Nesophrosyne kanawao Bennett

Bennett, Gordon M & O’Grady, Patrick M, 2011, Review of the native Hawaiian leafhopper genus Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with description of eight new species associated with Broussaisia arguta (Hydrangeaceae), Zootaxa 2805, pp. 1-25 : 20-21

Nesophrosyne kanawao Bennett sp. nov.

( Fig. 7 d)

Diagnosis. Length: male = 4.19mm, female = 5.45mm. Dark species. Clavus predominately and irregularly pale, pigmentation bleeding throughout clavus from claval veins; costal cells and proximal cells partly hyaline ( Fig. 7 d). Endemic to Kohala Mountain Range, Hawai’i Island.

Distribution. USA: Hawaiian Islands, Hawai’i, North West Kohala Mountain Range, 1520m, wet forest ( Fig. 3 ).

Measurements. Body length (n=4): Male (n=4) = 4.19mm (4.17mm – 4.21mm); Female (n= 4) = 5.45mm (5.3mm – 5.6mm). Genitalia (n=4): Pygofer = 0.56mm (0.55mm – 0.57mm); Style = 0.48mm (0.48mm – 0.49mm); Connective = 0.27mm (0.26mm – 0.28mm); Aedeagus lateral length = 0.36mm (0.34mm – 0.37mm); Aedeagus posterior height = 0.22mm (0.21mm – 0.23mm).

Material examined. Type Material: Holotype: 1 male, Hawaiian Islands, Hawai’i, Kohala Mountains, Kawaihae Oka, Pu'u O Umi Natural Area Reserve, Elevation: 1520m, N20 o 0 4.947 W155 o 45.128, 5October2006. Host Plant: Broussaisia arguta . Coll. G.M. Bennett. Deposited in the BPBM, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Type #: 17307. Additional Material: 5 males, 4 females, same as holotype. Deposited in the BPBM, Honolulu, Hawai’i.

Etymology. The kanawao species group is named after the Hawaiian word for Broussaisia arguta for the association of its constituent species with this plant species.

Discussion. There is considerable overlap in the external coloration between N. kanawao and N. aakokohaikea , despite relatively large COII percent divergence (COII % divergence avg. = 9.23%). Nesophrosyne kanawao occurs in the Kohala Range, which is higher in elevation than the described N. aakokohaikea . Similar to species in the broussaisiai species subgroup, it is unknown if adaptation to elevational gradients or geographic limits to dispersal contribute to speciation in this subgroup. Sampling from across Hawai’i Island on different volcanoes and at varying elevations would help elucidate this question.

Table 1. Cytochrome Oxidase II uncorrected pairwise distances for newly described Nesophrosyne species associated with

Broussaisia arguta .

Hawai’i Maui Moloka’i O’ahu Kaua’i Kohala Mauna Loa West Maui. Haleakalā Haleakalā Pu’u, Wai’anae Kōke’e Mtns. South Slope. N. Crater, E. North Slope, Kolekole. Mtns. State N. N. broussaisiai Maui. E. Maui. N. magnaccai N. Park. kanawao aakokohaikea N. kaupoi N. ogradyi makaihe N. heopoko Kohala Mtns. 0.0014

Hawai’i N. kanawao

Mauna Loa 0.0923 0.0182

South Slope.

N.

aakokohaikea

West Maui. 0.1067 0.1152 0.0077

N. broussaisiai

Haleakalā

0.0990 0.1282 0.1057 0

Maui Crater, E. Maui.

N. kaupoi

Haleakalā 0.1153 0.1269 0.0422 0.1124 0.0049

North Slope, E.

Maui.

N. ogradyi

Moloka’i Pu’u, Kolekole. 0.1521 0.1569 0.1360 0.1569 0.1416 0

N. magnaccai

O’ahu Wai’anae Mtns. 0.1573 0.1631 0.1324 0.1594 0.1450 0.1400 0 N. makaihe

Kaua’i Kōke’e State 0.1780 0.1862 0.1748 0.7872 0.1800 0.1774 0.1734 0

Park.

N. heopoko

Figures

FIGURE 3. Partitioned Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) species reconstructed in RAxML-VI-HPC v 7.2.5 under a GTR + I + Γ likelihood model with 100 bootstrap partitions. Gene partitions are according to the mitochondrial genome (COII, 16 s) and nuclear genome (H 3, Wingless). Subsections A & B highlight species relationships of newly described species occurring on the host plant Broussaisia arguta. A) Silhouette of full Maximum Likelihood phylogeny results. B) Nesophrosyne heopoko’s associated with other species on Kaua’i. C) Relationships of the species within the kanawao species group on Maui and Hawai’i. The numbers above branches are bootstrap support values.

FIGURE 7. Dorsal habitus of the species comprising the kanawao species group: A. N. broussaisiai, B. N. ogradyi, C. N. kaupoi, D. N. kanawao, and E. N. aakokohaikea.