Proekoides Stiller

Stiller, Michael & Webb, Michael D., 2022, Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini), Zootaxa 5199 (1), pp. 1-79 : 33-38

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:61CD7E40-DD47-4FAC-A880-42B505A84AE8
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7255512
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7-FFE0-FFA2-8FB9-DA12FA52771C
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Proekoides Stiller
status

Treatment

Proekoides Stiller View in CoL

Figs 15–18 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 , 32 View FIGURE 32

Proekoides Stiller 1986: 153–158 View in CoL .

Type species: Proekoides hawekwae Stiller, 1986 View in CoL , by original designation.

Revised generic diagnosis and description

1. Small leafhopper; male and female: length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina, male 3.1–3.7 mm; crown length medially 0.7–0.9 mm; crown angle 70–90°.

2. Dorsum of head in male and female with longitudinal brown to dark brown line from apex of crown to base of head, lateral margin of marking amorphous ( Fig. 15J View FIGURE 15 ), weakly developed ( Fig. 15G, H View FIGURE 15 ), or reduced ( Fig. 15F, K View FIGURE 15 ).

Terminalia in male:

3. Valve crescentic ( Fig. 17C View FIGURE 17 ), length/width=0.2.

4. Pygofer deeply incised in dorsal view; pygofer lobe in lateral view, acutely triangular, mediodorsal margin in lateral view with concavely curvate process ( Fig. 17 I View FIGURE 17 ); in dorsal view with base mediad, subbase and apex angled and curved posteriad ( Fig. 17J View FIGURE 17 ), with subapical, dorsal tooth; 3–6 macrosetae, rarely 8 (length 86–166 µm) (e.g., Fig. 17B View FIGURE 17 ).

5. Segment 10 large, narrow (0.6–0.7 times as wide as width across pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10), elongate, reaching apex of pygofer lobe (dorsal view, length/width=0.8–1.1) (e.g., Fig. 17A View FIGURE 17 ).

6. Connective wider than long (greatest length/greatest width=0.6–0.8), stem short, wide, arms slightly shorter to much longer than stem (length arm/length stem=0.9–1.7).

7. Aedeagus with base of anterior margin of shaft with paired teeth; dorsal apodeme reduced, preatrium produced ( Fig. 16A–J View FIGURE 16 ).

Terminalia in female:

8. Sternite 7 with posterior margin with medial, wide, curvate or angulate notch, laterally triangular; greatest length/greatest width=0.5, depth of notch/greatest length=0.2–0.3, angle of notch 131–144° (e.g., Figs 15N, O View FIGURE 15 , 18A View FIGURE 18 ).

9. Valvula 3 with 1–3 rows of marginal to submarginal setae ( Fig. 18H View FIGURE 18 ); protruding 0.13–0.20 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view (e.g., Fig. 15B, E View FIGURE 15 ).

10. Valvifer 2 sculpture pore-like ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ).

Etymology. In retrospect, Proekoides Stiller, 1986 was named for its similar appearance to Proekes Theron, 1975 . Gender determined in Greek by - ekes, meaning ‘point’, as feminine and prefix in Greek, pro, meaning ‘before’. The suffix in Latin, - oides, meaning ‘like, resembling, having the form of’ ( Brown 1956).

Description.

Male and female.

Color.

Head. Light yellow to stramineous ground color, dark to rust-brown marking from apex of crown to anterior margin of head ( Fig. 15A–L View FIGURE 15 ), or marking faint as in Fig. 15K View FIGURE 15 .

Face. 8–12 dark brown horizontal arcs ( Fig. 15P View FIGURE 15 ).

Tegmina. Ground color ochraceous, opaque, veins brown, light to dark brown reticulations in claval cells and outer discal cells ( Fig. 15A–L View FIGURE 15 ).

Hind wing. Translucent, sometimes light brown mesally.

Morphology.

Head. Wider than pronotum. Discal region smooth, frontal region and face shagreened. Crown angle in male 78–88°, in female 75–86°.

Face. Clypeus cuneate, broad, abruptly narrowed at junction with clypellus. Clypellus straight in lateral view, parallel-sided and rounded ventrally in frontal view, produced beyond narrow gena below lorum.

Ocellus. Ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5.

Pronotum. Lateral margin short, non-carinate.

Tegmina. Tegmina with four apical, two anteapical cells, appendix absent. Length/width, males=2.0–2.3, females=2.1–2.2, male and female=2.0–2.2.

Hind wing. Length/width, males=3.0–3.4, females=2.9–3.3, male and female=3.0–3.4.

Tegmina-hind wing relation. Length tegmina/length hind wing, male=1.1–1.2, female=1.1–1.2, male and female=1.1–1.2; width tegmina/width hind wing, male=1.4–1.8, female=1.6–1.8, male and female=1.6–1.8.

Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV 8–10 short, wide setae, row IC 6–8 in male, 7–9 in female, female P. piketensis, IC 7–10; AV 1 single, AM 1 single. Spinulation of protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, metafemur apex 2+2+1. Metatarsus 1 apical plantar setae include four rounded platellae and one acute seta; metatarsus 2 apex with two acute (lateral and medial respectively), two rounded (intermediate) platellae.

Measurements.

Male. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.1–3.4 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.2–3.6 mm; crown length 0.7–0.8 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.4–0.5 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.1–1.3 mm; pronotum width 1.0– 1.2 mm ( Stiller 1986, 0.89–1.12 mm); ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 61– 78 µm; crown angle 74–85°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.5–1.8; head width/pronotum width=1.1; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5; crown length/pronotum length=1.6–2.0; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.4.

Female. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.2–3.6 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.8–4.2 mm; crown length 0.7 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.4–0.5 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.2–1.4 mm; pronotum width 1.1–1.2 mm; ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 62–74 µm; crown angle 78–88°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.5–1.6; head width/pronotum width=1.0–1.1; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5; crown length/pronotum length=1.6–1.8; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.3–0.4.

Terminalia.

Male.

Segment 10. Deeply incised middorsally. Length/width=1.1–1.3. Greatest width of segment 10/greatest width of pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10=0.6–0.7.

Pygofer. Depressed in lateral view, equidistant in dorsal view, anterior margin oblique, anterior apodeme wide, triangular; basolateral suture right-angled; pygofer lobe narrowly triangular, with 3–5 setae posterodorsally, 90– 135 µm in length; process strongly to weakly concave, origin medial, approximately at mid-length, orientation posteriorly to posterolaterally, subapex with small, dorsal tooth.

Subgenital plate. Triangular, medial margin sublinear, lateral margin shallowly convex, apex narrowly rounded; 20–25 irregularly arranged macrosetae marginally and submarginally, length/width=1.2–1.5.

Valve. Crescentic, length/width=0.2 (e.g., Fig. 17C View FIGURE 17 ).

Style. Slender, with apophyses angled lateroposteriad, anterior medial lobe short, anterior lateral lobe elongate, narrow; extending about half-way into subgenital plate; subapical angle right-angled or obtuse; greatest length/ greatest width=4.0–4.7; length apophysis/greatest length=0.2; length base/length greatest=0.3–0.4; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 50–58° ( Fig. 16P–T View FIGURE 16 ).

Connective. Stem short, broad, arms divergent; greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=1.8–2.2; length arms/length stem=1.0–1.7; angle of arms 81–92°; greatest length/greatest width=0.6–0.8 ( Fig. 16K–O View FIGURE 16 ).

Aedeagus. Aedeagus symmetrical in anterior or posterior view; shaft tubular, dorsal apodeme reduced, preatrium elongated, about as long as shaft, obtusely angled to shaft, orientation as in Fig. 16A–E View FIGURE 16 , atrium in posterior view rounded, constricted at transition to preatrium, base triangular ( Fig. 16F–H View FIGURE 16 ) or rectangular ( Fig. 16I, J View FIGURE 16 ), variably rounded and elongated desclerotized lobe on anterior margin ( Fig. 16A–E View FIGURE 16 ). Position of aedeagus at rest indicated by dashed lines in Fig.17B View FIGURE 17 , shaft oriented dorsad. Shaft at base of anterior margin (dorsal margin in Stiller 1986, aedeagus dislodged from cavity in segment 10, shaft oriented posteriad) with paired, digitate teeth, curved laterad. Gonopore apical to subapical on posterior margin. Anterior margin of shaft with paired teeth at apex ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ) or subapex ( Fig. 16A–C View FIGURE 16 ), or without teeth on anterior margin ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ). Posterior margin of shaft with paired teeth at apex ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ) or medially ( Fig. 16A, B, D View FIGURE 16 ) or single tooth medially and paired teeth basally ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ).

Female.

Sternite 7. Sternite 7 trapezoid with lateral margin straight or curvate, shorter posterior margin uniformly excavated, with margins of notch straight or curvate,wide,between posterolateral margins( Figs15N,O View FIGURE 15 , 18A View FIGURE 18 );greatest length/greatest width=0.5; greatest median length/greatest lateral length=0.7–0.8; distal width/basal width=0.7; angle at base of notch 132–146°. The shallowest notch at 152° in the unplaced specimen from Groenkol.

Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate. In P. cedarbergensis and P. postspina sp. n. sculpture appears as elongated, not overlapping ( Fig. 18K, L View FIGURE 18 ), i.e., valvate; orientation relative to dorsal margin, acute apically and parallel basally.

Valvula 2. Distal half serrate, width slightly more than basal width. Serration irregular with slightly raised, rounded teeth, and serrate trough ( Fig. 18I, J View FIGURE 18 ).

Valvula 3. P. cedarbergensis , macrosetae about 20 long (27–35 µm) and short (up to 25 µm) setae near apex, shorter setae usually marginal; submarginal macrosetae about 14 longer setae; P. postspina sp. n. 15–20 macrosetae, 27–34 µm long ( Fig. 18H View FIGURE 18 ). Protrusion of valvula beyond posterior margin of pygofer 0.1–0.2 times that of pygofer length in lateral view.

Valvifer 1. In lateral view, anterior and dorsal margins narrowly rounded, posterior margin acute, ventral margin broadly rounded or similar to dorsal margin. In dorsal view usually strongly fused ( Fig. 18C View FIGURE 18 ), rarely with weak fusion in P. cedarbergensis , length/width=1.32–1.68 (n=4); P. postspina sp. n., length to width 1.3–1.6 (n=4) ( Fig. 18B View FIGURE 18 ), in dorsal view as in Fig. 18C View FIGURE 18 , similar in P. cedarbergensis ; both species length/width=1.3–1.6. One female from Piketberg, length/width=1.5–1.6, one specimen from Koeberg length/width=1.5–1.7. All specimens (n=12), including unplaced specimens from Groenkol and Wiedouw length/width=1.3–1.7.

Valvifer 2. Elongated, anterior margin straight, posterior margin curvate; P. cedarbergensis length/width=2.5– 2.8 (n=4); 7–9 pore-like structures near ventroposterior margin; P. postspina sp. n. length to width 2.6–2.9 (n=4) ( Fig. 18D View FIGURE 18 ), 8–10 pore-like structures ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ). All specimens with length/width=2.5–2.9, 7–9 pore-like structures.

Remarks. Descriptions of the species of Proekoides are repeated here for clarification of similarities and differences with Colistra . Aspects of the aedeagus are mirrored in C. acapitatus and C. bucapitatus with that of all species of Proekoides , i.e., similar in the elongated preatrium, its obtuse angle to the shaft, tubular shaft, the reduced dorsal apodeme, but differ in the position and numbers of teeth or spines on the shaft. Arrangement of teeth apically and medially on the shaft are unique in each species, but one pair of teeth at the anterior margin of the base of the shaft are present in Proekoides and absent in Colistra . The female sternite 7 of Proekoides has a wide rounded or obtusely angled incision of the posterior margin. The female sternite in Colistra is trapezoid as above, or square, with rounded, posterior margin with narrow, shallow or narrow, deep notch or with posterior margin sublinear. Short series of specimens suggest additional species are yet to be described, e.g., one male and female from Wiedouw (Western Cape province; Wiedouw Farm base of Gifberg Pass; -31.73, 18.77; 3–10 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Diosma hirsuta Rutaceae CCDL 18321; SANC) is examined (male habitus in Fig. 15A View FIGURE 15 ) which does not match any of the species of Proekoides . It has a narrow shaft without large teeth, only numerous small denticulations as in P. postspina sp. n., with basal anterior and additional medial, paired teeth. One unplaced female from Groenkol Farm near Graafwater (-32.10, 18.70; 1 Aug. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae ; CCDL28242; SANC) with typical color pattern of Proekoides , but sternite 7 with very shallow, V-shaped notch. Potential natural distribution of all species of Proekoides in Fig. 32C View FIGURE 32 . Appendix 2 is a table of holotypes and paratypes with corrected grids.

Key to species of Proekoides View in CoL (males)

1 Apex of aedeagal shaft wider than medial width ( Fig. 16B View FIGURE 16 ), anterior subapical margin with elongate (1.8–2.3 times longer than wide) paired teeth, posterior subapical margin with short (as long as wide), paired teeth, gonopore elongate, apical ( Fig. 16G View FIGURE 16 ), preatrium about as long as shaft................................................... P. cedarbergensis Stiller 1986 View in CoL

1’ Apex of aedeagal shaft as wide or narrower than medial width of shaft ( Fig. 16A, C–E View FIGURE 16 )............................. 2

2 Anterior margin of shaft without large teeth ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ), fine denticulation at apex ( Fig. 17F View FIGURE 17 ), posterior margin with single and paired teeth medially, preatrium shorter than shaft............................................. P. postspina View in CoL sp. n.

2’ Anterior margin with large teeth, either apical or subapical paired teeth ( Fig. 16A, C, D View FIGURE 16 )............................. 3

3 Apex of anterior margin with paired teeth ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ), posterior margin with medial paired teeth ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ); preatrium shorter than shaft......................................................................... P. koebergis Stiller 1986 View in CoL

3’ Apex of anterior margin edentate, subapex of anterior margin with paired teeth, preatrium as long as shaft ( Fig. 16A, C View FIGURE 16 )... 4

4 Posterior margin subapically with paired teeth, subapical anterior tooth three times longer than wide ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 )........................................................................................... P. piketensis Stiller 1986 View in CoL

4’ Posterior margin medially with paired teeth, subapical anterior tooth as long as wide ( Fig. 16A View FIGURE 16 ).... P. hawekwae Stiller 1986 View in CoL