Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides leptoneuroides C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867

Matz, Jess & Brower, Andrew V. Z., 2016, The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes, Zootaxa 4125 (1), pp. 1-108 : 23-24

Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides leptoneuroides C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867

( Figs. 4 D–F; 13G–I; 24)

Lectotype: (male) BMNH #809617 (Specimen examined) Paralectotype: (male) BMNH #809616 (Specimen examined) Type location: Chile

= Satyrus morania Berg, 1877a

Lectotype: (male) MACN, Buenos Aires (Photo examined) Type location: Santa Cruz Province, Argentina = Erebia plumbeola var. duseni Staudinger, 1899 Holotype: (female) MFN, Berlin (Photo examined) Type location: P. Dusén, Rio Aysén, Aysén Province, Chile = Cosmosatyrus statia Weymer, 1911

Type: no type

Type location: Chile

Subspecies:

Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides plumbeola ( Butler, 1868) ( Tetraphlebia ?) Holotype: (male) BMNH #809624 (Specimen examined) Type location: Puerto Hambre, Magallanes Province, Chile = Satyrus antarctia Reed, 1877

Holotype by indication ( ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II fig. 4 in Reed (1877)

Distribution. Found in Chile from the coast of central Coquimbo Province, south to the Strait of Magellan and in Argentina, in northern Neuquén Province and on the islands of the Paraná Delta north of Buenos Aires from November to March at nearly sea level to 3800m ( Fig. 24 ).

Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from other Neosatyriti by distinct patterning on the VHW ( Fig. 4 D–F). Postmedian band with the proximal edge daffodil yellow that fades to chocolate brown and bearing an ocellus in each cell between Rs and CuA2. Ocelli between Rs-M1, M1-M2, and CuA1-CuA2 are round, black, unipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow, the Rs-M1 ocellus being the smaller of these. Ocelli between M2-M3 and M3-CuA1 are round, white, and may be ringed in daffodil yellow. Hindwing veins are highlighted in white, more strongly so at the proximal edge of the postmedian band. Ventral side of the forewing bears a patch covering the discal cell to the proximal edge of the postmedian band that may be orange, rust orange, rust red, or peach, depending on the region from which the specimen was collected. Apical ocellus on the ventral side of the hindwing varies from a small, unipupillate black spot ringed in daffodil yellow that is confined within M1-M2 to a large bipupillate black ocellus ringed in daffodil yellow that spans across M1-M3. Specimens from Magallanes Province, Chile, may entirely lack this ocellus. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented in both sexes, but female tarsi may be constricted near the distal end, having the appearance of segmentation without being articulated.

Redescription. Head: Antennae 7–10mm with white to cream scales and a longitudinal stripe of chocolate brown scales that covers half of a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps with a longitudinal white to cream stripe along the median with the dorsal side piliform scales chocolate brown and the ventral side with black, tan, and chocolate piliform scales and white to cream piliform scales included toward the base. Males with the terminal segment entirely chocolate to dark chocolate brown and females with white scales that continue the longitudinal white stripe from the second segment. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little more than one-third the length of the second segment.

Thorax sepia with iridescent black scales and covered in chocolate and cream piliform scales. Females similar, but with cream to white scales in addition to the iridescent black. Abdomen cream ventrally and chocolate to dark chocolate brown dorsally. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented and clublike in the males, the female tarsi a little longer and sometimes having the appearance of segmentation approximately where the first tarsal segment would be. This pseudo-segmentation appears as a slight constriction or line that circumscribes the tarsus.

Forewing ( Fig. 4 D–F): Wingspan 28–35mm. Termen nearly straight or slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell sinuous, the costal half more deeply curved than the cubital half. Males with androconial scales that extend in triangular patches from M1 to 1A+2A and into the discal cell near M2. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales of the same color. Females slightly lighter than the males with fringe scales lighter than wing color. Ventral side with a patch that extends from the discal cell to the post median band in rust red, orange, rust orange, or peach. Color of this patch may be a regional variance. Costa, inner margin, and postmedian band to the termen are chocolate to dark chocolate brown, the termen sometimes edged in white and the postmedian band outlined in dark coffee. Apical ocellus may appear as a unipupillate round black spot ringed in daffodil yellow between M1-M2, as a bipupillate black spot ringed in daffodil yellow that extends from M1-M3, or as two separate ocelli that may begin to fuse at M2. Specimens from Magallanes province in Chile may be entirely without this ocellus. A whitish patch is sometimes visible where the radial veins meet the costa.

Hindwing ( Fig. 4 D–F): Wing oval, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped with the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1A+2A. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, sometimes with patches of rust red along the most distal edge of the postmedian band. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median. Ventral side chocolate brown with a ripple pattern of dark chocolate to dark coffee striations that extends from the base to the postmedian band and a sinuous submedian line in dark chocolate to dark coffee. Both edges of the postmedian band scalloped, the proximal edge more so than the distal edge, and outlined in dark chocolate to dark coffee. Postmedian band chocolate brown with the proximal edge daffodil to maize yellow. Black ocelli ringed in yellow, sometimes unipupillate, appear between Rs-M1, M1- M2, and CuA1-CuA2. The first of these slightly smaller than the other two. A round white ocellus, sometimes ringed in yellow, appears between M2-M3 and M3-CuA1. Veins are highlighted in white.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 13 G–I): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt finger-like terminus, and approximately twice as long as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and one-third the length of the gnathos. Valvae narrow at the proximal end, more than doubling in width at the proximal one-third and gradually narrowing toward the distal end. Distal one-third widens dorsally then attenuates abruptly at the distal one-fourth to a finger-like terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, slightly wider at the median, and with an acute proximal end.

Remarks. Specimen (male) BMNH #809617 is newly designated as the lectotype for C. leptoneuroides , none having previously been designated from the syntype series. The paralectotype is identical but for a minor difference in the strength of the yellow median border of the postmedian band. With a few notable exceptions, the wing patterning of C. leptoneuriodes is fairly uniform across its geographical range, which extends from Coquimbo Province 300km north of Santiago, Chile, to the Straits of Magellan in the far south. Cosmosatyrus statia , from the illustration in Weymer (1911), appears in every respect to agree with the C. leptoneuroides leptoneuroides type, but without the Rs-M1, M2-M3, and M3-CuA1 ocelli. Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides plumbeola is the name applied to the southernmost examples of the species. There is no evidence of a contiguous range, leaving this subspecies apparently isolated from the nominal subspecies. Relative to the nominate form, C. leptoneuroides plumbeola tends to be smaller, darker, and with a more reduced M1-M3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing. Curiously, a few specimens from near Cerro Castillo (51º14’28”S, 71º23’52”W) and Puerto Prat (51º38’S, 72º38’W) that completely lack the M1-M3 ventral side forewing ocellus.

Specimens examined. C. leptoneuroides leptoneuroides Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (MTSU) CH 15-5- CH 15-7, CH 16-2, CH 24A-4, CL0201, CL0313, CL0315, CL0424, (UJ) 3 males, 4 females; Chile, unknown location, (BMNH) Paralectotype: 809616, Lectotype: 809617, (CU) CU010; C. leptoneuroides plumbeola Chile, Magallanes Province, (BMNH) Holotype 809624, (UJ) 5 males, 2 females.

Figures

FIGURE 4. Composite habitus images of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) male (OSU # 93358) (A), female (OSU # 95049) (B); C: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) male (OSU # 95050); D-F: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 male (D), female (E), and aberrant male (F) (MZUJ); G, H: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. male (BMNH # 808379) (G), female (BMNH # 808378) (H); I: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (BMNH # 809772).

FIGURE 13. Male genitalia of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All to the same scale. A – C: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) (OSU # 95107); D – F: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) (CH 29 C- 2); G – I: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 (CH 15 - 7); J – L: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. (BMNH # 808379) (note that the uncus is broken); M – O: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. (MZUJ); showing ornamentation on the aedeagus.

FIGURE 24. Distribution of locality records for Cosmosatyrus species. Note that the locality for C. dubii is overlain by a record for C. stelligera from the same site.