Phaoniini Malloch, 1917

Michelsen, Verner, 2022, Costal vein chaetotaxy, a neglected character source in Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera: Calyptratae), European Journal of Taxonomy 826, pp. 94-134 : 117-121

Tribe Phaoniini Malloch, 1917

A large tribe with currently 18 recognized genera; species from eight genera were examined ( Table 1 ).

• Metopomyia Malloch, 1922 , Phaomusca Malloch, 1926 , Pictia Malloch, 1926 , Prohardya Pont, 1969, Souzalopesmyia Albuquerque, 1951

The examined species of the above genera share the prevalent muscid state A 4 in which vein C is bare dorsally and extensively setulose ventrally: Metopomyia atropunctipes Malloch, 1922 , Phaomusca bakeri Malloch, 1926 , Pictia xanthoceras (Walker, 1859) , Prohardya (3 spp) and Souzalopesmyia singularis (Stein, 1911) .

• Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 ( Fig. 13A–B )

Most of the 30+ species of Helina examined (including many unidentified ones from Australia) are without setulae dorsally on vein C (state A4, Fig. 13A ). A few species stand out by having dorsal setulae on CS2 and CS3 or on CS3 only (state A7): Helina allotalla (Meigen, 1830) ( Fig. 13B ), H. spinicosta (Zetterstedt, 1845) and H. pulchella (Ringdahl, 1918) . It was further observed that some female H. quadrum (Fabricius, 1805) and H. vicina (Czerny, 1919) have developed a short row of dorsal setulae on CS2 (state A6).

• Lophosceles Ringdahl, 1922

Most species examined have dorsal setulae on CS2 and CS3 only (state A7): Lophosceles cinereiventris (Zetterstedt, 1845) , L. impar (Zetterstedt, 1845) , L. minimus (Malloch, 1919) and L. mutatus (Fallén, 1825) . Only Lophosceles frenatus (Holmgren, 1872) differs by having dorsal costal setulae on CS1‒CS3 (state A8).

• Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 ( Fig. 14A–D )

Most examined species of this large genus are without setulae dorsally on vein C (state A4): Phaonia alpicola (Zetterstedt, 1845) , P. angelicae (Scopoli, 1763) ( Fig. 14A ), P. apicalis Stein, 1914 , P. asiatica Hennig, 1963 , P. atronitens Malloch, 1921 , P. aurata Zinov’ev, 1992, P. aureipollinosa Xue & Wang, 1986 , P. bambusa Shinonaga & Kano, 1971 , P. bambusella Zinov’ev, 1992, P. basisetosa Zinov’ev, 1992, P. bitincta (Rondani, 1866) , P. boleticola (Rondani, 1866) (males), P. chalinata (Pandellé, 1899) , P. cincta (Zetterstedt, 1846) , P. consobrina (Zetterstedt, 1838) , P. czernyi Hennig, 1963 , P. errans (Meigen, 1826) , P. exoleta (Meigen, 1826) , P. flavomaculata Malloch, 1921 , P. fuscicoxa Emden, 1965 , P. gobertii (Mik, 1881) , some P. gracilis Stein, 1916 , P. halterata (Stein, 1893) , P. himalaica Zinov’ev, 1992, P. hirtirostris (Stein, 1907) , P. hybrida (Schnabl, 1888) , P. impura Zinov’ev, 1987, P. incana (Wiedemann, 1817) , P. kambaitiana Emden, 1965 , P. kashmirensis Malloch, 1921 , P. kobica Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911, P. laeta (Fallén, 1823) , P. latipullatoides Wang & Xue, 1997 , P. lugubris (Meigen, 1826) , P. macroomata Xue & Yang, 1998 , P. mediterranea Hennig, 1963 , P. meigeni Pont, 1986 , P. michelseni Zinov’ev, 1992, P. nitidula Zinov’ev, 1992, P. nymphaearum (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) , P. pallidisquama (Zetterstedt, 1849) , P. perdita (Meigen, 1830) , P. pratensis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) , P. pura (Loew, 1873) , P. regalis (Stein, 1919) , P. rufipalpis (Macquart, 1835) , P. rufivulgaris Xue & Wang, 1989 , P. scutellata (Zetterstedt, 1845) (except some females), P. serva (Meigen, 1826) , P. shanxiensis Zhang et al., 1985 , P. sordidisquama Stein in Becker, 1908, P. subfuscinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) , P. subventa (Harris, 1780) (except some females), P. sytschevskajae Hennig, 1963 , P. thomsoni Malloch, 1921 , P. trimaculata (Bouché, 1834) (except some females), P. tuguriorum (Scopoli, 1763) (except some females), P. valida (Harris, 1780) , some P. villana Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and P. wahlbergi Ringdahl, 1930 .

It was found that Phaonia aeneiventris (Zeterstedt, 1845) , P. amicula Villeneuve, 1922 , P. boleticola females, P. canariensis Villeneuve in Frey, 1936, P. fuscata (Fallén, 1825) , some P. gracilis , some P. incana , P. mystica (Meigen, 1826) , P. nigrisquama Stein in Becker, 1908, P. palpata (Stein, 1897) ( Fig. 14B ), some female P. scutellata , P. subventa (Harris, 1780) , some female P. trimaculata , most P. tuguriorum (Scopoli, 1763) and some P. villana have a row of dorsal setulae confined to CS2 or sometimes extended onto the basal fifth of CS3 (state A6).

Most Phaonia angulicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) , P. kowarzii (Schnabl, 1887) , some P. longicornis Stein, 1916 , some P. pallida (Fabricius, 1787) , P. rufiventris (Scopoli, 1763) ( Fig. 14C ), P. steinii (Strobl, 1898) , P. suecica Ringdahl, 1947 , P. tiefii (Schnabl, 1888) and P. zugmayeriae (Schnabl, 1888) have the dorsal costal setulae occupying CS2 and more than the basal half of CS3 (state A7).

The following species are extensively setulose dorsally on CS1‒CS3 (state A8): P. amabilis (Meigen, 1826) , P. angulicornis (some females), P. atrocyanea Ringdahl, 1916 , P. canescens Stein, 1916 ( Fig. 14D ), P. erronea (Schnabl, 1887) , P. falleni Michelsen, 1977 , P. jaroschewskii (Schnabl, 1888) , some P. longicornis , P. magnicornis (Zetterstedt, 1845) , some P. pallida and P. siebecki Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911.

Phaonia angulicornis and P. steinii tend to have the setulae from the upper anterior spinule-setula row displaced dorsally on CS1.

Figures

Fig. 13. ♀♀ of Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. A. H. depuncta (Fallén, 1825), detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view. B. H. allotalla (Meigen, 1830), detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view.

Fig. 14. ♀♀ of Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. A. P. angelicae (Scopoli, 1763), detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view. B. P. palpata (Stein, 1897), detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view. C. P. rufiventris (Scopoli, 1763), detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view. D. P. canescens Stein, 1916, detail of wing showing CS1‒3, dorsal view.