Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.26028/cybium/2020-443-003 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10493536 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDED49-FFC7-FFCF-2ECF-FA4F057DFD1F |
treatment provided by |
Felipe |
scientific name |
Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
status |
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Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) View in CoL
( Fig. 6 View Figure 6 )
Cyprinus phoxinus Linnaeus, 1758:323 View in CoL (type locality:
Agger River GoogleMaps north of Lohmar, 50°50’N, 7°12’E, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany).
Cyprinus aphya Linnaeus, 1758:323 View in CoL (type locality:
Agger River GoogleMaps north of Lohmar, 50°50’N, 7°12’E, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany).
Phoxinus laevis Fitzinger (ex Agassiz), 1832:337 (type locality: Agger River GoogleMaps north of Lohmar, 50°50’N, 7°12’E, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany).
Phoxinus varius Perty, 1832:719 View in CoL (type locality: Agger River north of Lohmar GoogleMaps , 50°50’N, 7°12’E, Nordrhein-West-falen, Germany).
Material examined
NRM 55112 View Materials , 5 View Materials Ơ, 4 ♀, 45.8-57.5 mm SL; Germany: Agger River north of Lohmar, 50°50’N, 7°12’E, alt. 59 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014-0021 View Materials , 3 View Materials Ơ, 55.9-63.1 mm SL; France: Ardennes Stream , Houille, 50°07.7’N, 4°50.4’E, alt. 107 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014- 2768 View Materials , 5 ♀, 53.1-62.6 mm SL; France: Meuse River , Bannoncourt, 48°57.5’N, 5°30.2’E, alt. 211 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014-2769 View Materials , 2 View Materials Ơ, 2 ♀, 51.3-55.2 mm SL; France: Anger Stream , Circourt-sur-Mouzon, 48°16.7’N, 5°42.1’E, alt. 322 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014- 2743 View Materials , 2 View Materials Ơ, 3 ♀, 47.6-56.4 mm SL; France: Ornain Stream , Revigny-sur-Ornain, 48°49.4’N, 4°58.9’E, alt. 141 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014-2757 View Materials , 2 View Materials Ơ, 4 ♀, 50.2-63.6 mm SL; Seine River , Nod-sur-Seine, 47°45.8’N, 4°34.2’E, alt. 250 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014-2724 View Materials , 13 ♀, 51.5-68.6 mm SL; France: Oise Stream , Gergny, 49°54.5’N, 3°56.1’E, alt. 127 m. GoogleMaps MNHN 2014- 2748 View Materials , 7 View Materials Ơ, 2 ♀, 50.0-63.0 mm SL; France: Beuvron Stream , Ouagne; 47°23.9’N, 3°29.7’E, alt. 163 m. GoogleMaps
Material used for molecular analysis
MNHN 2014-0021 View Materials , 2 View Materials , tag VAI2 and VAI4; France: Ardennes Stream , Houille, 50°07.7’N, 4°50.4’E, alt. 107 m. (COI: GenBank accession numbers: MT975737, MT975800) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2014-2769 View Materials , 2 View Materials , tag 1998 and 1999; France: Anger Stream , Circourt-sur-Mouzon, 48°16.7’N, 5°42.1’E, alt. 322 m. (COI: GenBank accession numbers: MT975750, MT975751, 12S: GenBank accession numbers: MT975374, MT975375) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2014-2748 View Materials , 2 View Materials , tag 1978 and 1979; France: Beuvron Stream , Ouagne, 47°23.9’N, 3°29.7’E, alt. 163 m. (COI: GenBank accession numbers: MT975738, MT975739, 12S: GenBank accession numbers: MT975367, MT975368) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-0403 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 4401; France: Cure Stream , Voutenay-sur-Cure, 47°33.5’N, 3°47’E, alt. 213 m. (COI: GenBank accession number: MT975790) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-1141 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 10871; France: Epte Stream , Guerny, 49°13.1’N, 1°41.3’E, alt. 36 m. (COI: Gen-Bank accession number: MT975714) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2014-2743 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 1992; France: Ornain Stream , Revigny-sur-Ornain, 48°49.4’N, 4°58.9’E, alt. 141 m. (COI: GenBank accession number: MT975747, 12S: GenBank accession number: MT975372) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2014-2724 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 12460, France: Oise Stream , Gergny, 49°54.5’N, 3°56.1’E, alt. 127 m. (COI accession number: MT975729) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-0400 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 4413; France: Seine River , Nod-sur-Seine, 47°45.8’N, 4°34.2’E, alt. 250 m. (COI: GenBank accession number: MT975791) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-0266 View Materials , 2 View Materials , tag 4374 and 4375; France: Saires River , Brillevast, 49°36.7’N, 1°24.4’W, alt. 96 m. (COI: GenBank accession numbers: MT975785, MT975786) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-1136 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 10866; France: Seulles River , Tierceville, 49°17.4’N, 0°31.6’W, alt. 9 m. (COI: GenBank accession number: MT975713) GoogleMaps . MNHN 2011-0835 View Materials , 1 View Materials , tag 4443; France: Golo River , Campitello, 42°30.4’N, 9°19.4’E, alt. 121 m. (COI: GenBank accession number: MT975796, 12S: GenBank accession number: MT975389) GoogleMaps .
Diagnosis
Phoxinus phoxinus is distinguished from the other French Phoxinus species by its unique nuptial colour pattern. The nuptial male has bars of variable widths crossing Z2 to Z4 and no stripe long Z3 (vs. presence of a stripe in Z3), the bars are black in Z2 and green in Z3 and Z4 (vs. black from Z2 to Z3). Z2 is golden-yellow (vs. light brownish), Z4 green-yellowish (vs. uniform green, yellow or greyish). Lips as well as pectoral, pelvic and anal fin bases are pinkish (vs. red) ( Fig. 6A, C View Figure 6 ). In the nuptal female, Z4 is green (vs. yellow or greyish), and it has a black line in Z5 between the pectoral-and anal fin bases (vs. absent) ( Fig. 6B, D View Figure 6 ). Phoxinus phoxinus is distinguished from P. biggeri by having 75-99 scales in the lateral series (vs. 68-87), a slightly pointed snout (vs. very stout), a subterminal mouth (vs. terminal or slightly subterminal), a straight to slightly concave anal fin margin (vs. straight to convex), and the caudal peduncle depth 2.8- 3.9 times in its length (vs. 2.1-3.4).
Phoxinus phoxinus is distinguished from P. csikii by having a slightly pointed snout (vs. very stout and blunt), and a straight to slightly concave anal fin margin (vs. straight to slightly convex). The nuptial male P. phoxinus is further distinguished by having a pinkish or pale orange belly not extending on the caudal peduncle (vs. greyish to black not extending on the caudal peduncle in P. bigerri ; shiny red extending on the caudal peduncle in P. csikii ). The nuptial female is distinguished by having a black stripe along Z3 (vs. only bars in P. bigerri ).
Nuptial colouration
Male. – Snout and top of head dark brown. A black bar on operculum reaching from top of head to branchiostegal rays. Cheeks white. Operculum with a white spot at uppermost, posterior corner. A yellow spot on lower-most posterior margin of operculum and on suboperculum. Z1 blackish. No stripe long Z3. Bars of variable widths crossing Z2 to Z4, bars black in Z2 and green in Z3 and Z4. Z4 greenish yellow, bars poorly contrasted on Z4. Bars distinct on caudal peduncle. Z5 greyish to blackish. Belly pinkish or light orange. Mouth as well as bases of pectoral, pelvic and anal fins with a pinkish tinge ( Fig. 6A, C View Figure 6 ).
Female. – Z1dark brown, Z2 greyish, a black stripe on Z3 and black bars from Z1 to Z3. Z4 green and Z5 black. Female always display «male» characters: white and yellow spots on operculum and white spots at base of pectoral, pelvic and anal fins ( Fig. 6B, D View Figure 6 ).
Molecular characterization
On the COI marker, P. phoxinus has seven diagnostic sites, including one synapomorphy. However, the Meuse + Rhine and the Seine populations are characterised respectively by five and two diagnostic sites (Tab. II). For the 12S rDNA marker, two diagnostic sites characterise this species: C (vs. T) in position 736 and G (vs. A) in position 796.
Distribution
Phoxinus phoxinus occurs in the Rhine, Meuse and Seine drainages as well as the coastal catchments of Normandy ( Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ). It is also found in the Thames and English Channel coastal catchments (Jörg Freyhof, pers. comm.) and these drainages were tributaries of the Channel River during the Pleistocene and Holocene (see Persat and Keith, 1997). In the Rhine drainage, it seems to form hybrid populations with P. csikii , which might be partly natural as both species are expected to form a contact zone, but minnows have also been introduced regionally ( Palandačić et al., 2017). It has been introduced in the Golo River in Corsica, in the Weser drainage and in Ireland ( Knebelsberger et al., 2015; Palandačić et al., 2017), and maybe elsewhere in Europe.
Vernacular name
The vernacular name of Phoxinus phoxinus is the Eurasian minnow (FAO-FIES, 2018) – Vairon commun in French ( Keith et al., 2011). However, as this species is restricted to the Rhine, Meuse and Seine drainages, all ancient tributaries of the Channel River, we suggest to call it the Channel minnow (English), Vairon de la Manche (French).
Remarks
According to the COI tree ( Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ), there are two distinct lineages: the first groups Rhine + Meuse and the second clade grouping Seine samples. Both clades are separated by a p-distance of 1.5% but we found no difference between both in morphology and colour pattern. We consider both as two evolutionary lineages of a same species.
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Kingdom |
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Phylum |
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Order |
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Family |
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Genus |
Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Denys, Gaël P. J., Dettai, Agnès, Persat, Henri, Daszkiewicz, Piotr, Hautecoeur, Mélyne & Keith, Philippe 2020 |
P. csikii
Hanko 1922 |
Phoxinus laevis
Fitzinger 1832 |
Phoxinus varius
Perty 1832: 719 |
Cyprinus phoxinus
Linnaeus 1758: 323 |
Cyprinus aphya
Linnaeus 1758: 323 |