Semanotus

James Hammond, H. E. & Williams, Daryl J., 2013, Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America, Zootaxa 3670 (2), pp. 101-136 : 115-116

Key to species of North American Semanotus

1. Pronotum goblet shaped, rounded laterally, constricted and sinuate near base forming a short, wide pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra ( Fig 4A ); meso- and metatibia of female without row of long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; elytra unicolorous metallic purple, blue or black; large species [length 12–30 mm]....................................... 2

- Pronotum rounded to angulate laterally, often constricted towards base but not forming a distinct pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra ( Fig 4 B); meso- and metabia of female usually with distinct row of very long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; smaller species, often with elytra maculate with either spots or bands....................................3

2(1) Elytra metallic dark blue to purple ( Fig 7 A); host cedars................................... S. amethystinus (LeConte)

- Elytra metallic black ( Fig 7 B); host junipers.................................................. S. juniperi (Fisher)

3(1) Mandible with large median tooth on the molar surface ( Fig. 4 C); labrum short and wide, rectangular ( Fig. 4 C); elytra with a conspicuous, regular, moderately dense row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to very near apex ( Fig 4 E); outer angle of mandible forming an angle with base near 90o............................................ 4

- Mandible without median tooth ( Fig. 4 D); labrum long and wide, usually trapezoidal ( Fig. 4 D); elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture usually limited to basal ½ ( Fig 4 F); outer angle of mandible forming an obtuse angle.. 5

4(3) Elytra relatively short and stout (EL/EW = 1.98–2.18 female, 2.03–2.11 male (95% confidence)); antennae subequal to elytral length in female and>1.4X as long as elytral length in male (TA/EL = 0.97–1.03 female, 95% confidence; 1.48–1.58 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively long and narrow (A8L/A8W = 3.18–3.52; A9L/A9W = 3.57–3.86;

A10L/A10W = 3.37–3.67; A11L/A11W = 4.67–5.26, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia expanded and globose-triangular at apex; female pro- and mesotibia apex with dense brush of long silver setae which partially obscures base of tibial spurs ( Fig 4 G)......................................................................... S. litigiosus (Casey) - Elytra relatively long and narrow (EL/EW = 2.16–2.54 female, 2.17–2.27 male (95% confidence)); antennae shorter than elytral length in female and <1.4X as long as elytra in male (TA/EL = 0.89–0.95 female, 95% confidence; 1.33–1.43 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively short and wide (A8L/A8W = 2.89–3.15; A9L/A9W = 3.17–3.53; A10L/ A10W = 2.89–3.27; A11L/A11W = 4.19–4.63, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia not especially expanded, sometimes somewhat triangular in shape; female pro- and mesotibia apex with brush of yellow setae which does not obscure base of tibial spurs ( Fig 4 H)................................................................... S. terminatus (Casey)

5(3) Scutellum glabrous, or with very few, very minute, punctures that are inconspicuous ( Fig. 5A ); frons around antennal insertion sparsely punctate ( Fig 5A ); mandibles large and plate-like, very wide near base ( Fig 5 B).............. S. australis Giesbert

- Scutellum with obvious punctures, pubescence, or other forms of sculpture ( Fig 5 C); frons around antennal insertions densely punctate; mandibles not especially wide at base.............................................................. 6

6(5) Femora nearly cylindrical ( Fig. 5 D), ventrally with pubescence greatly reduced, sparse; disk of elytra with pubescence inconspicuous, fine, sparse, recumbent; antennae and legs uniformly reddish-brown; elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to apical ¼; dark brown with 2 pairs of pale yellow transversely oval spots ( Fig 9 B).................................................................................... S. japonicus Lacordaire

- Femora short, stout, sinuate, distinctly clavate ( Fig. 5 E), ventrally with pubescence moderately dense; disk of elytra with pubescence conspicuous, moderately coarse, moderately dense, recumbent, decumbent, and/or semi-erect; antennae and legs ranging in color from unicolor black to orange, to bicolored; elytra with semi-erect to erect setae along suture limited to basal ½; elytra ranging from yellow to orange, with apex black and one pair of median spots (sometimes humeri black as well) or basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black ( Figs 12 , 13 )..................................................... 7

7(6) Disk of elytra with 2 distinct colors of pubescence, pale pubescence in pale areas of the elytra and dark pubescence in dark maculate areas of the elytra ( Fig 5 F); punctures in maculate areas of elytra dense, contrasting with punctures in paler areas which are more widely separate; ground color of elytra usually pale yellow........................ S. ligneus (Fabricius)

- Disk of elytra with only dark pubescence, regardless of the ground color of the elytra ( Fig 5 G); punctures more or less evenly distributed across elytra; ground color of the elytra usually orange to red.......................................... 8

8(7) Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with long, coarse, semi-erect to decumbent pale setae that partially obscures surface ( Fig 6A ,B); antennomeres proportionally short ( Fig 6A ); elytral humeri with pale strip of pubescence which often extends posteriorly to about ½ elytra length ( Fig 6 C); legs and antennae usually black; elytral pubescence very coarse, decumbent to recumbent, obscuring elytra surface somewhat, often surface appearing dusky grey............................................................................................ S. conformis (Casey)

- Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with short to long, fine, semi-erect pale setae that does not obscure surface ( Fig 6 D,E); antennomeres proportionally longer ( Fig 6 D); elytral humeri often with a few scattered pale setae that are usually limited to basal ¼ ( Fig 6 F); legs and antennae usually somewhat bicolored; elytral pubescence fine, semi-erect to decumbent, elytral surface not obscured, usually appearing shiny........................... S. amplus …9

9(8) Elytra with basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black ( Fig 15 A); antennae and legs usually entirely black........................................................................................... S. amplus sequoiae (Van Dyke)

- Elytra not as above, either orange with black apex and one pair of black median spots, or with base and humeri black and one pair of large median black spots; antennae and legs often bicolored, antennomere 1 usually dark, contrasting with paler antennomeres 2–11; femora usually dark, contrasting with paler tibia and tarsus....................................... 10

10(9) Elytral base and humeri black; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to about ½ of elytral length making elytra appear long, narrow and convex ( Fig 13 B)........................................................... S. amplus basalis (Casey)

- Elytral base orange, humeri usually orange; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to only about ¼ length of elytral making elytra appear shorter, wider and flat ( Fig 13 A)........................................... S. amplus amplus (Casey)

Figures

FIGURE 7. Dorsal habitus: A. S. amethystinus: California, Northfork 3; Oregon, Oakridge Ƥ; B. S. juniperi: California, Inyo Co., Westgard Pass 3; Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains Ƥ.

FIGURE 9. Dorsal habitus: A. S. litigiosus: California, San Bernardino Co., San Antonio Falls 3; California, San Bernardino Co., Fallsvale Ƥ; B. S. japonicus: Japan, Tokyo 3; Japan, unknown Ƥ.

FIGURE 12. Dorsal habitus: A. S. ligneus: Quebec, Pont-Rouge 3; Quebec, Sainte-Famille Ƥ; showing two color forms: maculate and melanic; B. S. conformis: Utah, Saint Georges 3, Ƥ.

FIGURE 13. Dorsal habitus: A. S. amplus amplus: California, San Bernardino Co., Fallsvale 3, Ƥ; B. S. amplus basalis: Oregon, Baker Creek 3, Washington, Seattle Ƥ.

FIGURE 15. Dorsal habitus: A. S. amplus sequoiae: California, Healdsburg 3; California, Santa Cruz Co., Big Basin Redwoods Ƥ; B. S. australis: Guatemala, El Progresso, Los Albores 3, Ƥ; showing all three color forms: bicolored, melanic, and maculate.

FIGURE 4. A. Pronotum of female S. amethystinus, B. Pronotum of female S. ligneus, C. Mandibles and labrum of female S. litigiosus, D. Mandibles and labrum of female S. ligneus, E. Elytral pubescence of female S. litigiosus, F. Elytral pubescence of female S. a. amplus, G. Pro- and mesotibia of female S. litigiosus, H. Pro- and mesotibia of female S. terminatus.

FIGURE 5. A. Pronotum of male S. australis, B. Mandibles of male S. australis, C. Pronotum of male S. a. sequoiae, D. Profemur of male S. japonicus, E. Profemur of S. a. sequoiae, F. Elytral pubescence of female S. ligneus, G. Elytral pubescence of female S. a. amplus.

FIGURE 6. A. Basal antennomeres of male S. conformis, B. Ventral pubescence of male S. conformis, C. Elytral humeri pubescence of male S. conformis, D. Basal antennomeres of male S. a. amplus, E. Ventral pubescence of male S. a. amplus, F. Elytral humeri pubescence of male S. a. amplus.