Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake and Kominami ex Oda)

Kakkonen, Jenni E., Worsfold, Tim M., Ashelby, Christopher W., Taylor, Andrea & Beaton, Katy, 2019, The value of regular monitoring and diverse sampling techniques to assess aquatic non-native species: a case study from Orkney, Management of Biological Invasions 10 (1), pp. 46-79 : 53-55

(16) Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake and Kominami ex Oda)

Gert Hansen and Ø. Moestrup, 2000

Status in U.K. – cryptogenic.

During the surveys considered here, Karenia mikimotoi has been recorded from Scapa Flow on a single occasion, from a phytoplankton sample in 2015. However, it has frequently been identified in Scottish waters and was responsible for significant blooms recorded in 1999, 2003 and 2006 in Orkney and surrounding waters ( Davidson et al. 2009). It was described from Japan and has a near cosmopolitan distribution. Based on this, Streftaris et al. (2005) regarded it as non-native in Europe and Minchin (2007a) likewise regarded it as non-native in Ireland. Hégaret et al. (2008) consider that relocation of bivalve molluscs for aquaculture represents a potential vector for its spread and van den Bergh et al. (2002) likewise suggest

species 20 15

cryptogenic 10 5 NNS Cryptogenic and

NNS 0 gates

of

. No

Stenness

sluice

of

Bridge Brig

Waithe

.

O Point

. Bu 3

4. Hoy,

Moaness Pier. The

Hurdles

5 6

Cöln

. SMS 7.

Vanguard 8 Sound

. Gutter

Grinds

9. The. 10 Royal

Oak. Riddock 11 Shoal STS 2 STS Between 3 and 3 4 Between STS and STS. STS 1 14. 2 15 STS. 16 STS 3 17 4. STS Sound. 18 Clestrain middle () Flow Scapa. / Sound Sound Switha. 21 Kirkwall Marina 22 Marina. Stromness. Marina Westray 23. 24 Pier Burwick Pier Houton 25. Pier Kirkwall Harbour / 27 Scapa. Pier 28 Tingwall. Pier Piers. Flotta 29. Flotta Jetty 30 Buoy Scapa. 1 31 Buoy Holm 32 2. 3 Buoy. Burray 33 34 Buoy Longhope 4. Buoy. 5 35 Longhope Buoy Shapinsay 6 36. Shapinsay 37. Buoy 7 8 38. Buoy Sound Calf. 9 39 Sound Calf Buoy Eday. 10 Buoy 40 Pier Stronsay 41 12 Buoy. 42 Buoy Fersness 13. 43 Pierowall 14 Buoy. Rousay 15. 44 Buoy 16 Buoy Papa Westray Ronaldsay North 17. 18 47 Kettletoft Buoy Bay buoy mooring Ore mooring Hatston buoy

Loch

2

..

19

Hoxa

26. 45. Buoy. 48.. 49

12 13.

. 20 46

1

Location

that transplantation of Japanese oysters to France from 1966 onwards may have aided its invasion. Transport in ballast water represents another potential vector. However, contrary to these opinions, Gómez (2008) simply regarded K. mikimotoi as cosmopolitan and likely transported by water currents. Given this conflict we herein regard it as cryptogenic pending further investigation.