Pholcus, Walckenaer, 1805
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2235.1.2 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88781-FFCB-FF8F-FF15-4A08FA1BFF14 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe (2021-08-22 06:52:33, last updated by Plazi 2023-11-04 07:41:39) |
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scientific name |
Pholcus |
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Key to Chinese species of Pholcus View in CoL View at ENA
1 Six eyes; AME missing or reduced to pigment specks ................................................................................................. 2
- Eight eyes; AME always fully developed (with lenses) ............................................................................................... 3
2 AME missing; each eye triad on a slightly elevated tubercle ( Fig. 10D View FIGURE 10 ); epigynum with wrinkled, worm-shaped apophysis ( Figs. 10A–C View FIGURE 10 ) ............................................................................................................................ P. elongatus
- AME reduced to pigment specks; each eye triad on a longer eye-stalk ( Figs. 39A–B View FIGURE 39 ) .................. P. podophthalmus
3 Male palpal cymbium with a conical projection and tarsal organ near tip of projection ............................................. 4
- Male palpal cymbium without conical projection; tarsal organ on cymbium ............................................................. 6
4 Uncus of genital bulb helmet-like ( Fig. 14I View FIGURE 14 ); epigynum with short club-shaped apophysis ................................ P. gui
- Uncus of genital bulb cleaver-shaped ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ); epigynum with knob-shaped apophysis ........................................... 5
5 Appendix of genital bulb with two thorn-shaped projections centrally ( Figs. 4E–F View FIGURE 4 ); epigynum with nearly rectangular pore plates ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ) ................................................................................................................ P. bidentatus
- Appendix of genital bulb without such projections; epigynum with shoe-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 21B View FIGURE 21 ) ......... P. kimi
6 Pattern of carapace distinct ‘stripe’ type ( Fig. 28A View FIGURE 28 ) ...................................................................................... P. mengla
- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ or ‘butterfly’ ............................................................................................. 7
7 Male chelicerae with pair of distal apophyses and proximolateral apophyses ............................................................ 8
- Male chelicerae with pair of distal apophyses, proximolateral apophyses and proximocentral apophyses .............. 19
8 Pattern of carapace not ‘Peking-opera-mask’ .............................................................................................................. 9
- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ .................................................................................................................. 10
9 Male eye triad on a relatively long eye-stalk ( Fig. 27C View FIGURE 27 ); epigynum roughly bell-shaped ( Fig. 27A View FIGURE 27 )............ P. medog
- Male eye triad on a slightly elevated tubercle; epigynum roughly broadly triangular ( Fig. 55B View FIGURE 55 ).............. P. wuyiensis
10 Male genital bulb without appendix or with reduced appendix; epigynum with knob-shaped apophysis ................. 11
- Male genital bulb with distinct appendix; epigynum with long whip-shaped or necktie-shaped apophysis ............. 13
11 Male palpal trochanter with short ventral apophysis; epigynum with nearly triangular pore plates ( Fig. 54B View FIGURE 54 ) ............ .................................................................................................................................................................. P. triangulatus
- Male palpal trochanter with long ventral apophysis; epigynum with oval pore plates............................................... 12 12 Male genital bulb without appendix ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ); epigynum with small T-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ) .. P. beijingensis
- Male genital bulb with reduced appendix ( Fig. 19E View FIGURE 19 ); epigynum with nipple-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 19A View FIGURE 19 ) ................. ................................................................................................................................................................... P. jixianensis
13 Male genital bulb with axe-shaped or boot-shaped uncus; epigynum with necktie-shaped apophysis ..................... 14
- Male genital bulb with W-shaped or S-shaped uncus; epigynum with whip-shaped apophysis ............................... 15
14. Male genital bulb with long axe-shaped uncus ( Fig. 53F View FIGURE 53 ); epigynum with nearly round pore plates ( Fig. 53B View FIGURE 53 ) .......... ....................................................................................................................................................................... P. taishan
- Male genital bulb with boot-shaped uncus ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 16B View FIGURE 16 ) .......... ................................................................................................................................................................... P. henanensis
15 Male genital bulb with S-shaped uncus ( Fig. 30D View FIGURE 30 ) .................................................................................... P. oculosus
- Male genital bulb with W-shaped uncus; epigynum with oval pore plates ................................................................ 16
16 Male sternum with irregular patches ( Fig. 29F View FIGURE 29 ); epigynal apophysis about one third as long as epigynum ( Fig. 29A View FIGURE 29 ) ............................................................................................................................................................. P. mianshanensis
- Male sternum with four pairs of light yellow marginal patches; epigynal apophysis about half as long as epigynum. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
17 Uncus of genital bulb distinctly W-shaped ( Figs. 25G View FIGURE 25 and 32H View FIGURE 32 ); epigynum with semicircular dark shadow centrally ( Figs. 25A View FIGURE 25 and 32A View FIGURE 32 ) .................................................................................................................................................. 18
- Uncus of genital bulb nearly W-shaped ( Fig. 61H View FIGURE 61 ); epigynum without semicircular dark shadow centrally................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ P. yugong
18 Appendix of genital bulb hooked ( Fig. 32H View FIGURE 32 ); pore plates of epigynum relatively close ( Fig. 32B View FIGURE 32 ) ....... P. paralinzhou
- Appendix of genital bulb short rod-shaped ( Fig. 25G View FIGURE 25 ); pore plates of epigynum relatively far apart ( Fig. 25B View FIGURE 25 ).......... ........................................................................................................................................................................ P. linzhou
19 Male genital bulb without appendix; epigynum with small nipple-shaped apophysis .............................................. 20
- Male genital bulb with distinct appendix; epigynum with necktie-, knob- or club-shaped apophysis ...................... 28
20. Male palpal trochanter width equal to or more than half as long as palpal femur .................................................... 21
- Male palpal trochanter width distinctly less than half as long as palpal femur ......................................................... 22
21 Uncus of genital bulb ear-shaped ( Fig. 37H View FIGURE 37 ); epigynum with nearly triangular pore plates ( Fig. 37B View FIGURE 37 ) ... P. phoenixus
- Uncus of genital bulb triangular ( Fig. 12F View FIGURE 12 ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 12C View FIGURE 12 ) ................................ P. gaoi
22 Uncus of genital bulb ear-shaped .............................................................................................................................. 23
- Uncus of genital bulb mushroom-shaped ................................................................................................................... 24
23 Male palpal procursus with hook-shaped projection on tip and long forked-tongue-shaped apophysis near tip ( Fig. 24G View FIGURE 24 ); epigynum with kidney-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 24C View FIGURE 24 )..................................................................... P. lingulatus
- Male palpal procursus with spine-shaped projection on tip and short forked-tongue-shaped apophysis near tip ( Fig. 48I View FIGURE 48 ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 48B View FIGURE 48 ).............................................................. P. sublingulatus
24 Tip of proximolateral apophyses of male chelicerae sightly biforked ...................................................................... 25
- Tip of proximolateral apophyses of male chelicerae not biforked ............................................................................ 26
25 Edge of uncus of genital bulb with distinctly rectangular projection ( Fig. 64H View FIGURE 64 ); epigynum with kidney-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 64B View FIGURE 64 ).............................................................................................................................................. P. zhuolu
- Edge of bulb uncus of genital bulb without rectangular projection ( Fig. 35G View FIGURE 35 ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 35B View FIGURE 35 ) ............................................................................................................................................................ P. pennatus
26 Tip of male palpal procursus pointed, with distinct spine-shaped apophysis ............................................................. 27
- Tip of male palpal procursus not pointed, with several apophyses ( Fig. 6G View FIGURE 6 ) ..................................... P. clavimaculatus
27 Uncus of genital bulb relatively small, nearly triangular ( Fig. 1F View FIGURE 1 ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ) ......................................................................................................................................................... P. alloctospilus
- Uncus of genital bulb relatively large, nearly semicircular ( Fig. 11H View FIGURE 11 ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 11B View FIGURE 11 ) .... .................................................................................................................................................................... P. fengcheng
28. Pattern of carapace distinctly ‘butterfly’ type ............................................................................................................ 29
- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ type ........................................................................................................... 39
29 Male palpal femur without dorsal projection retrolaterally ....................................................................................... 30
- Male palpal femur with dorsal projection retrolaterally ( Figs. 47G View FIGURE 47 , 56I View FIGURE 56 and 62G View FIGURE 62 ) ................................................... 32
30 Male palpal trochanter width equal to or more than half as long as palpal femur; epigynum with necktie- or short club-shaped apophysis ............................................................................................................................................... 31
- Male palpal trochanter width distinctly less than half as long as palpal femur ( Fig. 63I View FIGURE 63 ); epigynum with funnelshaped apophysis ( Fig. 63A View FIGURE 63 ) ........................................................................................................................ P. zhangae 31 Tip of ventral apophysis of male palpal trochanter biforked ( Fig. 46I View FIGURE 46 ); epigynum with necktie-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 46A View FIGURE 46 ) ..................................................................................................................................................... P. songxian
FIGURE 1. Pholcus alloctospilus Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male prosoma, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–G), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 2. Pholcus beijingensis Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. female opisthosoma, lateral view. C. epigynum, ventral view. D. same, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A, B), 0.5mm (C–E, G–H), 0.2mm (F).
FIGURE 4. Pholcus bidentatus Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Chen, 2005 (illustrations modified from Zhu et al. 2005). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. left palp, prolateral view. F. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E, F), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 6. Pholcus clavimaculatus Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations C–H, modified from Song et al. 1999, and A, B modified from Zhang & Zhang, 2000). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. male opisthosoma, lateral view. F. male left chelicera, frontal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D, E), 0.5mm (A, B, F–H), 0.2mm (C).
FIGURE 10. Pholcus elongatus (Yin & Wang, 1981) (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. same, lateral view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. male opisthosoma, lateral view. F. male left chelicera, frontal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D, E), 0.5mm (A–C, F–H)
FIGURE 11. Pholcus fengcheng sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 12. Pholcus gaoi Song & Ren, 1994 (illustrations modified from Song & Ren 1994). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–D, F, G), 0.2mm (E).
FIGURE 14. Pholcus gui Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations, C, D, G, I, J modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. female opisthosoma, lateral view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. F. tip of left appendix, retrolaterodorsal view. G. male left chelicera, frontal view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C, D), 0.5mm (A, B, G–J), 0.2mm (E, F).
FIGURE 16. Pholcus henanensis Zhu & Mao, 1983. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. D. left palp, prolateral view. E. same, retrolateral view. F. left procursus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5mm (A–F).
FIGURE 19. Pholcus jixianensis Zhu & Yu, 1983. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. D. left procursus, dorsal view. E. left palp, prolateral view. F. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5mm (A–F).
FIGURE 21. Pholcus kimi Song & Zhu, 1994 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2005). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male left chelicera, frontal view. D. male body, dorsal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D), 0.5mm (A–C, E–G).
FIGURE 24. Pholcus lingulatus Gao, Gao & Zhu, 2002 (illustrations modified from Gao, Gao & Zhu 2002). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 25. Pholcus linzhou Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 2000). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A–B, D–H).
FIGURE 27. Pholcus medog Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2006). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).
FIGURE 28. Pholcus mengla Song & Zhu, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. female opisthosoma, lateral view. C. epigynum, ventral view. D. same, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A, B), 0.5mm (C, D).
FIGURE 29. Pholcus mianshanensis sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 30. Pholcus oculosus Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 2000). A. male body, dorsal view. B. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. C. male left chelicera, frontal view. D. left palp, prolateral view. E. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–E).
FIGURE 32. Pholcus paralinzhou sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–I).
FIGURE 35. Pholcus pennatus Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2005 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2005). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–H), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 37. Pholcus phoenixus sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 39. Pholcus podophthalmus Simon, 1893 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. male body, dorsal view. B. male prosoma, frontal view. C. left palp, prolateral view. D. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–D).
FIGURE 46. Pholcus songxian sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 47. Pholcus spilis Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male prosoma, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, F, G), 0.2mm (E).
FIGURE 48. Pholcus sublingulatus sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male left chelicera, lateral view. F. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. G. male sternum, ventral view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, E, G–J), 0.2mm (F).
FIGURE 53. Pholcus taishan Song & Zhu, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. male C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).
FIGURE 54. Pholcus triangulatus Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–G), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 55. Pholcus wuyiensis Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E–G), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 56. Pholcus xinjiangensis Hu & Wu, 1989. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
FIGURE 61. Pholcus yugong sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–I).
FIGURE 62. Pholcus zham Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2006). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).
FIGURE 63. Pholcus zhangae sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male left chelicera, lateral view. F. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. G. male sternum, ventral view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, E, G–J), 0.2mm (F).
FIGURE 64. Pholcus zhuolu sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).
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