Megaloptera, Latreille, 1802

Martins, Caleb C., Ardila-Camacho, Adrian, Rivera-Gasperín, Sara Lariza, Oswald, John D., Liu, Xingyue & Contreras-Ramos, Atilano, 2022, A world checklist of extant and extinct species of Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida), European Journal of Taxonomy 812 (1), pp. 1-93 : 6-12

Keys to Megaloptera families, subfamilies and genera

Keys for the identification of the higher taxa of Megaloptera down to genus (for adults) or subfamily (for larvae) are presented below. Both extant and extinct taxa are included in the keys. Names for taxa that contain only extinct species known from pre-Holocene fossils are preceded by a dagger (†); names for taxa that contain both extant and extinct species are followed by “(+ †)”; names for taxa that contain only extant species are unannotated.

Key 1: World families and subfamilies of Megaloptera (adult males & females)

(after New & Theischinger 1993; New 2004; adults of † Sharasialinae are unknown)

1. Forewing: length> 17 mm (large species); RP many-branched (≥3 main branches) ( New & Theischinger 1993: fig. 11) ........................................................................................ 2 ( Corydalidae )

– Forewing: length <17 mm (small species); RP few-branched (≤2 main branches) ( New & Theischinger 1993: fig. 17) ....................................... Sialidae : Sialinae (+†) (cosmopolitan; Key 5)

2. Head: subquadrate, postocular ridge and spine present ( New & Theischinger 1993: fig. 13); male abdomen: segment IX with well-developed gonostylus (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 2) ............................... ............................................................. Corydalinae (+†) (subcosmopolitan, not Australian; Key 3)

– Head: subtriangular, postocular ridge and spine absent ( New & Theischinger 1993: figs 1b-c); male abdomen: segment IX without gonostylus (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5) .................................................... .......................................................................................... Chauliodinae (+†) (cosmopolitan; Key 4)

Key 2: World families and subfamilies of Megaloptera (larvae)

(after Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a)

1. Abdomen: segment 10 bearing 1 long terminal filament ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a: fig. 8.3) ..................................................................................................................2 ( Sialidae )

– Abdomen: segment 10 bearing 2 clawed prolegs ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a: fig. 8.4–8.5) ................................................................................................................ 3 ( Corydalidae )

2. Abdomen: segment 8 without a pair of lateral filaments ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a: fig. 8.3) .......................................................................................... Sialinae (+†) (worldwide)

– Abdomen: segment 8 with a pair of lateral filaments ( Ponomarenko 2012: fig. 1a) .......................... ......................................................................................... †Sharasialinae († Sharasialis ) ( Mongolia)

3. Abdomen: ventrolateral gill tufts present on most segments ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a: fig. 8.3e) ......................................... Corydalinae (+†) (worldwide except Australian region)

– Abdomen: ventrolateral gill tufts absent ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018a: fig. 8.7) ..... .......................................................................................................... Chauliodinae (+†) (worldwide)

Key 3: World genera of Corydalidae : Corydalinae (adult males & females)

(after Glorioso 1981; adults of † Corydalites Scudder, 1878 are unknown)

1. Wings: MP simple ( Glorioso 1981: figs 14–15); male abdomen: gonostylus 10 digitiform (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 2b) ..................................................................................................................................... 2

– Wings: MP branched ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 17); male abdomen: gonostylus 10 papiliform (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 2e, h) or strongly associated with gonocoxite 10 (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3f) ...................... 4

2. Head: postocular ridge with spine well developed ( Glorioso 1981: figs 62–63); forewing: CuA 3–5-branched ( Glorioso 1981: figs 14–15); male abdomen: gonostylus 9 articulated with 9 th tergite ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 29) .................................................................................................................... 3

– Head: postocular ridge with spine poorly developed ( Penny 1993: fig. 1); forewing: CuA 2-branched ( Penny 1993: fig. 1); male abdomen: gonostylus 9 not articulated with 9 th tergite (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 2b) ................................................................. Chloroniella Esben-Petersen, 1924 ( South Africa)

3. Body: generally brightly colored (especially yellow) ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018b: fig. 1b–c); head: male mandible never elongate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 62); forewing: RP with basalmost branch bifurcate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 14); CuA 3-branched ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 14) .............................................. Chloronia Banks, 1908 ( Mexico, Central and South America)

– Body: generally darkly colored (especially brown) ( Ardila-Camacho & Contreras-Ramos 2018b: fig. 1f); head: male mandible usually elongate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 63); forewing: RP with basalmost branch simple ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 15); CuA 4–5-branched ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 15) ....................................................... Corydalus Latreille, 1802 (+†) (New World, † Germany)

4. Head: male postocular ridge not explanate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 59); forewing: RA-RP space with>3 crossveins ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 17) ................................................................................................... 5

– Head: male postocular ridge explanate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 61); forewing: RA-RP space with 3 crossveins ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 16) ..................................................................................................... ...................................................... Platyneuromus van der Weele, 1909 ( Mexico, Central America)

5. Head: male antenna filiform or moniliform ( Glorioso 1981: figs 59–60); forewing: A1 and A2 not fused, joined basally by a crossvein (1a1-a2; so 1A clearly 2-branched) ( Glorioso 1981: figs 20–21); male abdomen: genital papilla absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3b, e); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 12b) ....................................................................................................... 6

– Head: male antenna subserrate ( Glorioso 1981: figs 56–57); forewing: A1 and A2 fused basally for a short distance (giving the impression that 1A is 3-branched) ( Glorioso 1981: figs 18–19); male abdomen: genital papilla present (a rugose membranous lobe beneath male gonocoxite 10) ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 35); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 present (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 11e–f) ...................... .................................. Protohermes van der Weele, 1907 ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia

6. Head: vertex lacking spines ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 59); male mandible never elongate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 59); male abdomen: tergite 9 semiannular, not divided at midline into a pair of hemitergites (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3a); sternite 9 without a posterolateral lobe (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3b) ..................... 7

– Head: vertex bearing a pair of spines ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 60); male mandible elongate ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 60); male abdomen: tergite 9 divided at midline into a pair of hemitergites (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 4a); sternite 9 with a posterolateral lobe (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 4b) ............................................... ......................... Acanthacorydalis van der Weele, 1907 ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

7. Head: labrum margin sparsely setose ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 8); thorax: pronotum with lateral stripes (F. Yang et al. 2018: fig. 5d) or completely dark brown (F. Yang et al. 2018: fig. 5c); male abdomen: sternite 9 elongated posteromedially (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3b); gonostylus 10 elongated, papiliform (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3c) ...................................................................................................................... ............................... Neoneuromus van der Weele, 1909 ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

– Head: labrum margin more densely setose ( Glorioso 1981: fig. 9); thorax: pronotum with two subrectangular lateral marks on each side ( Liu et al., 2012a: fig. 2); male abdomen: sternite 9 not elongated posteromedially (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3e); gonostylus 10 short, strongly associated with gonocoxite 10 (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 3f) ............................................................................................... ............................................... Nevromus Rambur, 1842 ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

Key 4: World genera of Corydalidae : Chauliodinae (adult males & females)

(after Penny 1999; Liu et al. 2012b; Cardoso-Costa et al. 2013)

1. Forewing (and also hindwing): RP with basalmost branch bifurcate ( Evans 1972: figs 50, 64); male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 not fused with gonocoxite 10 (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8b–c) (unknown in fossil genera); female abdomen: ectoproct emarginate, bilobed posteriorly (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 15b) (unknown in fossil genera) ............................................................................................................... 2

– Forewing (and also hindwing): RP with basalmost branch simple ( Liu et al. 2014: figs 1–3); male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 fused with gonocoxite 10 (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8e–f) (unknown in fossil genera); female abdomen: ectoproct entire, not bilobed posteriorly (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 15a, c) (unknown in fossil genera) ............................................................................................................... 5

2. Forewing: ≤ 2 nygmata ( Liu et al. 2012b: figs 1g, 2d); MA with>1 branch ( Liu et al. 2012b: figs 1g, 2d) ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

– Forewing: ≥ 5 nygmata ( Evans 1972: fig. 64); MA simple ( Evans 1972: fig. 64) ............................ 4

3. Forewing: RP 3-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 1g); MA 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 1g); hindwing: MA 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 1g); MP simple ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 1g) ........... .................................................... † Eochauliodes Liu, Y. Wang, Shih, Ren & D. Yang, 2012 ( China)

– Forewing: RP 5-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 2d); MA 3-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 2d); hindwing: MA 4-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 2d); MP 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2012b: fig. 2d) .... ............................................................................. † Jurochauliodes B. Wang & Zhang, 2010 ( China)

4. Hindwing: MP 2-branched ( Evans 1972: fig. 50); male abdomen: ectoproct long, bilobed posteriorly (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8c); female abdomen: spiracle 8 posteriorly placed, opening near posterior margin of tergite 8 ( Evans 1972: fig. 56) ................. Dysmicohermes Munroe, 1953 ( Canada, USA)

– Hindwing: MP simple ( Evans 1972: fig. 64); male abdomen: ectoproct short, not bilobed posteriorly ( Evans 1972: fig. 65); female abdomen: spiracle 8 anteriorly placed, opening near middle of tergite 8 ( Evans 1972: fig. 67) ......................................................................... Orohermes Evans, 1984 ( USA)

5. Hindwing: MA 2-branched ( Flint 1983: fig. 1) ................................................................................ 6

– Hindwing: MA simple ( Liu et al. 2014: figs 1–3) ............................................................................ 9

6. Hindwing: RP with second branch from base 2-branched ( Tillyard 1926: fig. U1); male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 with small setae ( Liu & Winterton 2016: fig. 4l, o) (unknown in fossil genus) ......... 7

– Hindwing: RP with second branch from base simple ( Flint 1983: fig. 1); male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 asetose ( Flint 1983: fig. 4) ..................................................... Nothochauliodes Flint, 1983 ( Chile)

7. Hindwing: radiomedial area with three crossveins ( Tillyard 1926: fig. U1); RP with>2 crossveins between its two basalmost branches ( Tillyard 1926: fig. U1) .......................................................... 8

– Hindwing: radiomedial area with four crossveins ( Ponomarenko 1980: fig. 43); RP with one crossvein between its two basalmost branches ( Ponomarenko 1980: fig. 43) .................................... ...................................................................................... † Cretochaulus Ponomarenko, 1976 ( Russia)

8. Head: male antenna filiform, without whorls of prominently erect setae on each flagellomere; female flagellomeres subtrapezoidal; female abdomen: gonostylus 9 thick, robust ( Flint 1973: fig. 26) ...... ............................................ Protochauliodes van der Weele, 1909 ( Canada, USA, Chile, Australia)

– Head: male antenna moniliform, with whorls of prominently erect setae on each flagellomere ( Liu & Winterton 2016: fig. 1a); female flagellomeres ovoid; female abdomen: gonostylus 9 slender or absent ( Liu & Winterton 2016: fig. 5a-c) ........................... Neohermes Banks, 1908 ( Mexico, USA)

9. Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 with small setae (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8e); genital papilla present (a rugose membranous lobe beneath male gonocoxite 10) (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8h); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 present, conoidal (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 15a) .............................................................. 10

– Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 asetose (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5b); genital papilla absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5e); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 13c) or pulvinate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 13b) ............................................................................................................................................11

10. Forewing: A1 and A2 fused basally for a short distance ( Liu et al. 2013d: fig. 1); male abdomen: sternite 9 rectangular in ventral view, apex as wide as base (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8h); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 present (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 15a) ............................................................................. ..................................................................... Taeniochauliodes Esben-Petersen, 1924 ( South Africa)

– Forewing: A1 and A2 not fused, joined basally by a crossvein (1a1-a2) ( Liu et al. 2014: figs 1–3); male abdomen: sternite 9 trapezoidal in ventral view, apex narrower than base (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 8e); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 15c) ..................................... .................................................................................... Madachauliodes Paulian, 1951 ( Madagascar)

11. Forewing: crossvein 1a1-a2 arising from anterior branch of A2 ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 48–49); male abdomen: ectoproct bearing claw-like setae on apex (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5b–c) ................. 12

– Forewing: crossvein 1a1-a2 arising from stem of A2 ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 50–51); male abdomen: ectoproct lacking claw-like setae on apex (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7b–c) .......................... 13

12. Forewing: A1 3- or 4-branched ( Yang & Liu 2010: fig. 13a); male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 with median plate not bifurcate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5b) ........................................................................... .................................................................... Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 ( China, India, Vietnam)

– Forewing: A1 2-branched ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 48–49); male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 with median plate bifurcate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 5e) ................................................................................. .................................................................. Chauliodes Latreille, 1796 (+†) († Russia, Canada, USA)

13. Male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 with median plate not bifurcate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7h); female abdomen: tergite 9 height ca 2× height of tergite 8 in lateral view (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 13b); gonocoxite 8 subtriangular in ventral view .................................................................................... 14

– Male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 with median plate bifurcate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7e); female abdomen: tergite 9 height ca 1–1.5× height of tergite 8 in lateral view (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 14a); gonocoxite 8 subquadrate in ventral view (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 14d) .................................................................. 17

14. Hindwing: crossvein 1rp-ma (sigmoid vein) connected to MP by a crossvein ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 50–51); male abdomen: tergite 9 ca 3× as long as sternite 9 in lateral view (i.e., sternite 9 much shorter than tergite 9) (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 6f) ............................................................................... 15

– Hindwing: crossvein 1rp-ma (sigmoid vein) not connected to MP by a crossvein ( Cardoso-Costa et al. 2013: fig. 2); male abdomen: tergite 9 ca 1–1.5× as long as sternite 9 in lateral view (i.e., sternite 9 almost as long as tergite 9) (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7i) ........................................................... .................................................................... Puri Cardoso-Costa, Azevêdo & Ferreira, 2013 ( Brazil)

15. Head: male antenna subserrate ( Liu & Ansorge 2020: fig. 4e); forewing: RP with second and third branches from base straight ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 50–51); 2A with both branches strongly curved ( Bowles & Sites 2015: figs 50–51) ..................................................................................... 16

– Head: male antenna pectinate ( Liu & Ansorge 2020: fig. 4b); forewing: RP with second and third branches from base strongly curved posteriorly ( Liu &Ansorge 2020: fig. 4b); 2A with both branches weakly curved ( Liu & Ansorge 2020: fig. 4b) .................................................................................... .............................. Neochauliodes van der Weele, 1909 ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

16. Male abdomen: ectoproct without brush-like setae (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 6c); gonocoxite 11 present (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 6b); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 present (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 13b) ............. ......................................................................... Nigronia Banks, 1908 (+†) ( USA, Mexico, † Russia)

– Male abdomen: ectoproct with brush-like setae (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 6e); gonocoxite 11 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 6f); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 13d) ...................... .................................................... Parachauliodes van der Weele, 1909 ( China, Japan, South Korea)

17. Head: male antenna not pectinate ( Liu et al. 2011c: fig. 1); hindwing: crossvein 1rp-ma (sigmoid vein) not connected to MP by a crossvein ( Theischinger 1999: fig. 7); male abdomen: ectoproct densely covered by spinous setae (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7e); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 fused, present as a single broad plate (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 14d) ............................................................... 18

– Head: male antenna pectinate ( Liu & Ansorge 2020: fig. 4a); hindwing: crossvein 1rp-ma (sigmoid vein) connected to MP by a crossvein ( Liu & Ansorge 2020: fig. 4a); male abdomen: ectoproct without spinous setae (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7b–c); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 free, present as a pair of separate plates (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 14b) ................................................................................ ........................ Ctenochauliodes van der Weele, 1909 ( China, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand)

18. Forewing: CuA 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2011c: figs 1–6); male abdomen: ectoproct without a ventral lobe (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 7d); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 absent (Liu et al. 2016: fig. 14c) ...... ......................................................................................................................................................... 19

– Forewing: CuA simple ( Theischinger 1999: fig. 7); male abdomen: ectoproct with a ventral lobe (Theischinger 1983: fig. 9); female abdomen: gonostylus 9 present (Theischinger 1983: fig. 12) .... ................................................................................... Apochauliodes Theischinger, 1983 ( Australia)

19. Male abdomen: sternite 9 with a membranous distal lobe (Theischinger 1983: figs 8–11); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 large, plate-like ......................................................................................... ............................................ Archichauliodes van der Weele, 1909 ( Chile, New Zealand, Australia)

– Male abdomen: sternite 9 without a membranous distal lobe (Theischinger 1983: figs 8–11); female abdomen: gonapophysis 8 narrow, subtriangular ............................................................................... ........................................................................ Platychauliodes Esben-Petersen, 1924 ( South Africa)

Key 5: World genera of Sialidae : Sialinae (adult males & females)

(after Liu et al. 2015d; Ardila-Camacho et al. 2021; adults of Sharasialinae [† Sharasialis Ponomarenko, 2012 ] are unknown)

1. Forewing: MA 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8a-c) ................................................................... 2

– Forewing: MA simple ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8g –i) .......................................................................... 6

2. Forewing: costal area weakly broadened proximally (maximum proximal width 1–1.5× width of distal costal area) ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8a–b); simple distal part of MA1 ca 0.8–1.5× length of simple distal part of MP1 ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8a–b) .................................................................... 3

– Forewing: costal area strongly broadened proximally (maximum proximal width ca 2× width of distal costal area) ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8l); simple distal part of MA1 ca 2× length of simple distal part of MP1 ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8l) ......................................... † Proindosialis Nel, 1988 ( France)

3. Forewing: ra-rp crossveins all more or less perpendicular to RA and RP ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8a, g); male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 present (as a weakly sclerotized lobe) ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 9a–d) .. ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

– Forewing: 1–2 ra-rp crossveins inwardly oblique (i.e., proximal angle of crossvein with RA >> distal angle) ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8b–c); male abdomen: gonocoxite 10 absent ( Liu et al. 2015d: figs 10a–d, 11a–d) ............................................................................................................................. 5

4. Forewing: medio-cubital space with 2 crossveins ( Liu et al. 2015d: figs 1a, 8a); CuA 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: figs 1a, 8a) ................................................. Austrosialis Tillyard, 1919 ( Australia)

– Forewing: medio-cubital space with 1 crossvein ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8j); CuA 3-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8j) ..................................... † Dobbertinia Handlirsch in Schröder, 1920 ( Germany)

5. Forewing: costal space with proximal subcostal veinlets not strongly oblique ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8b); male abdomen: tergite 9 without a digitiform posteroventral process ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 10c); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 fused, present as a single sclerite ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 10f) .................................................................................... Stenosialis Tillyard, 1919 ( Australia)

– Forewing: costal space with (most) proximal subcostal veinlets strongly oblique ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8c); male abdomen: tergite 9 with a digitiform posteroventral process ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 11c); female abdomen: gonocoxites 8 free, present as a pair of sclerites ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 11f) ......... ............................................... Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part ( L. necopinata ) ( South Africa)

6. Forewing (and also hindwing): RP 4-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8e, g); male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 widely separated ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 16b, d) ........................................................ 7

– Forewing (and also hindwing): RP ≥ 5-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 18h–i); male abdomen: gonocoxites 9 closely adjacent medially ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 18h, l) .............................................. .......................................................... Sialis Latreille, 1802 (+†) (Asia, † Europe and North America)

7. Forewing: MP simple ( Liu et al. 2015d: figs 1c, 8e) ........................................................................ 8

– Forewing: MP 2-branched ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8f–g) ................................................................. 10

8. Wings: RP with basalmost branch bifurcate ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8e–f) ........................................ 9

– Wings: RP with basalmost branch simple ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 1c) ................................................. ................................................... Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920 part ( L. africana ) ( South Africa)

9. Hindwing: MA-MP space with 2 crossveins ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8e); male abdomen: sternite 9 without an elongate median lobe ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 13b–c) ......................................................... ......................... Indosialis Lestage, 1927 (+†) ( East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, † Turkey)

– Hindwing: MA-MP space with 1 crossvein ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8k); male abdomen: sternite 9 with an elongate median lobe ( Nel et al. 2002: fig. 5) ................................................................................ ............................................... † Eosialis Nel, Menier, De Ploëg, Hodebert & Danvin, 2002 ( France)

10. Male abdomen: gonostylus 9 absent ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 14c–d); female abdomen: gonocoxite 8 without longitudinal median incision ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 15d) ...................................................11

– Male abdomen: gonostylus 9 present (Ardila-Camacho et al. 2021: figs 3–5); female abdomen: gonocoxite 8 with longitudinal median incision (Ardila-Camacho et al. 2021: fig. 6c–d) ................ ......................................... Caribesialis Ardila-Camacho, Martins & Contreras-Ramos, 2021 ( Cuba)

11. Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 large, not subtriangular ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 14c); ectoprocts free ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 14c–d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin not projected, dorsal region planar ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 15c) ...................................................... 12

– Male abdomen: gonocoxite 9 small, subtriangular ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 16c); ectoprocts fused sagittally and closely surrounding anus ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 16c–d); female abdomen: tergite 9 in lateral view with posterodorsal margin projected, generating a dorsal convex curvature ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 16e) ..................................................................... Protosialis van der Weele, 1909 ( USA)

12. Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from MA (generally near its base) ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8f); base of CuP clearly distant from base of A1 ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8e); male abdomen: median process of gonocoxite 11 directed posteroventrad ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 14c–d) ............................................ 13

– Forewing: crossvein 1r-m arising from stem of M ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8d); base of CuP very close to base of A1 ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8d); male abdomen: median process of gonocoxite 11 directed posterodorsad ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 12c–d) ......................... Haplosialis Navás, 1927 ( Madagascar)

13. Forewing: subcostal veinlets absent in pterostigma region (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); crossvein 1a2- a3 absent (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2a); male abdomen: ectoproct with a slender, weakly sclerotized projection (Huang et al. 2016: fig. 2b) ............................................................................................... .................................. † Haplosialodes Huang, Azar, Engel, Cai, Garrouste & Nel, 2016 ( Myanmar)

– Forewing: subcostal veinlets present in pterostigma region ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8f); crossvein 1a2- a3 present ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 8f); male abdomen: ectoproct without a slender, weakly sclerotized projection ( Liu et al. 2015d: fig. 14c) ................................................................................................. ................................................ Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (+†) ( Mexico, Central and South America)