Clinterocera davidis ( Fairmaire, 1878 )

Xu, Hao, Qiu, Jian-Yue & Huang, Guo-Hua, 2018, Taxonomy and natural history of the myrmecophilous genus Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China and adjacent regions: revision of the C. jucunda species group, Zootaxa 4531 (3), pp. 301-352 : 310-313

Clinterocera davidis ( Fairmaire, 1878)

( Figs. 8–9 , 29 , 42–43 , 64–65 , 86–88 , 114–115 , 137 , 150–158 , 180 , 194–199 )

Callinomes davidis Fairmaire, 1878: 107 , plate. 3, fig. 6 ♂ (type locality: Chine centrale [near Mount Wuyishan, southeastern

China]). Callynomes davidis Fairmaire : Heller 1897: 182 (in key); Schenkling 1921: 365; Mao 1937: 1096. Clinterocera davidis (Fairmaire) : Medvedev 1964: 340; Ma 1992: 452 (Hunan, China), fig. 1383 ♀; Ma 1995: 166 (partial),

fig. 138; Ma 2002b: 382 (Mount Wuyishan, Fujian, China). Clinterocera davidis davidis (Fairmaire) : Krajčík 1999: 40; Smetana 2006: 299; Krajčík 2011: 70 (partial); Krajčík 2012a: 74;

Bezděk 2016: 390.

Differential diagnosis. This species can be differentiated from other close species by the combination of the following characters: body surface heavily tomentous; black juxtascutellar marking not connected to posthumeral emargination ( Figs. 114 , 150–154 ); lateral tomentous band present; posthumeral and lateral tomentous spots distinct ( Fig. 137 ); punctures on pronotum sparse ( Fig. 8 ); punctures on elytra elliptic ( Fig. 9 ); tarsi slender ( Figs. 29 , 42–43 ). See Table 2 for useful diagnostic characters distinguishing C. davidis from similar species.

Redescription. General: Body length 18.1–21.5 mm; width 6.9–8.1 mm. Body black, elytra usually largely orange-red (or red). Surface with numerous setiferous punctures; setae yellow, stubble like. Dorsal surface heavily tomentous, covered with khaki tomentum ( Fig. 114 ). Head: Clypeus apical margin raised, frons evenly convex. Surface usually heavily tomentous, with dense, fine, setiferous punctures; punctures elliptic behind clypeal apex, rounded in frons; setae short. Antennal scapus strongly expanded, subflabellate; exterior surface tomentous, with dense, minute punctures; interior surface with many setiferous punctures in margins, setae slender. Mouthparts: Prementum extremely expanded, scutellate; exterior surface tomentous, with dense, semicircular punctures; setae short ( Fig. 115 ). Pronotum: Subcircular, margins slightly raised; anterior margin almost straight, slightly convex in medial in dorsal view; disc with sparse, minute, rounded arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; punctures denser in lateral portion; setae short ( Fig. 8 ). Surface usually heavily tomentous, lateral portion without tomentous band. Scutellum: Subtriangular, tomentous. Surface with sparse, fine, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Elytra: Subrectangular; disc largely orange-red, juxtascutellar area and elytral declivity black. Surface with sparse, fine, elliptic, arcuate-striolae, setiferous punctures, denser in elytral declivity; setae short ( Fig. 9 ). Disc without tomentum, or with sparse tomentum in the middle portion; elytral declivity with distinct lateral tomentous band; posthumeral tomentous spots and lateral tomentous spots distinct ( Fig. 137 ). Metepisternum and metepimeron: Surface tomentous, with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Sternum: Preprosternal apophysis robust, slightly reflexed, with cluster of long setae on the apex. Metasternum surface tomentous, with dense, arcuate-striolate, setiferous punctures in lateral portion; punctures rounded in middle portion; setae short. Abdomen: Shallow, longitudinal groove between male abdominal sternites III–V, female abdomen convex. Abdominal sternites surface with dense, fine, rounded, annulate-striolate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Surface and posterior margin of each sternite tomentous ( Fig. 115 ). Propygidium surface heavily tomentous, with dense, setiferous punctures; setae short; terminal spiracla distinctly protruding. Pygidium: Distinctly convex. Surface heavily tomentous, with finely round, setiferous punctures; setae short. Legs: Surface with dense, fine, sinuous striolae and arcuate, setiferous punctures; setae short. Tibiae slender. Protibia with a small, external denticle in apical portion; a blunt protrusion near middle of outer margin, protrusion larger in female; apical tooth of inferior ridge of male protibia elongate, tapering, curved downwards ( Fig. 29 ), this tooth short and indistinct in female. Mesotibia and metatibia with a small, acute protrusion near middle of outer margin; three distinct, acute protrusions in distal portion; two spurs slender, tapering ( Figs. 42–43 ). Coxa, trochanter, anterior side of profemora, posterior side of mesofemora and metafemora, dorsal side of mesotibia and metatibia largely tomentous. Tarsi with 4 tarsomeres, slender ( Figs. 29 , 42–43 ); propretarsi short, acute. Parameres: Elongate, outer margins slightly constricted, distal portion slightly expanded, apex obtuse in apical view; interparameral split constricted ( Figs. 64–65 ).

Variation. Clinterocera davidis is the most variable species of this species group. Size of the juxtascutellar marking is from as large as the lectotype ( Figs. 86 , 153 ) to almost absent ( Fig. 150 ). Melanistic individuals are very rare ( Figs. 155–156 ). Tomentum are khaki or gray ( Figs. 150–158 ). Body surface of some individuals with much tomentum ( Figs. 151, 154, 156, 158 ).

Type material. The lectotype of Clinterocera davidis ( Fairmaire, 1878) is here designated, and labeled: Chine / A. DAVID [pale yellow label] // Collection/ Mniszech [pale yellow label] // Callinomes / Davidis / n. sp. [Fairmaire’s handwritten on pale yellow label] // Davidi Fairm. / Chine [pale yellow label with yellow border] // Ex-Musaeo / VAN LANSBERGE [pale yellow label with black border] // SYNTYPE [red label] // SYNTYPE / Clinterocera davidis ( Fairmaire, 1878) [white label] // MNHN / EC7200 [white label] // LECTOTYPE ♂ / Clinterocera davidis / Fairmaire, 1878 / des. XU & QIU 2017 [red label with black border] (male, MNHN, Figs. 86–88 ). The number of specimens examined of Clinterocera davidis was not stated in the original description ( Fairmaire 1878). To fix the name and clarify its taxonomic concept, the only known type specimen is here designated as lectotype.

The male lectotype was collected by Father Armand David from China, but a precise location was not given ( Fairmaire 1878). According to the route of his second and third explorations in China between 1868 and 1873 ( Bernard 2004; Luo 2005), this specimen was probably collected from the region between Jiujiang (Kiu-Jiang) of Jiangxi province and Fuzhou (Foochow) of Fujian province, around the Wuyishan mountain range. This mountain range is covered in the main distribution of this species based on the distributional map ( Fig. 180 ). Moreover, there was a missionary residence in Guadun (Kuatun/Koaten) in Mount Wuyishan, and David did collect there ( Li & Cheng 1940; Luo 2005).

Other material examined (20♂♂, 24♀♀). CHINA: Zhejiang : 1♀ ( BMNH), Chine Ning-Po // Bourgoin Coll. // B. M. 1938-252. // ♀ // Callinomes Davidis Fairm .; 1♀ ( SYAU), 1.VIII.1934, Hangzhou ; Fujian: 1♂ ( QCCC), 2.V.2004, Yanziping , Shunchang County, Min LI ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 18.II.2017, Mount Wuhushan , Minhou County, Xiao-Hu QIU ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 10.XI.2017, Mount Mangdangshan Nature Reserve, Dahuang, Nanping , 800 m, Zhi-Qiang FAN ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 15.VI.1980, Huangkeng, Jiangyang , Nanping, Chen LI ; 1♂ ( QCCC), X.2014, Yong’an , Feng-Yi SUN ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 15.VIII.2014, Sanming , Liang GUO ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 3.VI.2015, Daopaiyan , Youxi County, Liang GUO ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 15.IX.2012, Qilinshan Park , Sanming, Liang GUO ; 1♂ ( QCCC), VI.2005, Shoushan, Fuzhou , 400 m, Min LI ; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), V.2005, Mount Mangdangshan Nature Reserve, Dahuang , Nanping, Peng-Yu LIU ; 1♂ ( QCCC), V.2008, Mount Mangdangshan Nature Reserve, Dahuang , Nanping, Peng-Yu LIU ; 2♂♂ (melanistic form, QCCC & MLCF), VI.2005, Mount Mangdangshan Nature Reserve, Dahuang, Nanping , 160 m, Min LI leg. ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 2.V.2003, Yangli , Minhou County, Min Li ; Jiangxi: 1♂ ( GNNU), 20.IV.2006, Mount Fengshan, Ganzhou , Jia-Sheng XU & Cheng-Qing LIAO ; 1♀ ( GNNU), 11– 19.VII.2007, Mount Wuzhifeng , Shangyou County, Jia-Sheng XU ; Hunan: 1♂ ( SYSM, En-398667), 20.VIII.1982, Tongdao, Zhi-He HUANG ; 1♀ ( SCAU), 1.VII.2011, Chishuixian, Guidong , Ming-Yi TIAN & Qi GAO ; 1♀ ( HFRI), Lingxian [Yanling County], No. 82 // Clinterocera davidis Fairm. det. Wen-Zhen Ma. Guangdong: 2♀♀ ( QCCC), VI.2015, Nanling Nature Reserve , Shaoguan, Jun-Qiang XU ; 1♀ ( SCAU), 7.VI.2011, Nanling Nature Reserve , Qi GAO ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 29–31.V.2016, Nanling Nature Reserve , Shaoguan ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 12.VI.1993, Mount Dawuling , Xinyi, Sheng ZHANG ; 1♂ ( SYSM, En-398668), 7.VII.1988, Mount Dawuling , Xinyi, Ye-Wei CHENG ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 20.VII.1982, Mount Dinghushan , Zhaoqing, Guang-Cai WU ; 1♂ ( SCAU), VIII.1956, Mount Dinghushan ; 1♀ ( SYSM), 1.VI.1963, Mount Dinghushan , De-Xiang GU ; 1♀ ( SYSM), 20.VII.1964, Mount Dinghushan , Jin-Cai BAO ; 1♀ ( SYSM), 27.VI.1958, Mount Dinghushan , Jin-Liang ZHU ; 1♀ ( SYSM, En-398663), 7.VII.1964, Mount Dinghushan , Bang-Fa LIN ; 1♀ ( SYSM, En-398664), 9.VII.1964, Mount Dinghushan , Sheng-Jie ZHANG ; 1♂ ( SYSM, En-398669), 6.VI.1974, Daping, Mount Tianjingshan , Ruyuan County, Xi-Mi LIU ; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), 26.V.2018, Liuxihe Forest Park, Conghua , Guangzhou, Jin-Kun ZHANG ; Guangxi: 3♀♀ ( QCCC), Mount Shiwandashan Forest Park, Shangsi County, 350 m, Lu QIU // 2 nd instar larvae in rotten wood 26.VI.2015, adults emerged VIII.2015 ; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), VII.2 0 12, Mount Damignshan Nature Reserve , Wuming County, native leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), 5–7.V.2017, Huaping Nature Reserve , Longsheng County, Xian-Yi WANG ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 1.IX.2018, Wanggao , Zhongshan County, Hezhou, Shui-Yang HUANG .

Distribution. China: Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi (new provincial record), Zhejiang (new provincial record).

Natural history. Adults were observed crawling on the forest paths or flying above ground, and some were collected in nest of Crematogaster sp. ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) (Mr. Peng-Yu Liu, personal communication, Figs. 194–196 ). In June 2015, three second instars were found in a rotten wood from Guangxi, and finally emerged in August at room temperature ( Figs. 197–199 ).

Remarks. As the most often cited species of the genus Clinterocera , C. davidis was really only known from central China (without an exact locality) ( Schenkling 1921; Medvedev 1964; Sakai & Nagai 1998; Krajčík 1999, 2011, 2012a), but was also sometimes listed from southwestern China and northern Vietnam ( Paulian 1961; Smetana 2006; Bezděk 2016). Based on our examination of numerous specimens, C. davidis is mainly distributed in southeastern China. This species is highly variable, which has lead to misidentifications by those who had few specimens or were unaware of the variation. Due to the similar appearance, we believe that most Indochinese specimens with orange elytra and a black juxtascutellar marking were misidentified as C. davidis in the literature ( Paulian 1961; Ma 1995; Sakai & Nagai 1998; Krajčík 2011), and it is noteworthy that only one specimen of C. davidis was found in the European museums we visited. This species is the only member of the C. jucunda species group that has been mentioned in Chinese regional works. Presently, the record from Hunan ( Ma 1992) is confirmed, since a female voucher specimen of C. davidis was found in HFRI with Ma’s identification label. The specimens from Hainan, China ( Ma 2002a) were determined to be a new species, C. velutina . The records from Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Guangdong ( Ma 1987, 1993, 1995, 2002b) are still awaiting further verification.

Figures

FIGURE 180. Known distribution of the Clinterocera jucunda species group (inset map shows the distribution of C. heinrichi). Some records and collecting sites are not shown because there is no precise geographical information.

FIGURES 6–27. Setiferous punctures on the pronotum and elytron of Clinterocera. 6–7, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 8–9, C. davidis; 10–11, C. donckieri; 12–13, C. jucunda; 14–15, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 16–17, C. nigra; 18–19, C. velutina new species (holotype); 20–21, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 22–23, C. yunnana; 24– 25, C. raui; 26–27, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 28–38. Protibia and protarsi of Clinterocera (male). 28, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 29, C. davidis; 30, C. donckieri; 31, C. jucunda; 32, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 33, C. nigra; 34, C. velutina new species (holotype); 35, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 36, C. yunnana; 37, C. raui; 38, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 39–61. Metatibia and metatarsi of Clinterocera (male and female). 39. Clinterocera bicolor; 40–41, C. brevifasciata new species (holotype and paratype); 42–43, C. davidis. 44–45; C. donckieri; 46–47, C. jucunda; 48–49, C. krikkeni new species (holotype and paratype); 50–51, C. nigra; 52–53, C. velutina new species (holotype and paratype); 54– 55, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype and paratype); 56–57, C. yunnana; 58–59, C. raui; 60–61, C. sinensis new species (holotype and paratype).

FIGURES 62–83. Male genitalia of Clinterocera (apical and lateral view). 62–63, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 64–65, C. davidis; 66–67, C. donckieri; 68–69, C. jucunda; 70–71, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 72–73, C. nigra; 74–75, C. velutina new species (holotype); 76–77, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 78–79, C. yunnana; 80–81, C. raui; 82–83, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 84–97. Type specimens of Clinterocera. 84–85, Clinterocera bicolor, female holotype and labels (photograph by Joachim Willers); 86–88, C. davidis, male lectotype (greasy) and labels (photograph by Antoine Mantilleri); 89–90, C. donckieri, male holotype and labels (photograph by Max Barclay); 91–92, C. cervenkai, male holotype and labels; 93. C. jucunda, illustrations of a syntype from Westwood (1873); 94–95, Callynomes humeralis, male lectotype and labels; 96–97, C. nigra, male holotype and labels (photograph by Shuhei Nomura).

FIGURES 112–135. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), dorsal and ventral view. 112–113, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 114–115, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 116–117, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 118–119, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 120–121, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 122–123, C. nigra (Taiwan); 124–125, C. velutina new species (holotype); 126–127, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 128–129, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 130–131, C. ishikawai (paratype); 132–133, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 134–135, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 136–147. Male habitus of Clinterocera (typical form), oblique view. 136, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (holotype); 137, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 138, C. donckieri (Guizhou, China); 139, C. jucunda (Chiang Rai, Thailand); 140, C. krikkeni new species (holotype); 141, C. nigra (Taiwan); 142, C. velutina new species (holotype); 143, C. vietnamensis new species (holotype); 144, C. yunnana (Yunnan, China); 145, C. ishikawai (Ryukyu, Japan, paratype); 146, C. raui (Hua Phan, Laos); 147, C. sinensis new species (holotype).

FIGURES 148–164. Habitus of Clinterocera (variation). 148, Clinterocera brevifasciata new species (Yunnan, China, paratype); 149, C. brevifasciata (Yunnan, China, allotype); 150, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 151–152, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 153, C. davidis (Guangxi, China); 154–158, C. davidis (Fujian, China); 159–161, C. donckieri (Guangxi, China, slightly greasy); 162, C. jucunda (Hua Phan, Laos); 163, C. jucunda (Yunnan, China); 164, C. jucunda (Cao Bang, Vietnam).

FIGURES 194–199. Habitat and different stages of Clinterocera davidis. 194–196, Habitat, ant nest, and Crematogaster ants in Mount Mangdangshan, Fujian, China; 197–199, pupa and adult in artificial conditions (from Mount Shiwandashan, Guangxi, China).