Symmachia falcistriga Stichel, 1910

Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2020, Taxonomic review of the “ Probetoriformes ” species group of Symmachia Hübner [1819] (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Zootaxa 4780 (3), pp. 471-507 : 502-503

Symmachia falcistriga Stichel, 1910

( Figs 31–34 , 47 , 56 , 65 , 74 , 83 , 101–102 , 119–120 , 131 , 146 , 153 , 156 )

Symmachia falcistriga Stichel, 1910 . Berl. ent. Ztschr 55, p. 81— Stichel, 1910, in Wystman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 234, 409— Seitz, 1917. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 682 [in part]— D’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. IV. Riod., p. 1045— Hall & Harvey, 2002. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136, 188, 196— Gareca et al., 2006, in Gareca & Reichle. Marip. diur. Boliv., p. 37— Hall & Harvey, 2007. Trop. Lep. Res. 16(1-2), p. 7— Dolibaina et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 249, p. 4-5—Nielsen & Salazar, 2015. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. Caldas 18(2), p. 221.

Symmachia cribrellum Stichel, 1914 . Ent. Mitt. 3, p. 119— D’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. IV. Riod., p. 1045— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, in Lamas, in Heppner. Atlas Neotrop. Lepid. 5A, p. 157;— Dolibaina et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 249, p. 5.

Symmachia falcistriga falcistriga ; Brévignon & Gallard, 1998. Lambill. 98(3), p. 308— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, in Lamas, in Heppner. Atlas Neotrop. Lepid. 5A, p. 157— Dolibaina et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 249, p. 4; figs 11-12 (male dorsal and ventral), fig. 44 (male genitalia)—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Bras. 1, p. 715.

Diagnosis. Symmachia falcistriga is sympatric with S. probetor , S. estellina and S. divisora ( Figs 151–153 ). Males are unlikely to be confused with other species of “Probetoriformes” species group except for S. meyi ( Figs 31–32 ), but females are somewhat similar to most species of the group ( Figs 33–34 ). Males frons is densely covered by long dark brown scales ( Figs 47 , 56 ); patagia, thorax and tegulae uniformly black; FW (average size: 1.03 cm; 0.95–1.1 cm; n=24) moderately bulged; bulged area as 40% of the FW length; end of bulge aligned to the origin of M 1 ( Figs 31 , 65 ); FWD black, mostly covered by a dark green sheen and with a light whitish-blue scaling on 2A ( Figs 31 , 65 ); FWD with a translucent white and creamy sickle-shaped spot between the discal cell and the costal margin, and a small round whitish spot on the postdiscal area in R 2 –R 3 ( Figs 31 , 65 ); HWD black, mostly covered by a dark green sheen ( Fig. 31 ); FWV and HWV spots weakly developed ( Fig. 32 ); abdomen dorsally black, ventrally as in S. probetor , scales around genitalia reddish-orange ( Figs 101–102 ); CAS of the tergites 4 and 5 as long as 1/4 of the tergites’ length and wider than half the tergites’ width, projected anteriorly, CAS scales dark grey ( Figs 119–120 ); valva larger than of S. probetor ; aedeagus thin and long; vesica with two bands of cornuti ( Fig. 131 ). Females with thorax yellow-spotted dorsally; FW (average size: 1.05 cm; 1.05–1.1 cm; n=4) moderately bulged ( Figs 33 , 74 ); FWD and FWV submarginal reddish orange band reaching the inner margin at the tornus, on FWD almost broken at M 3, CuA 1 and CuA 2 ( Figs 33–34 , 74 ); FWD dark brown, with a translucent white and creamy sickle-shaped spot between the discal cell and the costal margin and speckled with whitish, yellowish and reddish orange spots ( Figs 33 , 74 ); HWD submarginal band reddish orange and wavy ( Fig. 34 ); FWV and HWV spots well developed ( Figs 34 , 83 ); HWV submarginal band well developed and wavy, partly outlining a number of ocelli along the outer margin ( Figs 34 , 83 ); HWV marginal band faint ( Figs 34 , 83 ); sterigma trapezoidal with a rounded bulge at the ostium; ductus bursae with a sclerotized ring near the ostium; bursa copulatrix rounded; signum small and pointed ( Fig. 146 ).

Distribution. Symmachia falcistriga is known from the Amazon basin with records in Colombia (Nielsen & Salazar 2015), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Pará) and Bolivia ( Stichel 1914; Gareca et al. 2006) ( Fig. 153 ). It is expected that this taxon also occurs at least in Mato Grosso, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.

Comments. Symmachia falcistriga was described based on one type male, collected by Paul Hahnel at Massauari (Rio Maués), today a district of Boa Vista do Ramos municipality, Amazonas, Brazil, in eastern Amazon basin in collection Staudinger. The type is in the MfN, together with the whole Staudinger collection. Symmachia cribrellum was described based on one female [holotype] from Mapiri, [La Paz], Bolivia, collection Schnuse, in Deutsches Entomologisches Museum, also from the western Amazon basin. The species was included by Stichel (1914) in his “Cohors 4” or “Praxiliformes” species group, which includes other species after included in the “Juratriciformes” species group ( Stichel 1930), chiefly because the dark brown ground color with white speckles pattern typical of females of the species of the “Probetoriformes” species group, but frequent in both sexes of species of the “Juratriciformes” species group ( Stichel 1930). Symmachia cribrellum was recognized as the female of S. falcistriga by Callaghan & Lamas (2004) and, consequently, as its junior subjective synonym. In Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brazil, the species was observed early in the morning, between 7:30–8:30 (DRD, FMSD pers. obs.).

Type material. Male holotype of Symmachia falcistriga Stichel, 1910 has the following labels: /Type / Coll[ection]. Staudinger /Massauary [Massauari, Boa Vista do Ramos, Amazonas, Brazil] H[a]h[ne]l [leg.]/ falcistriga Stich. / S[alvin]. & G[odman]. unbekannt [unknown]/. MfN. Female holotype of Symmachia cribrellum Stichel, 1914 has the following labels: / Holotypus /Stichel det / Symmachia cribrellum Stich [el]. /[female sex symbol] / Boliv[ia]., Mapiri[, La Paz department] Coll[ection]. W[ilhelm]. Schnuse/. SDEI.

Examined material. BRAZIL: Acre — Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Porção Norte ), 2♂, 10–21.IX.2011, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 21.420*, DZ 43.865 ( DZUP) ; 21♂, 3♀, 23–30.VIII.2014, Miel- ke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 43.509, DZ 43.835, DZ 43.836, DZ 43.846, DZ 43.855, DZ 43.895, DZ 43.915, DZ 43.925, DZ 43.935, DZ 43.946, DZ 43.956, DZ 43.975, DZ 43.985, DZ 44.015, DZ 44.016, DZ 44.036, DZ 44.045, DZ 44.055, DZ 44.065, DZ 44.076, DZ 44.084, DZ 43.965, DZ 44.025*, DZ 43.309* ( DZUP) ; 5♂, 7-10,13. X.2018, Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg. DZ 40.830, DZ 40.840, DZ 40.850, 40.860, DZ 40.870 ( DZUP) . Amazonas — Manicoré ( Rio Madeira ), 1♂, 8.X.1934, ex.coll. Gagarin, DZ 43.955 ( DZUP) . Rondônia — Cacaulândia ( Fazenda Rancho Grande ), 1♀, 3.XI.1995, G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL *) . Pará — Paragominas ( Água Azul ), 1♀, 25.VII.1974, Exped. Dept. Zoologia, DZ 43.945 ( DZUP) .

Figures

FIGURE 151. Geographical distribution of Symmachia probetor, S. belti stat. rev. and S. championi stat. rest. Asterisks indicate records from the literature.

FIGURE 152. Geographical distribution of Symmachia estellina and S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Casagrande sp. nov. Asterisks indicate records from the literature.

FIGURE 153. Geographical distribution of Symmachia praxila, S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov., S. divisora, S. falcistriga and S. meyi stat. nov. Asterisks indicate records from the literature.

FIGURES 21–38. Species of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group. 21–24. S. praxila. 21–22. Male from Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 43.995 (DZUP)). 23–24. Female from Rio Natal, São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil (OM 67.541). 25–26. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov. male holotype (DZUP). 27–30. S. divisora. 27–28. Male from Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brazil (DZ 43.479 (DZUP)). 29–30. Female from Fazenda Rancho Grande, Cacaulândia, Rondônia, Brazil (MGCL). 31–34. S. falcistriga. 31–32. Male from Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brazil (DZ 43.509 (DZUP)). 33–34. Female, same locality as male (DZ 43.965 (DZUP)). 35–38. S. meyi stat. nov.. 35–36. Male from Chemin de la Sourçe, Cacao, French Guiana (SF). 37–38. Female from Route de l’Este, French Guiana (SF).

FIGURES 39–47. Heads of the Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in anterior view. 39. S. probetor. 40. S. belti stat. rev. 41. S. championi stat. rest. 42. S. estellina. 43. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov.. 44. S. praxila. 45. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 46. S. divisora. 47. S. falcistriga. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURES 48–56. Heads of the Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in lateral view. 48. S. probetor. 49. S. belti stat. rev.. 50. S. championi stat. rest. 51. S. estellina. 52. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov.. 53. S. praxila. 54. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 55. S. divisora. 56. S. falcistriga. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURES 57–66. Forewings of males of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in dorsal view. 57. S. probetor. 58. S. belti stat. rev. 59. S. championi stat. rest. 60. S. estellina. 61. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov.. 62. S. praxila. 63. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 64. S. divisora. 65. S. falcistriga. 66. S. meyi stat. nov.

FIGURES 67–75. Forewings of females of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in dorsal view. 67. S. probetor. 68. S. belti stat. rev. 69. S. championi stat. rest. 70. S. estellina. 71. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov.. 72. S. praxila. 73. S. divisora. 74. S. falcistriga. 75. S. meyi stat. nov.

FIGURES 76–84. Hindwings of females of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in ventral view. 76. S. probetor. 77. S. belti stat. rev. 78. S. championi stat. rest. 79. S. estellina. 80. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov.. 81. S. praxila. 82. S. divisora. 83. S. falcistriga. 84. S. meyi stat. nov.

FIGURES 95–102. Abdomens of males of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. 95–96. S. praxila. 97–98. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 99–100. S. divisora. 101–102. S. falcistriga. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURES 113–122. Fourth (left) and fifith (right) tergites of males of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group. 113–114. S. praxila. 115–116. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 117–118. S. divisora. 119–120. S. falcistriga. 121–122. S. meyi stat. nov.. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 128–132. Male genitalia of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in lateral view, uncus in dorsal view and anterior projection of saccus in ventral view. 128. S. praxila. 129. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 130. S. divisora. 131. S. falcistriga. 132. S. meyi stat. nov.. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 138–146. Female genitalia of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group in ventral view and papilla analis in lateral view. 138. S. probetor. 139. S. belti stat. rev. 140. S. championi stat. rest. 141. S. estellina. 142. S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov. 143. S. praxila. 144. S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov.. 145. S. divisora. 146. S. falcistriga. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 154–156. Habitat of some species of Symmachia belonging to the “Probetoriformes” species group. 154. Hilltop at the Bromélias trail, Reserva Serra Bonita, Camacan, Bahia, Brazil, the arrow indicates the exact location where males of S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Casagrande sp. nov. were collected. 155. Opposite view of the previous figure, arrow indicates the exact location where males of S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov. were collected. 156. DRD on a tree at the lightgap of the hilltop in Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brazil where males of S. probetor, S. estellina, S. divisora and S. falcistriga were collected (photo by Eduardo Carneiro).