Viviania albiflora (Cambess.) Reiche, Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1897

Ferreira, João Paulo Ramos, Hassemer, Gustavo, Campestrini, Sérgio, Weigend, Maximilian & Trevisan, Rafael, 2016, A revision of the extra-Andean Vivianiaceae, Phytotaxa 246 (1), pp. 23-36 : 25-33

Viviania albiflora (Cambess.) Reiche, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 14, 1897 ( Fig. 1 A–L ; 2 B–C )

≡ Caesarea albiflora Cambess., Mém. Mus. Par. 18: 374–375, 1829. Lectotype (designated by Lefor 1975):—Non infrequens prope praesidium S. Theresa et urbem Rocha, necnou in monte Pao de Assucar, in parte orientali provinciae Cisplatinae, s.d., Saint -Hilaire C 2 2024 (MPU018514!). Syntype: G00365804! photo, P00835314! photo, P00835315! photo P00835313! photo. Fragment: F935953!

= Caesarea albiflora var. β ramosa Cambess., Mém. Mus. Par. 18: 375, 1829. Lectotype (designated by Lefor 1975):—In collibus vulgò Cerro aspro, prope urbem Rocha, in parte orientali provinciae Cisplatinae, s.d., Saint-Hilaire C 2 2077 ( MPU018515 !), isolectotype P02428313! photo.

= Caesarea lanceolata Klotzsch, Linnaea 10: 437, 1836; Viviania lanceolata (Klotzsch) R. Knuth, Pflanzenr. 4 (129): 571, 1912.

Type:—“ Montevideo ”, s.d., Sellow s.n. (†B). Lectotype (designated here):—“ Montevideo ”, s.d., Sellow s.n. (K000531420! photo).

Syntype:—P05480404! photo.

= Caesarea montevidensis Klotzsch, Linnaea 10: 436, 1836; Viviania montevidensis (Klotzsch) Reiche, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 14, 1897.

Type:—“ Montevideo ”, s.d., Sellow 791 (†B). Lectotype (designated here):—“ Montevideo ”, s.d., Sellow 791 (P05480403! photo).

= Caesarea ovata Klotzsch, Linnaea 10: 436–437, 1836; Viviania klotzschii R.Knuth, Pflanzenr. 4 (129): 571, 1912. Type:—“ Brasilia ”,

s.d., Sellow s.n. (†B). Lectotype (designated here):—“ Brasilia ”, s.d., Sellow s.n. (K000531416! photo). Syntypes:—“ Brasilia ”, s.d.,

Sellow s.n. (K000531417! photo).

= Caesarea petiolata Klotzsch, Linnaea 10: 437, 1836. Viviania sellowii R.Knuth, Pflanzenr. 4(129): 571–572, 1912. Type:—“ Montevideo ”,

s.d., Sellow 1309 ( †B). Lectotype (designated here):—“ Montevideo ”, s.d., Sellow 1309 (P05480401! photo).

= Caesarea rubriflora Cambess., Mém. Mus. Par. 18: 375–376, 1829; Viviania rubriflora (Cambess.) R.Knuth, Pflanzenr. 4 (129): 569–570,

1912. Lectotype (designated by Lefor 1975):—Nascitur prope urbiculatum Villa do Castro in parte provinciae S. Pauli dicta Campos

Geraës, et in paludosis haud longe ab urbe Curytibba in parte australi ejusdem provinciae, s.d., Saint-Hilaire C 2 1557 (MPU019022!, isolectotypes: G00365803! photo, P00835318! photo, fragment: F935581!).

= Viviania paranensis R.Knuth, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 92, 1930. Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná: Serrinha: ad marginem silvulae,

14 October 1909, P.K.H. Dúsen 8557 (†B). Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Paraná: Serrinha : ad marginem silvulae, 14

October 1909, P.K.H. Dusén 8557 (NY778698! photo).

Decumbent herbs, with sprawling steams, usually radicant in the lower nodes, internodes 0.1–11.5 cm. Stems subcylindrical, hirsute to albo-tomentose. Leaves opposite sessile or petiolate, petiole 0.1–0.7 cm, pilose. Blades (0.5–)1–7 × 0.2–2 cm, twice or more long than wide, lanceolate, base truncate when leaves sessile or obtuse in petiolate leaves, margins entire to crenate, adaxially dark green with sparsely pubescent to villose between the veins, abaxially albo-tomentose. Flowers arranged mainly in the axils of the upper nodes of the stems in groups of 3 per node, subtended by four leaves. Peduncles 0.7–3.5 cm, filiform, tomentose. Calyx pentamerous, hirsute to tomentose, campanulate, 4–10 mm, united for 1/2–2/3 of its length, calyx lobes triangular, acute, with prominent veins. Petals 5, rose pink to purple, obtriangular, apex obtuse, 0.7–1.6 × 0.3–0.7 cm. Five glands at the base of insertion of filaments, emarginate, divided up to approx. half of their length, surrounding the ovary. Stamens 10, in two series, the largest ones growing above the glands and the smallest ones growing alternating with the glands. Anthers dorsifixed, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary 3-locular, hirsute, trichomes concentrated at the apex. Stigma trifid, 1–4 mm, deepely fissured. Style absent or 0.5–1.8 mm. Locules biovulate, lower ovule sometimes abortived, placentation axial. Fruit a hirsute capsule. Seeds brown, glabrous or pilose, smooth.

Phenology: Flowering July–April, fruiting October–March.

Distribution and habitat: Argentina in the Province of Misiones, southern Brazil (RS, SC, PR, SP, MG, also MS by Walter (2015)), and Uruguay. Generally occurs in Araucaria forest formations, also found in rocky outcrops in Uruguay.

Conservation status: Least Concern (LC).

Typification: Klotzsch (1836) mentioned that the type of the C. ovata are the materials collected by Sellow in “ Brasilia ” ( Brazil), without indicating locality, collector´s number or herbarium. Knuth (1912), in his review, observed the type material of Klotzsch and noted that these collections were Sellow 178 and 612 that were deposited at B herbarium. Lefor (1975) indicated that the type materials in B were lost, also did not indicate the collector´s number checked by Knuth (1912). However, looking at the pictures of the materials K000531416 and K000531417, we found that they contain the same information described in Klotzsch (1836) mentioned at the beginning of the paragraph. Besides, those K sheets present labels indicating a donation from B and they are annotated by Klotzsch under the name of Caesarea ovata . Thus, we consider all of these specimens as syntypes of V. klotzschii (= C. ovata ).

The situation with C. lanceolata is virtually identical: Klotzsch (1836) mentioned that the type of C. lanceolata are the specimens collected by Sellow in “ Montevideo ” ( Uruguay), with no specific location and without collector number or indicating herbarium. Knuth (1912), saw the type material of Klotzsch and mentioned that Sellow 2931 available in the herbarium B was the type material of Viviania lanceolata (= C. lanceolata ). Lefor (1975) indicated that the type material in B was lost, but did not indicate the collector´s number verified by Knuth. However, the photo of the material K000531420 contains the same information described in Klotzsch (1836) mentioned in the beginning of the paragraph. Besides, that K sheet presents label indicating a donation from B and it is annotated by Klotzsch under the name of Caesarea lanceolata . We therefore consider the specimen at K as syntype of V. lanceolata (= C. lanceolata ).

Observations: Specimens in Caesarea section presents high variability in both vegetative and reproductive traits, culminating, throughout this section history, in the description of seven taxa ( Viviania albiflora , V. klotzschii , V. lanceolata , V. montevidensis ( Klotzsch 1836: 436) Reiche (1897: 14) , V. paranensis , V. rubriflora , V. sellowii ), pointing out their major differences in vegetative traits ( Cambessèdes 1829; Klotzsch 1836; Knuth 1912, 1930).

Often, several arrangements of their characters, especially the vegetative ones, were sufficient to authors stablish new species ( Cambessèdes 1829, Klotzsch 1836, Knuth 1912, 1930). Knuth (1912) also presented an identification keys, which also states their mainly differences in leaf´s form; margin; dimension; indumentum; presence or absence of petiole and calyx length, but it clearly shows some overlapping features thorough these taxa. Therefore, making this tool unreliable.

Some sets of traits compared from the descriptions of these taxa provided by Knuth (1912, 1930) could distinguish some of them (see Table 1), in the first impression. However, the differences between taxa are more intuitive than proven.

Plants with sessile, adaxially glabrescent and crenate leaves square with the delimitation of the three taxa: V. montevidensis , V. paranensis and V. rubriflora ( Knuth 1912, 1930). As per description, these supposedly differ in calyx length and leaf size, but they actually overlap the values either by their description or by measurements of their type material. Along with that, some specimens possess crenate and entire leaf margins in the same individual.

Similarly, Viviania klotzschii and V. lanceolata share sessile and entire leaves, besides they should be differentiated in leaf shape (ovate leaves for V. klotzschii ; lanceolate leaves for V. lanceolata ) and margin (entire margins for V. klotzschii ; entire, sinuously revolute margins for V. lanceolata ) as pointed out by Klotzsch (1836) and Knuth (1912). However, the type material of these taxa do not show any clearly difference between them.

Moreover, all sessile and entire leaves specimens analysed in the work “appear” to possess entire leaves. As we looked those leaves from the abaxial point of view, we noticed that they all have revolute margins and when we unwound them, they revealed to have the same crenate margins we find in all crenate sessile specimens. Thus, all these five taxa ( V. lanceolata , V. klotzschii , V. montevidensis , V. paranensis and V. rubriflora ) possess none qualitative or quantitative attributes to distinguish them and they can be interpreted as part of entirely continuous range of variation.

According to Knuth (1912) the specimens of Viviania sect. Caesarea with petiolate leaves fall into two taxa, those with crenate margins into V. albiflora and those with entire margins into V. sellowii .

Investigating Viviania albiflora, Cambessèdes (1829) describes it as containing petiolate leaves, but with sessile leaves at its apex (as seen in some of the analysed materials in this study). Klotzsch (1836) pointed out that the taxa only presents sessile leaves. Then, Knuth (1912) describes it with petioles varying from 0.5–1 mm lenght, less commonly being subsessile. However, by looking the photos of the V. albiflora type, we can observe a transition of distinctly petiolate with somewhat crenate margins in the basal parts of the stem to sessile leaves with more entire margins in the distal part of the stem. This condition shows that V. albiflora presents the same range of variation the other taxa within Caesarea section, making the distinction of this taxon from the others found in Caesarea section morphologically unreliable.

Viviania sellowii was the taxa that included the most robust specimens, exhibiting the highest values found in the size of leaves, internodes and floral structures. The species possesses entire, petiolate leaves as described in Klotzsch (1836), but it still has some leaves with repand margins and less commonly crenulated margins, resembling V. albiflora . Therefore, we judged that all taxa in Caesarea section could be reduced under a single name.

Examining the distribution of the Viviania sect. Caesarea specimens in Brazil we perceived that these morphological variations occur sympatrically throughout the Araucaria Forest vegetation ( Figure 3 ).

The point is that the variation of morphological elements are so continuous in Caesarea section taxa, as described by Lefor (1975), and their distribution are somehow overlapping that we believe that all these seven taxa can be treated under the name of V. albiflora .

Material examined: : ARGENTINA. MISIONES: Cainguás: Pequeño campo a la entrada del Salto Golondrina, 27°07’S 54°29’W, 390 m, 8 November 2000, M.E. Múlgura de Romero et al. 2459 ( MBM) ; Salto las Golondrinas, 18 October 1975, E.M. Zardini et al. 941 ( LP) ; Guaraní: Camino a predio Guaraní, selva em galeria, mata ciliar, 26°49’17”S 54°14’08”W, 475 m, 27 September 2007, A. Schinini et al. 36878 ( MBM) ; Predio Guaraní, 26°54–59’S 54°12–18’W, 2 September 1999, S.G. Tressens et al. 6393 ( MBM) .

BRAZIL. Glaziou 19433 (C) ; MINAS GERAIS: Camanducaia: Monte Verde , 20 September 1986, G. Hashimoto s.n. ( MBM 273302 ) ; PARANÁ: Almirante Tamandaré : Y.S. Kuniyoshi 3715 ( MBM) ; Botiatuva, Rodovia do Minério , km 14, 7 September 1971, L.Th. Dombrowski 3632 ( MBM) ; Campo Magro , 23 September 1957, G.G. Hatschbach 4101 ( MBM) ; Marmeleiro , 7 August 1991, J.T. Motta 2262 ( MBM) ; Campo Largo: Rio Itaqui , BR-277, 23 January 1985, S. Ferrucci et al. 337 ( MBM) ; Clevelândia : 1026 m, 28 October 1956, G.G. Hatschbach 3343 ( MBM) ; 26 October 1969, G.G. Hatschbach 22687 (C; MBM) ; Coronel Domingo Soares: PR-449, Rio Chopim , 800m, 19 September 2001, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 72391 ( MBM) ; Curitiba: Bacacheri , 5 October 1983, G.G. Hatschbach 47850 ( MBM) ; Rio Barigui, Rodovia do Xisto , 2 October 1966, G.G. Hatschbach 14774 (C; F; HBR; MBM) ; General Carneiro: Fazenda Pizzato , 15 September 2007, A.C. Cervi et al. 9026 ( FURB) ; Rio Lageado, 12 Febuary 1966, G.G. Hatschbach et al.13743 ( MBM) ; Guarapuava: Água Santa Clara, 17 November 1963, E. Pereira 7950 & G.G. Hatschbach HH-10563 (B; LP; MBM) ; Palmeirinha , 19 August 1985, G.G. Hatschbach & A.C. Cervi 49547 ( FLOR; MBM) ; Rio das Mortes , 29 September 2001, E. Barbosa et al. 664 ( MBM) ; Inácio Martins: Monte alto, 21 January 1998, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 67498 ( MBM) ; Irati: Floresta Nacional de Irati , 850 m, 21 October 1986, Y.S. Kuniyoshi & F. Galvão 5064 ( EFC; MBM) ; Itaperuçu : locis graminosis humidis, 27 September 1914, G. Jonsson 1001a (C) ; Marmeleiro: Estrada Marmeleiro–Campo Erê , 21 Febuary 1971, G.G. Hatschbach 26387 ( MBM) ; Palmas : 19 October 1966, G.G. Hatschbach 15029 ( MBM) ; 14 December 1980, G.G. Hatschbach 43493 ( MBM) ; Horizonte , 1200 m, 18 September 2001, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 72368 ( MBM) ; Rodovia BR-280, 5–10 km L de Palmas, 16 September 1988, G.G. Hatschbach & J. M. Silva 52316 ( MBM) ; Rodovia BR-449, Km 5–10, 16 November 1998, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 68708 ( MBM) ; Palmeira: Fda. Sta. Rita , 21 January 1982, P. I. Oliveira 314 ( MBM; C) ; 22 July 1980, L. Dombrowski 11435 ( MBM) ; 2 September 1981, L. Dombrowski 12643 ( MBM), 13251 ( MBM) ; 13 October 1982, G.G. Hatschbach 45662 ( MBM) ; Serra das Almas , 13 January 1966, G.G. Hatschbach 13515 ( MBM) ; Paranaguá : 29 km para leste de Curitiba, 930 m, 12 December 1947, G. Tessmann s.n. ( MBM 321043 ) ; Pinhão: Rio Divisa , 20 September 1991, Y. N. Kuniyoshi & H. R. R. Abrão 34 ( MBM) ; Salto da Tia Chica, Rio Jordão , 9 September 1996, A.C. Svolenski & S. R. Ziller 191 ( EFC) ; Piraquara : 7 September 1946, G.G. Hatschbach 353 ( MBM) ; Nova Tirol , 6 October 1974, G.G. Hatschbach 34837 ( MBM) ; Ponta Grossa : arredores, 23 October 1991, C. B. Poliquesi & J. Cordeiro 85 ( FLOR; MBM) ; Campus da UTFPR, 25°03’12,2”S 50°07’04,7”W, 904 m, 3 November 2007, M. G. Caxambu et al. 1872 ( MBM) ; Furnas , 5 November 1964, L. T. Dombrowski et al. 752 ( MBM) ; Itaiacoca , 5 October 1995, J. M. Silva & J. M. Cruz 1556 ( FLOR; MBM) ; Parque Estadual de Vila Velha , 13 August 1990, J. M. Silva & I. Rauscher 876 ( MBM) ; Parque Estadual Vila Velha, Fortaleza , 25°14’24,00”S 49°59’37,00”W, 951 m, 1 September 2010, M. Verdi et al. 5645 ( FURB) ; Vila Velha , 11 November 1966, J. Lindeman & H. Haas 2970 ( MBM) ; Vila Velha , perto da fortaleza, 20 October 1989, A.C. Cervi et al. 2832 ( MBM) ; Quatro Barras: Estrada para o Morro Anhangava , 5 October 1989, O. S. Ribas & N. T. Kokubo 170 ( MBM) ; São José dos Pinhais: Várzea , 26 August 1953, G.G. Hatschbach 3239 ( HBR; MBM) ; Serrinha : ad marginem silvulae, 14 October 1909, P. H. K. Dusén 8557 (F) ; Tamandaré : 12 November 1942, C. Stellfeld 140 ( MBM) ; Tijucas do Sul: Rodeio , 16 December 1981, R. Kummrow 1594 ( MBM; F) ; RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Arroio dos Ratos: 28 August 1981, D.B. Falkenberg 231 ( FLOR) ; Granja Faxinal , 1 October 1977, K. Hagelund 11709 ( ICN) ; 29 July 1979, N. I. Matzenbacher s.n. ( ICN 49633 ) ; 24 July 1980, K. Hagelund 13314 ( ICN) ; Bagé : perto de Bagé, 2 April 1985, J. Mattos et al. 28909 ( FLOR) ; Barracão: Rio Bernardo José com rio Pelotas , 2 September 2000, J. Spanholi s.n. ( ICN 120901 ) ; Barros Cassal: Barros Cassal para Soledade , 13 November 1975, M.L. Porto et al. 1696 ( ICN) ; Caçapava do Sul : 30 November 2002, V.F. Kinupp & B.E. Irgang 2522 ( ICN) ; Fazenda do Posto , 12 km E de Lavras do Sul, no barranco da sanga, 17 October 1971, J.C. Lindeman & B.E. Irgang s.n. ( ICN 8647 ) ; Cambará do Sul: Faxinal , 14 September 1980, M. Sobral s.n. ( ICN 51654 ) ; 1 January 1985, M. Sobral 3675 ( ICN), M. Sobral & K. Esposito 3639 (F) ; Ponte sobre o rio Camisas , RS-020, 31 August 2002, V. F. Kinupp et al. 2450 ( ICN) ; Canela: Caracol , 16 November 1957, A.L. Cabrera & A.R. Schultz 1557 ( ICN; LP) ; Caracol caminho de Carao, 20 September 1960, Schultz 2370 ( ICN) ; Caracol, 8 Km N de Canela, parque estadual, no vale abaixo da cachoeira, 28 December 1972, J. C. Lindeman s.n. ( ICN 21808 ) ; Carazinho: marginal do rio da Várzea, afluente do rio Uruguai , 7 January 1945, Irmão Ludwig & Irmão Augusto s.n. ( ICN 18590 ) ; Caxias do Sul: Ana Rech , 780 m, 2 November 2000, L. Scur 804 ( MBM) ; 20 October 2001, L. Scur 915 (F; UCS) ; Faxinal, Ana Rech , 700 m, 22 October 1988, R. Wasum et al. s.n. ( MBM 125435 ) ; Criúva, Ilhéus , 750 m, 17 September 1988, M. Rossato et al. s.n. ( MBM 126077 ) ; Mulada , 21 August 2005, R.R. Cossio 32 ( ICN) ; some 10 km from Caxias do Sul, grounds of the hotel Samuara , 30 January 1994, T. M. Pedersen 15931 (C; F; MBM) ; Vila Oliva , 780 m, 12 January 2000, A. Kegler 533 ( MBM) ; Vila Seca , 780 m, 26 September 2004, F. Marchett 53 ( MBM) ; Encruzilhada do Sul : 23 September 1985, B. Irgang et al. s.n. ( ICN 67665 ) ; Farroupilha: São Roque , 23 July 1986, M. Poloni et al. s.n. ( FLOR 16291 ; MBM 109561) ; 2 October 1991, R. Wasum et al. s.n. ( MBM 148341 ) ; Giruá: Granja Sodol , October 1963, K. Hagelund 1063 ( ICN), 1064 ( ICN) ; 12 October 1966, K. Hagelund 4660 ( ICN) ; 16 November 1966, K. Hagelund 4882 ( ICN) ; Mariana Pimentel, Cerro Negro , 12 October 1983, L. A. Mentz s.n. ( ICN 59178 ) ; Gramado: Linha Quinze , August 1997, M. Sobral & S. Diesel 8488 ( ICN; MBM) ; Jaquirana: Fazenda Vitória , 850 m, 26 August 2005, Marchett 361 ( MBM) ; Jaquirana para São Francisco de Paula , 20 Febuary 1952, B. Rambo SJ 52055 ( HBR) ; Lavras do Sul : Mina Volta Grande , 5 October 1984, M. Sobral 3106 ( ICN) ; Montenegro: Linha Campestre , 450 m, 30 September 1946, A. Sehnem 2136 (B; C; FLOR) ; Muitos Capões: 53 km W de Vacaria, Rio Santa Rita , BR-285, km 53, 29 November 1980, A. Krapovickas & R. Vanni 37039 (C; F) ; Nova Petropolis: Nova Colônia , 27 August 1983, M. Sobral 2169 ( ICN) ; Nova Prata: RST 470, Km 161, 8 December 2005, V.F. Kinupp & H. Lorenzi 3107 ( ICN) ; Palmeira das Missões : 6 October 1975, K. Hagelund 9364 ( ICN) ; Panambi : 9 September 1968, B. Irgang 417 ( ICN) ; Paraíso do Sul: Cerro Gamela , 14 August 1991, J.A. Jarenkow et al. 1867 ( FLOR; MBM) ; Passo do Socorro: Passo do Socorro para Vacaria , 27 December 1951, B. Rambo SJ 51647 ( HBR; MBM; B) ; Piratini: Projeto de Assentamento Santo Antônio , 14 November 2007, M. Grings 1291 ( ICN) ; Planalto: Parque Estadual de Nonoai , 13 November 1976, M.L. Porto et al. 2332 ( ICN) ; Porto Alegre : 29 September 1966, s.col. ( ICN 4856 ) ; Morro São Pedro , 130–160 m, 12 October 2006, R. Setubal et al. 339 ( ICN) ; Santa Barbara do Sul : 18 km E de Santa Barbara do Sul (BR- 285 km 253), 22 November 1980, A. Krapovickas & R. Vanni 36785 ( BA) ; São Francisco de Paula : 30 October 2003, T.C. de Marchi 124 ( ICN) ; 28°57’45”S 50°32’22”W, 862 m, 10 October 2011, C.A. Marchett 102 ( FURB) ; Aratinga , 800 m, 25 January 1994, G.G. Hatschbach & J.M. Silva 61358 ( MBM) ; FLONA-SFP, 17 December 2006, G.D.S. Seger 384 ( ICN) ; Floresta Nacional I, 850 m, 24 September 1994, C. Dala Rosa et al. 10237 (B; MBM) ; na beira dum riacho, 3ª ponte após Tainhas , 25 July 1961, Schultz 2659 ( ICN) ; Flona , 2 October 2004, L. Milanesi s.n. ( ICN 143019 ) ; in dumentosis humidis, 1000 m, 12 Febuary 1948, Rambo 36525 ( ICN) ; RS- 110, 800 m, 7 September 1999, R. Wasum 100 ( MBM) ; RS- 235, 830 m, 3 November 2000, R. Wasum 647 ( MBM) ; São José dos Ausentes: Lajeadinho , 17 November 2008, J.M. Silva et al. 7287 ( MBM) ; São Leopoldo : 8 August 1938, Schultz 365 ( ICN) ; Sarandi: 18 Febuary 1942, Irmão Bésio s.n. ( ICN 18594 ) ; Soledade: Arroio Tatim , BR- 386 km 193, 8 December 1976, M. Fleig 200 ( ICN) ; Vacaria: Alto da Serra , 29 August 1975, R. Kummrow & W. Golte 942 (C; MBM) ; Viamão: Granja Negeubauer para Itapoan , 27 September 1950, B. Rambo SJ 48833 (B; HBR) ; Itapuã , 50 m, 8 September 1985, D.B. Falkenberg 3099 ( FLOR) ; Parque Saint’Hilaire , 26 August 1969, A.G. Ferreira 525 ( ICN) ; Vila Assis : BR- 386 km 193, 8 December 1976, S. Miotto et al. 206 ( ICN) ; SANTA CATARINA: Água Doce: Campos de Palmas , 6 December 1971, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 28311 ( MBM) ; Estrada de acesso unidade de amostragem UAP8 UAL2, 26°44’51.13”S 51°40’25.58”W, 1200 m, S. Campestrini et al. 476 ( FLOR) ; Rocky campo, Fazenda Esperança, Campos de Palmas , 6 km South of Horizonte, 26°38’S 51°37’W, 1100–1200 m, 4 December 1964, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 13491 ( LP) ; Anita Garibaldi: Estrada Anita Garibaldi—Celso Ramos, ao lado da serraria (cerca de 2 km de Anita) Boa Vista , 27°41’44”S 51°09’04”W, 874 m, 19 September 2006, E.S.G. Guarino et. al. 1135 ( FLOR) ; Bom Retiro : Campo dos Padres, 1800 m, 22 December 1949, R. Reitz 2711 ( HBR) ; Campo dos Padres , 2000 m, 16 December 1948, R. Reitz 2877 ( HBR) ; Campo dos Padres , 2200 m, 18 December 1948, R. Reitz 2554 ( HBR) ; Campo dos Padres, Morro da Bela Vista , 1700 m, 16 November 1956, Smith, Reitz & Klein 7662 ( HBR) ; Campo Belo do Sul: Fazenda Gateados , 28°02’5”S 50°50’59”W, 845 m, 15 December 2008, M. Verdi et al. 1241 ( FURB) ; Fazenda Gateados , 27°59’24”S 50°53’42”W, 875 m, 13 December 2008, M. Verdi et al. 1193 ( FURB) ; Campos Novos: 9 km west of Campos Novos on the road to Curitibanos , 800–900 m, 9 Febuary 1957, L.B. Smith & Klein 11142 ( HBR) ; 27°29’38”S 51°16’47”W, 903 m, 27 November 2011, L. Meyer et al. 175 ( FURB) ; beira de rodovia, 27°24’34”S 51°13’11”W, 907 m, 27 November 2011, L. Meyer et al. 144 ( FURB) ; Capão Alto: 16 km de BR-116, camino a Campo Belo do Sul , 14 January 1988, A. Krapovickas & C. L. Cristóbal 41977 (C; F) ; 27°55’16,00”S 50°34’15,00”W, 1066 m, 27 November 2011, L. Meyer et al. 160 ( FURB) ; Caçador: 8 km north of Caçador , 950–1100 m, 21 December 1956, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 8974 ( HBR; B) ; Chapecó: Fazenda Campo São Vicente, 24 km west of Campo Erê , 900–1000 m, 26–28 December 1956, Smith, Reitz & Sufr. 9494 ( HBR) ; Curitibanos: Ponte Alta do Sul , 900 m, 2 January 1962, Reitz & Klein 11340 ( FLOR; HBR) ; Grão Pará: Serra do Corvo Branco , 15 November 2008, J.M. Silva et al. 7093 ( MBM) ; Lages : 10 January 1951, B. Rambo SJ 49616 ( HBR; B) ; 27°45’45,03”S 50°10’52,00”W, 9 October 2006, A.L. de Gasper 473 ( FURB) ; 10 km de São Joaquim, estrada de Lages a São Joaquim , 1400 m, 22 October 1961, G. Pabst 6206 & E. Pereira 6379 (B; LP) ; Between Palmeiras and Lages , 800–900 m, 2 December 1956, L.B. Smith & Klein 8108 ( HBR) ; BR-116 15–20 Km S de Lages, 22 October 2004, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 78351 ( MBM) ; Campos dos Padres, Fazenda Campo dos Padres , 1650 m, 17–19 November 1956, Smith, Reitz & Klein 7696 ( HBR) ; Mafra: Campo Novo , 800 m, 7 September 1957, Reitz & Klein 4879 (F; HBR) ; Ponte Alta: Ponte Alta do Sul, Km 315, BR-116, 30 January 1973, A.Krapovickas et al., 23060 ( LP; MBM) ; Ponte Serrada : 52°W 26°50’S, 17 Febuary 1978, A. Krapovickas & C. L. Cristóbal 33698 (F; MBM) ; Praia Grande: Pedra Branca , 27 August 1978, Bruno Irgang & Luís s.n. ( ICN 68956 ) ; São Joaquim : 785 m, 14 October 2009, Martin Molz s.n. ( ICN 163698 ) ; Banks of Rio Taimbezinho, 1 km east of Bom Jardim da Serra , 1100–1200 m, 16 January 1957, L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 10201 ( HBR) ; Bom jardim, Fazenda da Laranja , 13 December 1958, Reitz & Klein 7869 ( HBR) ; Camino a Lajes, 10 Km de São Joaquim , em acequia, 1000 m, 15 December 1967, A. Lourteig 2183 (C) ; Pericó , 1150 m, 17 October 2004, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 78139 ( MBM) ; Urubici : Bahia, 17 October 2004, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 78168 ( MBM) ; Estrada Urubici, Rio Rufino , 27°57’54”S 49°38’42”W, 1233 m, 5 November 2013, A. C. Cervi et al. 10113 ( MBM) ; Morro da Igreja , entre 1° e a 2° portaria da área militar, 28°07’35.7”S 49°28’45.5”W, 1822 m, 1 November 2006, G.O. Romão et al. 1781 ( MBM) ; Subida para o Morro da Igreja , 28°03’21”S 49°29’18”W, 1155 m, 5 November 2013, A. C. Cervi et al. 10055 ( MBM) ; Vargem Bonita: Fazenda Marrecas , 7 August 2006, D. Liebsch 1115 ( MBM) ; Xanxerê: 17 km north of Abelardo Luz , 500–600 m, 25 December 1956, L. B. Smith & Reitz 9214 ( HBR) ; 5 km east of Faxinal dos Guedes , 700–900 m, 3 January 1957, L. B. Smith & Reitz 9806 ( HBR) ; Centro , terreno alagadiço, 17 December 2011, 26°52’20,31”S 52°23’57,94”W, 793 m, L.A. Funez 337 ( FURB) ; Vargeão, 13 November 2009, E. Barbosa et al. 2601 ( MBM). São Paulo: Cunha: Estrada entre Cunha e o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar Núcleo Cunha , cerca de 2 km do início da estrada, 23°12’S 44°0’W, 1000 m, 18 November 2006, E.J. Lucas et al. 456 ( MBM) .

URUGUAY. Colonia: Cerros de San Juan , 22 January 1977, T. M. Pedersen 11595 (C) ; Rio San Juan , cerros rochosos, 13 November 1931, A.L. Cabrera 3885 (F; LP) ; Lavalleja: Cerro Arequita : 11 October 1970, H.A. Fabris & F.O. Zuloaga 7895 ( LP) ; San José: Sierra Mahoma , 12 October 1970, A. Krapovickas & C.L. Cristóbal 16242 (C) ; Soriano: Cardona: Juan Jackson , 22 September 1940, Rosengurtt PE-5083 (C) .

Unknown locality: C. Berg. s.n. ( LP 11962 ) ; January 1865, Gilbert 931 ( LP) ; 16 September 1873, C. Berg. s.n. ( LP 36602 ) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Illustrations of Viviania albiflora and V. linostigma. A–L. Viviania albiflora: A–C. General morphological variation. D–H. Leaf variation. I. Flower. J. Petal. K. Stamens and gynoecium. L. Detail of gynoecium.M–R. V. linostigma: M. Habit. N. Leaf. O. Flower. P. Petal. Q. Stamens and gynoecium. R. Detail of gynoecium. Herbarium specimens: A,D,E,F: M. Poloni et al. s.n. (FLOR 16291); B,G: S. Campestrini et al. 476 (FLOR); C,H: R. Reitz & R.M. Klein 11340 (FLOR); M–R: R. Trevisan 1423 (FLOR). Illustrations by Leandro Lopes de Souza.

FIGURE 2. Species of Viviania that occur in Brazil. A. Floriferous branch of V. linostigma. B. Habit of V. albiflora. C. Flower of V. albiflora. Photos by Rafael Trevisan.

FIGURE 3. Distribution of Viviania albiflora.