ); the black juxtascutellar marking is larger and always connected with the lateral margain of the elytra in C. donckieri (smaller in C. davidis ). Additionally, C. donckieri usually occurs from 500– 1,300 m, and C. davidis is found at lower elevations. Therefore, C. donckieri is herein resurrected from the synonymy with C. davidis .

Clinterocera cervenkai was described based on a single male specimen from Yaogu in southern Guizhou ( Krajčík 2012b), a small village located in Maolan Nature Reserve of Libo County, where many specimens of C. donckieri were captured. In the original description of C. cervenkai ( Krajčík 2012b) , the absence of the lateral tomentous band was cited as the only difference separate the species from C. donckieri . We discovered that the lateral declivity of the elytron of C. cervenkai has tomentum, and that it was indiscernible due to grease on the surface ( Fig. 91 ). As the holotype matches all diagnostic characters of C. donckieri , C. cervenkai is therefore placed as a junior synonym.

Figures

FIGURE 180. Known distribution of the Clinterocera jucunda species group (inset map shows the distribution of C. heinrichi). Some records and collecting sites are not shown because there is no precise geographical information.

FIGURES 6–27. Setiferous punctures on the pronotum and elytron of Clinterocera. 6–7, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 8–9, C. davidis; 10–11, C. donckieri; 12–13, C. jucunda; 14–15, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 16–17, C. nigra; 18–19, C. velutina new species (holotype); 20–21, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 22–23, C. yunnana; 24– 25, C. raui; 26–27, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 28–38. Protibia and protarsi of Clinterocera (male). 28, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 29, C. davidis; 30, C. donckieri; 31, C. jucunda; 32, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 33, C. nigra; 34, C. velutina new species (holotype); 35, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 36, C. yunnana; 37, C. raui; 38, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 39–61. Metatibia and metatarsi of Clinterocera (male and female). 39. Clinterocera bicolor; 40–41, C. brevifasciata new species (holotype and paratype); 42–43, C. davidis. 44–45; C. donckieri; 46–47, C. jucunda; 48–49, C. krikkeni new species (holotype and paratype); 50–51, C. nigra; 52–53, C. velutina new species (holotype and paratype); 54– 55, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype and paratype); 56–57, C. yunnana; 58–59, C. raui; 60–61, C. sinensis new species (holotype and paratype).

FIGURES 62–83. Male genitalia of Clinterocera (apical and lateral view). 62–63, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 64–65, C. davidis; 66–67, C. donckieri; 68–69, C. jucunda; 70–71, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 72–73, C. nigra; 74–75, C. velutina new species (holotype); 76–77, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 78–79, C. yunnana; 80–81, C. raui; 82–83, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 84–97. Type specimens of Clinterocera. 84–85, Clinterocera bicolor, female holotype and labels (photograph by Joachim Willers); 86–88, C. davidis, male lectotype (greasy) and labels (photograph by Antoine Mantilleri); 89–90, C. donckieri, male holotype and labels (photograph by Max Barclay); 91–92, C. cervenkai, male holotype and labels; 93. C. jucunda, illustrations of a syntype from Westwood (1873); 94–95, Callynomes humeralis, male lectotype and labels; 96–97, C. nigra, male holotype and labels (photograph by Shuhei Nomura).

FIGURES 112–135. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), dorsal and ventral view. 112–113, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 114–115, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 116–117, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 118–119, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 120–121, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 122–123, C. nigra (Taiwan); 124–125, C. velutina new species (holotype); 126–127, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 128–129, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 130–131, C. ishikawai (paratype); 132–133, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 134–135, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 136–147. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), oblique view. 136, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 137, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 138, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 139, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 140, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 141, C. nigra (Taiwan); 142, C. velutina new species (holotype); 143, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 144, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 145, C. ishikawai (Ryukyu, Japan, paratype); 146, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 147, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 148–164. Habitus of Clinterocera (variation). 148, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (Yunnan, China, paratype); 149, C. brevifasciata (Yunnan, China, allotype); 150, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 151–152, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 153, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 154–158, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 159–161, C. donckieri (Guangxi, China, slightly greasy); 162, C. jucunda (Hua Phan, Laos); 163, C. jucunda (Yunnan, China); 164, C. jucunda (Cao Bang, Vietnam).

FIGURES 200–203. FIGURES 200–202. Habitat of Clinterocera donckieri. 200, Karst forest in Maolan Nature Reserve (Guizhou, China); 201–201, a closer view of the habitat and an adult on limestone. FIGURE 203. Fresh adults Clinterocera nigra in pupal cells in artificial condition (photograph by Fu-Sheng Huang).

FIGURES 98–111. FIGURES 98–106. Type specimens of Clinterocera. 98–100, Clinterocera yunnana, male syntype and labels (photograph by Jan Krikken); 101–103, C. ishikawai, female holotype (greasy) and labels (photograph by Shan-Shan Liu); 104–106, C. raui, female holotype and labels (photograph by Antoine Mantilleri). FIGURES 107–111. Female habitus of Clinterocera bicolor. Arrow indicates a patch of tomentum near the anteapical umbone of the left elytron.