Isoctenus charada, Polotow & Brescovit, 2009

Polotow, Daniele & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2009, Revision and cladistic analysis of Isoctenus and description of a new neotropical genus (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (3), pp. 583-614 : 600-607

ISOCTENUS CHARADA SP. NOV. ( FIG. 12A–D)

Type material: Male holotype from Usina Hidrelétrica de Segredo, Reservatório do Rio Jordão , Candói / Mangueirinha, Paraná, Brazil, 24.iv–4.v.1996, R. Bertani, deposited in IBSP 52464 ; Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female with the same data as holotype, deposited in IBSP 52463 .

Additional material examined: None.

Etymology: The species epithet is a Portuguese noun meaning ‘charade’.

Diagnosis: Isoctenus charada sp. nov. resembles I. segredo sp. nov. by the morphology of the RTA in male palp ( Fig. 12A, B), but can be distinguished by the robust median apophysis with elongated anterior projection and the basal projection of embolus large and curved in male palp ( Fig. 12A) and by the short and large median field, slender lateral spurs and spermathecae with a head and base large in the epigynum ( Fig. 12C, D).

Description: Male (holotype). Coloration as in I. segredo . Total length 8.90. Carapace 4.80 long and 3.30 wide. Clypeus 0.20 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.16, ALE 0.20, PME 0.23, PLE 0.22. Leg measurements: I: femur 4.00/ patella 1.80/ tibia 3.80/ metatarsus 3.30/ tarsus 1.60/ total 14.50; II: 3.70/ 1.80/ 3.80/ 3.30/ 1.60/ 13.00; III: 3.30/ 1.70/ 2.70/ 3.10/ 1.30/ 12.10; IV: 4.50/ 1.70/ 3.80/ 4.20/ 1.70/ 15.90. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except metatarsus I and II r0-1-0, p-1-1-0. Palp: tibia short, approximately half cymbium length; RTA with conical ventral branch and short and robust dorsal branch with internal grooves; tibia with elongated ventral apophysis ( Fig. 12A, B). Cymbium with conical ventral retrolateral projection and truncated dorsal retrolateral projection; short and laminar embolus with rounded tip; median apophysis with rounded posterior projection ( Fig. 12A).

Female ( IBSP 52463). Coloration as in I. segredo . Total length 9.50. Carapace 4.40 long and 3.30 wide. Clypeus 0.16 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.18, ALE 0.18, PME 0.24, PLE 0.21. Leg measurements: I: femur 3.20/ patella 1.60/ tibia 2.70/ metatarsus 2.30/ tarsus 1.00/ total 10.80; II: 3.00/ 1.60/ 2.40/ 2.30/ 1.00/ 10.30; III: 2.70/ 1.40/ 2.00/ 2.40/ 0.90/ 9.40; IV: 3.40/ 1.50/ 3.00/ 3.80/ 1.30/ 13.00. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except metatarsus III p1-1-1-1. Epigynum: median field with anterior margin slightly excavated and lateral margins rounded; lateral spurs not covered by the median field and with projected tip ( Fig. 12C). Ventral wall with a fold covering part of the spermathecae ( Fig. 12D).

Variation: Two males: total length 8.50–8.90.

Distribution: Southern Brazil, State of Paraná.

ISOCTENUS HERTELI (MELLO- LEITÃO, 1947) COMB. NOV. ( FIG. 13A–D)

Ctenus herteli Mello-Leitão, 1947 , fig. 24 (female holotype from Volta Grande, Piraquara, Paraná, Brazil, ii.1945, R. Hertel, deposited in MHCI 2476, examined); Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron, 1989: 1026; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus mourei Mello-Leitão, 1947 , fig. 25 [male lectotype and male paralectotype from Barigüi, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, R. B. Lange, deposited in MHCI 2517 and 2516, designated by Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron (1989), examined]; Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron, 1989: 1026; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Paraná: Curitiba, Barigüi , 2 males ( MHCI 1003 , 1017–1023 ) ; 1 male ( IBSP) ; Piraquara (Volta Grande), 1 female ( MHCI 2223 ); (Banhado) , 1 female ( IBSP) ; 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ 13421 ) .

Diagnosis: Isoctenus herteli comb. nov. resembles I. minusculus comb. nov. by the morphology of the embolus in male palp ( Fig. 13A), but can be distinguished by the short tibia, ventral branch of RTA truncate, dorsal branch of RTA short and robust, and robust and large median apophysis with elongated anterior projection in male palp ( Fig. 13A, B) and by the short and large median field and spermathecae with a robust head in the epigynum ( Fig. 13C, D).

Description: Male ( MHCI 2516). Coloration as in I. foliifer . Total length 8.80. Carapace 4.70 long and 3.70 wide. Clypeus 0.18 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, ALE 0.20, PME 0.24, PLE 0.21. Leg measurements: I: femur 4.60/ patella 2.00/ tibia 4.50/ metatarsus 4.10/ tarsus 1.90/ total 17.10; II: 4.20/ 1.90/ 3.60/ 3.60/ 1.60/ 14.90; III: 3.60/ 1.60/ 3.00/ 3.50/ 1.40/ 13.10; IV: 4.50/ 1.80/ 4.20/ 5.50/ 2.00/ 18.00. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except tibia I and II p1-1-0, metatarsus I and II r1-1-0, p-1-1-0. Palp: tibia approximately half cymbium length; tibia with large ventral apophysis ( Fig. 13A, B). Cymbium with short and rounded ventral and dorsal retrolateral projection ( Fig. 13B); short and laminar embolus with hooked tip and basal projection short and robust; median apophysis with rounded posterior projection ( Fig. 13A).

Female (holotype). Coloration as in I. foliifer . Total length 12.80. Carapace 6.40 long and 4.90 wide. Clypeus 0.26 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.22, ALE 0.20, PME 0.40, PLE 0.30. Leg measurements: I: femur 5.10/ patella 2.50/ tibia 5.40/ metatarsus 3.90/ tarsus 1.60/ total 18.50; II: 4.80/ 2.50/ 4.40/ 3.70/ 1.60/ 17.00; III: 4.30/ 2.10/ 3.60/ 3.70/ 1.60/ 15.30; IV: 5.50/ 2.40/ 5.10/ 5.80/ 1.90/ 20.70. Leg spination as in I. foliifer . Epigynum: median field with anterior margin smooth; slender lateral spurs not covered by the median field and with slightly projected tip ( Fig. 13C). Spermathecae with large head and reduced base; ventral wall with a fold covering part of the spermathecae ( Fig. 13D).

Variation: Four males: total length 8.50–9.50, carapace 4.50–5.00, femur I 4.20–4.70; two females: total length 9.00–12.70, carapace 4.50–5.70, femur I 4.00–4.60.

Distribution: Southern Brazil, State of Paraná.

ISOCTENUS MINUSCULUS ( KEYSERLING, 1891) COMB. NOV. ( FIGS 14A–D, 19B)

Ctenus minusculus Keyserling, 1891: 149 , pl. 5, fig. 102 (female holotype from Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1.vii.1890, E. Keyserling, deposited in BMNH 2915, examined); Pickard- Cambridge, 1897: 65, 77; Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: 411; Mello-Leitão, 1936: 3, 11, pl. 1 fig. 16, pl. 2 figs 17, 18; Mello-Leitão, 1947: 270; Bonnet, 1956: 1285; Platnick, 2008.

Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: 1 male, 3 females ( MNRJ 41666 ) ; Sobradinho, 1 female ( MCN 3797 ) ; Farroupilha, 1 female ( MCN 8303 ) ; São Francisco de Paula , 1 female ( MCN 1669 ) ; Caxias do Sul, 1 female ( MCN 1667 ) ; Canela, 1 female ( MCN 12361 ) ; Triunfo, 1 female ( MCN 7318 ) ; Porto Alegre, 1 female ( MCN 14401 ) ; 1 female ( MCTP 3908 ); ( Reserva Biológica do Lami ) , 1 male, 1 female ( MCTP 411 ) ; 1 male ( MCN 4227 ) , all collected by A. A. Lise; Guaíba , 1 female ( MCTP 6072 ) ; 1 female ( MCN 2289 ) ; Montenegro, 1 female ( MCN 6072 ) ; Osório, 1 male ( MCN 1900 ) ; Viamão, 1 female ( MCTP 6215 ); (Médio Arroio Pesqueiro, 30°09′S 50°57′W) , 1 male, 1 female ( MCN 33184 ); ( Passo do Vigário ) , 1 male ( MCTP 3224 ); ( Morro do Coco ) , 1 male ( MCN 11283 ) .

Diagnosis: Isoctenus minusculus comb. nov. resembles I. herteli comb. nov. by the morphology of the embolus ( Fig. 14A) in male palp, but can be distinguished by the long and thin tibia, ventral branch of RTA short and laminar, dorsal branch of RTA short and thin with rounded tip and internal grooves and robust median apophysis in male palp ( Fig. 14A, B) and by the median field with a median area rounded and elevated, lateral spurs short and laminar and spermathecae smooth with a small head in the epigynum ( Fig. 14C, D).

Description: Male ( MCTP 3224). Coloration as in I. segredo . Total length 8.70. Carapace 4.60 long and 3.40 wide. Clypeus 0.18 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.16, ALE 0.16, PME 0.24, PLE 0.20. Leg measurements: I: femur 4.40/ patella 1.90/ tibia 4.10/ metatarsus 3.90/ tarsus 2.10/ total 16.40; II: 3.90/ 1.80/ 3.40/ 3.30/ 1.70/ 14.10; III: 3.60/ 1.60/ 3.00/ 3.30/ 1.50/ 13.00; IV: 4.70/ 1.80/ 4.30/ 5.20/ 2.00/ 18.00. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except tibia II r0-1-0, metatarsus I and II r0-1-0, p1-1-0. Palp: tibia short, approximately twothirds cymbium length with short and curved ventral apophysis ( Fig. 14A, B). Cymbium with reduced ventral retrolateral projection and short dorsal retrolateral projection ( Fig. 14B); embolus short and laminar with hooked tip and basal projection short and curved ( Fig. 19B); median apophysis with conical anterior and posterior projection ( Fig. 14A).

Female ( MCTP 6072). Coloration as in I. segredo . Total length 13.30. Carapace 6.80 long and 5.00 high. Clypeus 0.24 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.23, ALE 0.22, PME 0.30, PLE 0.30. Leg measurements: I: femur 5.20/ patella 2.70/ tibia 4.70/ metatarsus 4.00/ tarsus 1.80/ total 18.40; II: 4.80/ 2.60/ 4.00/ 3.60/ 1.80/ 16.80; III: 4.50/ 2.10/ 3.50/ 3.80/ 1.80/ 15.70; IV: 5.70/ 2.40/ 5.00/ 6.10/ 2.20/ 21.40. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except tibia II p0-1-0. Epigynum: oval median field, with anterior margin slightly excavated and posterior margin rounded; lateral spurs not covered by the median field and partially projected over the median field ( Fig. 14C). Spermathecae with a small head and large base; ventral wall with a slight fold behind the spermathecae ( Fig. 14D).

Variation: Ten males: total length 7.40–8.50, carapace 4.20–4.50, femur I 4.00–4.30; ten females: total length 8.60–11.30, carapace 3.40–5.40, femur I 2.80–4.50.

Distribution: Southern Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul.

ISOCTENUS STRANDI MELLO- LEITÃO, 1936

( FIGS 15A–D, 19C)

Isoctenus strandi Mello-Leitão, 1936: 20 , pl. 2 fig. 43 (female holotype from Paranaguá, Paraná, Brazil, O. Leonardos, deposited in MNRJ 41185, currently MNRJ 41875, examined); Mello-Leitão, 1936: 18; Mello-Leitão, 1947: 272; Bonnet, 1957: 2312; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus pauper Mello-Leitão, 1947: 271 , figs 26, 27 [females lectotype and paralectotype from Barigüi, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, x.1944, R. B. Lange, deposited in MHCI 2518 and 2519, designated by Pinto-da- Rocha & Caron (1989), examined]; Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron, 1989: 1026; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus mourei Mello-Leitão, 1947 , fig. 25 [only male paralectotype from, Barigüi, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, R. B. Lange, deposited in MHCI 2445, designated by Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron (1989), examined]. Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron, 1989: 1026; Platnick, 2008.

Additional material examined: BRAZIL. São Paulo: Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso , 1 male, v.2000, G. Machado ( IBSP 38103 ) . Paraná: Candói / Mangueirinha, Usina Hidrelétrica de Segredo, Reservatório do Rio Jordão , 4 males ( IBSP 7225 , 7228 , 11018 ) ; Pinhão , 1 female ( MCN 22216 ) ; Curitiba , 2 female ( MHCI 1407 , 2071 ); (Barigüi) , 1 female ( MHCI, 1960); (Instituto Florestal) , 1 male, 1 female ( MHCI 2921–2922 ) ; Morretes, Parque Estadual Pico do Marumbi , 2 males, 5 females ( IBSP 7310 , 7311 , 7313 – 7315,7317 , 7335 ) ; 1 male ( MHCI 3533–3534 ) ; Matinhos, Caiobá , 2 female ( MHCI 1963 , 992 ) ; Tijucas do Sul, Lagoa , 6 males, 8 females ( IBSP 39108 , 39138 , 39148 , 39150 , 39226 , 39241 , 39244 ) ; Telêmaco Borba , 3 females ( IBSP 6567 ) . Santa Catarina : Mafra, Avencal, 2 males, 2 females ( MHCI 1843–1848 ) .

Diagnosis: Isoctenus strandi resembles I. malabaris by the morphology of tibia and presence of two small apical spines in male palp ( Fig. 15A, B) and morphology of the spermathecae in the epigynum ( Fig. 15D), but can be distinguished by the ventral and dorsal branches of RTA large and robust ( Fig. 15A, B), short embolus ( Fig. 19C) and slender median apophysis in male palp ( Fig. 15A) and by the subquadrangular median field in the epigynum ( Fig. 15C).

Description: Male ( MHCI 2921). Coloration as in I. foliifer , except a lighter arrow mark in abdomen dorsum. Total length 9.90. Carapace 5.40 long and 4.50 wide. Clypeus 0.22 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.19, ALE 0.18, PME 0.24, PLE 0.26. Leg measurements: I: femur 5.00/ patella 2.30/ tibia 5.10/ metatarsus 4.80/ tarsus 2.10/ total 19.30; II: 4.90/ 2.20/ 4.20/ 4.30/ 1.80/ 17.30; III: 4.30/ 1.90/ 3.50/ 4.40/ 1.70/ 15.80; IV: 5.50/ 2.10/ 5.00/ 6.60/ 2.20/ 21.40. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except tibia II r0-1-0; metatarsus I and II r1-1-0, p1-1-0. Palp: tibia short, approximately half cymbium length; short ventral apophysis ( Fig. 15A, B). Cymbium with conical ventral and dorsal retrolateral projection ( Fig. 15B). Embolus with hooked tip and basal projection short and curved; median apophysis with elongated anterior projection and robust posterior projection ( Fig. 15A).

Female (holotype). Coloration as in I. foliifer . Total length 12.80. Carapace 6.60 long and 5.00 wide. Clypeus 0.18 high. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.16, PME 0.27, PLE 0.22. Leg measurements: I: femur 5.20/ patella 2.90/ tibia 5.50/ metatarsus 4.20/ tarsus 1.60/ total 19.40; II: 5.10/ 2.60/ 4.90/ 3.90/ 1.60/ 18.10; III: 4.50/ 2.10/ 3.70/ 4.20/ 1.50/ 16.00; IV: 6.00/ 2.40/ 5.20/ 5.10/ 1.70/ 20.40. Leg spination as in I. foliifer , except tibia II p0-1-0. Epigynum: median field with anterior margin slightly excavated; lateral spurs robust not covered by the median field and with a rounded tip ( Fig. 15C). Spermathecae with large head and small and projected base; ventral wall slightly elevated ( Fig. 15D).

Variation: Ten males: total length 7.20–9.50, carapace 4.00–5.10, femur I 3.30–4.50; ten females: total length 10.60–13.10, carapace 4.50–5.80, femur I 3.50–4.80.

Distribution: South-eastern and southern Brazil, States of São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina .

ISOCTENUS MALABARIS POLOTOW ET AL., 2007

( FIG. 19D)

Isoctenus malabaris Polotow et al., 2007: 216 , figs 1–5 (male holotype and female paratype from Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata (29°28′21″S, 50°09′25″W), São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 02.i.2001, R. Ott, deposited in MCN 39321 , examined; paratypes with same data as holotype: 3 males and 3 females, deposited in IBSP 51957, 51958; MCTP 17142, 17143; MZSP 25327, 25328, examined). Platnick, 2008.

Additional material examined: None.

Diagnosis: Isoctenus malabaris resembles I. strandi by the morphology of tibia and presence of two small apical spines in male palp ( Polotow et al., 2007, figs 1, 2) and morphology of the spermathecae in the epigynum ( Polotow et al., 2007, figs 3–5), but can be distinguished by conical ventral branch of RTA, slender dorsal branch of RTA, elongated embolus ( Fig. 19D) and robust median apophysis in male palp ( Polotow et al., 2007, figs 1, 2) and by the oval median field projected posteriorly and short lateral spurs in the epigynum ( Polotow et al., 2007, figs 3–5).

Description: Male and female are described in Polotow et al. (2007, figs 1–5).

Distribution: Southern Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul.

GENUS PARABATINGA GEN. NOV.

( FIGS 16, 17, 20C)

Type species: Parabatinga brevipes ( Keyserling, 1891) comb. nov.

Etymology: The species epithet is a Tupi noun ‘paraba’ means spot and ‘tinga’ means white, and refers to the white spots in ventral abdomen.

Diagnosis: Parabatinga gen. nov. is distinguished from other Cteninae genera by the dorsal branch of RTA with hyaline tip ( Fig. 17A, B), embolus with distal hyaline projection ( Fig. 16C) and median apophysis with a prolateral laminar process ( Fig. 16D). Females of Parabatinga gen. nov. are distinguished by spermathecae oval and dorsally projected ( Fig. 17D).

Description: Medium-sized ecribellate spiders. Total body length (males and females): 10.20–22.35. Carapace piriform. Thoracic groove longitudinal. Chilum divided. Eyes: ctenoid pattern 2-4-2, with the anterior and posterior row recurved in dorsal view. Clypeus with long, erect black bristles. Clypeus high proportional to AME diameter. Eyes round, except the anterior lateral oval. Chelicerae promargin of fang furrow with three teeth, the median almost twice as high as the laterals; retromargin with three similar sized teeth; intermarginal denticles present between pro- and retromarginal teeth. Endites three times labium length, with external lateral margin excavated, distally truncate. Subapical serrula. Labium short, as long as wide, with rounded tip bearing dense apical scopula. Sternum oval, not extending between legs IV. Leg formula 4123. Trochanters deeply notched. Ventral scopula on tarsi and metatarsi dense in females and light in males. Tibiae I and II with five pairs of ventral spines and metatarsi I and II with tree pairs of ventral spines. Smooth tarsal organ with rounded aperture and a distal fold ( Fig. 16A). Rounded trichobothria with four transverse grooves ( Fig. 16B). Tarsi with two pectinate claws and dense claw tufts. Female pedipalp claw pectinate with three elongated teeth ( Fig. 20C). Abdomen oval with numerous dorsal erect black bristles.

Male palp: Tibia short, approximately half cymbium length; RTA divided in ventral branch short and conical and dorsal branch sinuous and elongated with rounded and hyaline tip; ventrobasal depression of cymbium to accommodate the ventral tibial apophysis short and curved ( Fig. 17A, B). Cymbium elongated, distally coniform and proximally subrectangular; ventrobasal depression of cymbium delimited retrolaterally by a voluminous and ventrobasally projected fold ( Fig. 17A, B); tegulum oval, with prolateral depression to accommodate the embolus and with a large hyaline area, at median apophysis and embolus base, divided by a short and large sclerotized area ( Fig. 17B); embolus short and large, with a basal prolateral projection that notches on to a depression on the subtegulum (locking lobes sensu Griswold, 1993) ( Fig. 17A); median apophysis robust, prolaterally excavated and retrolaterally convex (cup-shaped sensu Griswold, 1993) ( Fig. 17A); conductor laminar, short and hyaline, not involving the tip of embolus ( Fig. 16C); subtegulum well developed and prolaterally positioned, with approximately one-third tegulum area; median area of the subtegulum with a depression limited by a basal projection, to notch on to the basal prolateral projection of the embolus ( Fig. 17A).

Epigynum: Divided into median and lateral fields, which bear lateral spurs; median field with anterior margin deeply excavated, rounded posterior margin and projected lateral margins; lateral projections positioned anteriorly and prolonged as an internal wall, partially visible in ventral view; copulatory openings situated anteriorly ( Fig. 17C). Copulatory ducts short, covered by a ventral wall; fertilization ducts short, originating from basal area of the spermathecae ( Fig. 17D).

Composition: Only the type species, P. brevipes .

PARABATINGA BREVIPES ( KEYSERLING, 1891) COMB. NOV. ( FIGS 16, 17, 20C)

Ctenus brevipes Keyserling, 1891: 148 , fig. 101 (female holotype from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1.vii.1890, R. von Ihering, deposited in BMNH 2914, examined); Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 65, 77; Pickard- Cambridge, 1902: 411; Strand, 1909b: 410; Mello- Leitão, 1936: 7; Mello-Leitão, 1947: 270; Bonnet, 1956: 1276; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus taeniatus Keyserling, 1891: 151 , fig. 104 (male holotype from Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1.vii.1890, R. von Ihering, deposited in BMNH 2912, examined); Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 65, 74; Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: 413; Mello-Leitão, 1936: 3, 5, 13; Bonnet, 1956: 1290; Eickstedt, 1977: 213; Simó & Brescovit, 2001; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus thomasi Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: 403 , figs 1, 2 (female holotype from La Plata, Argentina, 11.x.1897, O. Thomas, deposited in BMNH 122, not examined); Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: 411, 413; Mello- Leitão, 1933: 47; Eickstedt, 1977: 213 (syn.); Bonnet, 1956: 1291; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus tatarandensis Tullgren, 1905: 48 , pl. 7 fig. 22 (female holotype from Tatarenda, Bolívia, B. E. Nordenskiöld, deposited in SMNH, examined); Bonnet, 1956: 1291; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus anisitsi Strand, 1909a: 311 (female holotype from Villa Sana, Paraguay, 19.i.1903, J. D. Anisits, deposited in ZMB, examined); Bonnet, 1956: 1275; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus atrivulvus Strand, 1909a: 314 (female holotype from Bahia, Brazil, deposited in ZMB, examined); Bonnet, 1956: 1275; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus mentor Strand, 1909a: 315 (female holotype from Santa Catarina , Brazil, deposited in ZMB, examined); Bonnet, 1956: 1285; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus brevipes brevilabris Strand, 1909b: 410 (female holotype from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, deposited in ZMB 30718 , examined); Bonnet, 1956: 1276; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus binotatus Mello-Leitão, 1936: 6 , pl. 1 fig. 2 (female holotype from Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, deposited in IBSP 152, currently IBSP 424, examined); Mello-Leitão, 1936: 5; Eickstedt, 1977: 213 (syn.); Bonnet, 1956: 1276; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus gynheraldicus Mello-Leitão, 1936: 8 , pl. 1 fig. 9 (female holotype from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 19.viii.1935, O. J. Batista, deposited in IBSP 181, not examined, lost); Mello-Leitão, 1936: 5; Lehtinen, 1967: 254; Eickstedt, 1977: 213 (syn.); Bonnet, 1956: 1282; Platnick, 2008.

Ctenus albovittatus Mello-Leitão, 1939: 74 , figs 56– 58 (male holotype from Leones, Córdoba, Argentina, Bleek-Heitz, deposited in NMB 1166a, examined); Eickstedt, 1977: 213 (syn.); Bonnet, 1956: 1274; Platnick, 2008.

Isoctenus masculus Mello-Leitão, 1939: 527 , figs 9, 10 (male holotype from Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina , Brazil, 16.ix.1936, V. Sesconetto, deposited in IBSP 984, examined); Bonnet, 1957: 2312; Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Ctenus birabeni Mello-Leitão, 1941: 157 , pl. VIII fig. 35 (immature holotype from Juramento, Salta, Argentina, deposited in MLP 14822 , examined); Platnick, 2008. Syn. nov.

Additional material examined: COLOMBIA. Meta: Puerto Lleros, Lomalinda, 73°22′W, 3°18′N, 2 male ( CAS) ; San Ignácio, 3 females ( IBSP 4893 ) . BRAZIL. Pará: Serra Norte , 1 male ( MPEG) ; Tocantins: Palmas, 1 female ( MCN 22617 ) . Maranhão: Balsas, 1 female, 1 male ( IBSP 36595 , 36597 ) . Sergipe: São Cristóvão, Campus UFSE, 1 female ( IBSP 10383 ) ; Santa Luzia do Itanhi, Mata do Crasto , 1 female ( IBSP 10162 ) . Mato Grosso: Nova Mutum, 1 male ( IBSP 29530 ) . Goiás: Niquelândia, Área U.H.E., Serra da Mesa, Margem esquerda do Rio Bagagem , 14°01′S, 48°18′W, 2 males ( IBSP 6268 ) ; Mineiros, Parque Nacional das Emas, 1 female ( IBSP 9527 ) ; Catalão, 2 males ( IBSP 26243 ) . Distrito Federal: Brasília, 1 male, 8 females ( IBSP 2806 , 2807 , 2808 , 2809 , 2810 , 2813 , 2814 , 2815 ) . Bahia: Paulo Afonso, Raso da Catarina , 2 males ( IBSP 7255 , 7256 ) ; Barro Alto, 1 female ( IBSP 159 ) ; Nova Redenção, 1 female ( IBSP 20978 ) ; Cachoeira, 1 female ( IBSP 3416 ) ; Porto Seguro, 4 males ( IBSP 4222 ) . Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, 1 male, 3 females ( IBSP 20573 , 20575 , 20577 ) ; Camapuã, 3 females ( IBSP 2349 ) ; Terenos, 1 female ( IBSP 1051 ) ; Paranaíba, 1 male, 2 females ( IBSP 6551 , 6553 , 6554 ) ; Dourados, 1 male ( IBSP 4969 ) ; Bodoquena, Serra da Bodoquena , 1 female ( IBSP 33024 ) ; Bataguassú, Fazenda Orelha de Onça , 1 female ( IBSP 35419 ) . Minas Gerais: João Pinheiro, 1 female ( IBSP 8519 ) ; Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó , 2 females ( IBSP 8361 , 8365 ) ; Uberaba, 1 male, 28.VIII.1968 ( MHCI 4298 ) ; Indianópolis, 1 male, 1 female ( IBSP 7631 ) ; Fronteira, 1 female ( IBSP 3561 ) ; Santa Bárbara, Parque Nacional da Serra da Caraça , 1 male ( IBSP 7423 ) ; Poços de Caldas , 1 female ( IBSP 5257 ) . Espírito Santo: São Mateus, Reserva Florestal Vale do Rio Doce , 2 males ( IBSP 12748 , 12763 ) ; São José do Calçado, Rio Itabapuana, Usina Hidrelétrica do Rosal , 1 female ( IBSP 26452 ) . Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 1 female, 2 males ( MNRJ 388 , 674 ) . São Paulo: Pereira Barreto, Usina Hidrelétrica de Três Irmãos , 6 males, 1 female ( IBSP 4855 ) ; Dobrada, 1 female ( IBSP 4234 ) ; Itapira, 1 male ( IBSP 3204 ) ; Maracaí, 1 female ( IBSP 5513 ) ; Monte Mor, 2 males ( IBSP 2704 ) ; Rancharia, 1 female ( IBSP 3472 ) ; São Carlos, 1 male ( IBSP 3206 ) ; Águas de Santa Bárbara , 1 male, 2 females ( IBSP 6964 , 6969 ) ; Pinhalzinho, 1 male ( IBSP 20131 ) ; Piracaia, 1 female ( IBSP 7410 ) ; Vinhedo, 1 female ( IBSP 24066 ) ; Assis, 1 male ( IBSP 4227 ) ; Itupeva, 1 female ( IBSP 3614 ) ; Jundiaí, 2 males ( IBSP 14445 ) ; Sorocaba, 1 male ( IBSP 6399 ) ; São Paulo, 5 females, 1 male ( IBSP 1382 ) ; Ibiúna, 1 female ( IBSP 2712 ) ; Igaratá, 1 male ( IBSP 20417 ) ; Miracatu, 1 female ( IBSP 3697 ) . Paraná: Ponta Grossa, 1 female ( IBSP 24039 ) . BOLIVIA. La Paz: Rio Blanco , 1 female ( IBSP 4699 ) . Santa Cruz: Buena Vista , 1 female ( IRSN) . Beni: 1 male, 1 female ( CBF) . PARAGUAY. Departamento Central: Assunción, 1 female ( IBSP 8441 ) . URUGUAY. Canelones: Marindia, 1 male ( IBSP 4038 ) . Lavalleja: Solis de Mataojo , 1 female ( IBSP 4042 ) ; Cerro Arequita, 1 female ( IBSP 4049 ) ; Aguas Blancas, 1 female ( IBSP 4039 ) . Colonia: Colonia (Astilleros), 1 female ( IBSP 4046 ) .

Diagnose: As in generic description.

Description: Male ( IBSP 23889). Carapace, sternum, endites, labium, legs and dorsal abdomen brown; black ventral abdomen, with two white points close to the spinnerets and two white points next to the epigastric furrow. Total length 12.60. Carapace 7.10 long and 5.30 wide. Clypeus 0.30 high. Eye diameters: OMA 0.28. OLA 0.24. OLP 0.32. OMP 0.38. Leg measurements: I: femur 6.10/ patella 2.80/ tibia 5.90/ metatarsi 5.20/ tarsi 2.50/ total 22.50; II: 5.20/ 2.50/ 4.70/ 4.50/ 1.80/18.70; III: 4.60/ 2.10/ 3.90/ 4.60/ 1.60/ 22.80; IV: 6.30/ 2.50/ 5.30/ 6.90/ 2.20/ 23.20. Leg spination: tibia I e II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, III e IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsi I e II v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, III v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, IV v1-1-1-1-1-1, p1-1- 1-1, r1-1-1-1. Palp: as in generic description.

Female ( IBSP 23889). Coloration as in male. Total length 14.30. Carapace 6.80 long and 5.10 wide. Clypeus 0.32 high. Eye diameters: OMA 0.24, OLA 0.21, OLP 0.28, OMP 0.34. Legs measurement: I: femur 5.30/ patella 2.70/ tibia 4.80/ metatarsi 3.90/ tarsi 1.70/ total 18.40; II: 4.50/ 2.60/ 3.80/ 3.70/ 1.60/ 16.20; III: 4.10/ 2.00/ 3.10/ 3.60/ 1.60/ 14.40; IV: 5.50/ 2.40/ 4.70/ 6.00/ 1.90/ 20.50. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III and IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, metatarsi I and II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, IV v1-1-1-1-1-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1-1. Epigynum: as in generic description.

Variation: Ten males: total length 10.20–14.10, carapace 5.40–7.50, femur I 4.70–6.80; ten females: total length 11.40–22.35, carapace 6.20–9.50, femur I 5.30–7.50.

Distribution: Colombia, States of Maranhão, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná, north, north-east, south-east and southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.