Corythalia conferta, Bayer & Höfer & Metzner, 2020

Bayer, Steffen, Höfer, Hubert & Metzner, Heiko, 2020, Revision of the genus Corythalia C. L. Koch, 1850, part 1: Diagnosis and new species from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae: Euophryini), Zootaxa 4806 (1), pp. 1-144 : 16-20

Corythalia conferta sp. nov.

Figs 7 A–E, 57B, 61B, 64B–D, 68B, 71B, 75B–E urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BFA805CE-BDA0-48D6-A096-99E87A92F934

Type material. Holotype: ♀ (F-2), BRAZIL: São Paulo: São Paulo: Campus da Universidade de São Paulo, about 780 m a.s.l., 23°33’50”S, 46°43’52”W, D.F. Candiani leg. 14 May 2003, Am. 94, Cordão Jardim, IBSP 131451 . Paratypes: 1 ♂ (M-1), 1 ♀ (F-1) with exactly the same data as holotype, IBSP 131451 -I (ex. 131451); 2 ♂ (M-2, -7), 4 ♀ (F-3–4, -13–14) with the same data as holotype, except for R .P. Indicatti leg. 19 May 2003 / D.F. Candiani leg. 20 May 2003 (and different Am.-numbers: Am. 08/ Am. 23), IBSP 131475 / 131461; (Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Artrópodos , about 750 m a.s.l., 23°34’08”S, 46°43’03”W) : 1 ♀ (F-12), A.D. Brescovit leg. 29 May 2002, IBSP 34886 ; 1 ♂ (M-13) with the same data, except leg. 10 Sep. 2002, IBSP 37109 ; ( Vila Butantan—URB - USP) : 2 ♂ (M-11/M-8), 1 ♀ (F-15), F.S. Cunha leg. 06 Feb. 2001, IBSP 33508 /33518; 2 ♂ (M-9–10), 1 ♀ (F-16), M.S. Sebastião leg. 06 Nov. 2001, IBSP 33503 ; 1 ♂ (M-12), 2 ♀ (F-17), R . P. Indicatti leg. 07 Feb. 2001, IBSP 33502 . BRAZIL: São Paulo: Porto Primavera, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta : 2 ♂ (M-3–4), 1 ♀ (F-5), Equipe IBSP leg. 2001, IBSP 53033 - I (ex IBSP 53033 ) ; 2 ♀ (F-10–11), IBSP 53142 - I (ex IBSP 53142 ). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Anaurilândia , about 300 m a.s.l., ca. 22°12’S, 52°43’W : 1 ♂ (M-6), 2 ♀ (F-7–9), F.S. Cunha & C. R . Souza leg. 05–11 Mar. 2001, IBSP 53374 .

Additional material examined. BRAZIL: São Paulo: São Paulo: Parque da Previdência ( URB - PREV): 1 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 p. s.a. ♀, R . P. Indicatti leg. 05 Nov. 1999, IBSP 33489 . Garça , about 600–700 m a.s.l., ca. 22°13’S, 49°38’W: 1 ♂ (M-5), 1 ♀ (F-6), A. Nogueira leg. IX.2006, IBSP 123107 . Ribeirão Preto : 1 ♂, E. Nascimento et al. leg. 2003– 2005, IBSP 58181 ; 1 ♂ with the same data, except: Manta de Santa Tereza, I. Cizauskas leg. 06 Nov 2006, IBSP 85597 . Caucaia do Alto, Reserva do Morro Grande : 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Equipe Biota leg. 13–28 June 2002, IBSP 37180 . São Caetano do Sul, Parque Chico Mendes : 3 ♂, 4 ♀, A. Macedo leg. 2004, IBSP 75139 . Campinas : 1 ♂, 1 ♀, A.J. Santos leg. X.1998, IBSP 42989 . Tupã : 2 ♂, G. R . S. Ruiz leg. 16 Sep. 2006 & 05 Oct. 2004, IBSP 151791 /151787. Mato Grosso do Sul: Mundo Novo, Bairro Tapajós : 1 ♂, 4 ♀, D. Araujo et al. leg. IV–VI.2008, IBSP 143642 ; 1 ♂, 9 ♀, with the same data, except Bairro Berneck, IBSP 143698 . Anaurilândia : 1 ♂, 7 ♀, 1 s.a. ♀, F.S. Cunha & C. R . Souza leg. 12–19 Mar. 2001, IBSP 53320 . Santa Rita do Rio Pardo : 1 ♀, R . Bertani & K. Kashimata leg. 24 Apr. 2001, IBSP 53255 . Ivinhema : 2 ♂, D. Araujo leg. 2012, IBSP 168295 . Brasilândia, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta : 2 ♀, D.F. Candiani & C.A. R . Souza leg. 17–24 July 2000, IBSP 31244 ; (Fazenda Cizalpina) : 2 ♂, D.F. Candiani & C.A. R . Souza leg. 2000, IBSP 35236 /35241.

Etymology. The specific name refers to the dense arrangement of light scale hairs on the clypeus of the type specimens of this species, which were collected just a few years ago and thus are in very good condition (Latin adjective “conferta” meaning “densely arranged”); adjective.

Diagnosis. Males distinguished from those of all other Corythalia species by the following characters in combination: embolus (actual tubular section) quite narrow (at central section at most 1/2 the width of RTA [ventral view] at central section, Figs 7A , 64 B–D) and at most 2/3 as long as width of tegulum; width of embolus base-circle slightly larger than 1/2 and clearly less than 2/3 the width of tegulum; tip (distal section) of retrolateral half of tegulum reaching (slightly) further distally than distal margin of embolus base ( Figs 7A , 64 B–D). Females distinguished from those of all other Corythalia species by the following characters in combination: anterior margin of epigynal window (W) (AMW) continuous; septum of epigynal windows (SW) not continuous; W only slightly longer than broad (less than 1.15x) ( Figs 7C , 71B ); in dorsal view ( Figs 7D , 75 B–E) secondary (SS) and primary spermtheca (PS) (almost) in touch with each other, connective duct (DST) between SS and PS relatively short (at most as long as diameter of PS); SS small (diameter at least 1/3 the diameter of primary spermathecae, but clearly less than 1/2). Heads of spermatheca visible in dorsal view. Arising point of fertilisation duct (FD) antero-medially on PS ( Figs 7D , 75 B–E).

Description. Male (measurements of paratype M-1 first, those of all other male paratypes as range in parentheses): total length 5.5 (4.7–5.6), carapace length 2.6 (2.0–2.7), maximal carapace width 1.7 (1.4–1.8), width of eye rectangle 1.5 (1.3–1.5), opisthosoma length 2.3 (1.8–2.5), opisthosoma width 1.7 (1.2–1.7), fovea length 0.16 (0.10–0.22). EYES: AME 0.49 (0.38–0.49), ALE 0.31 (0.23–0.31), PME 0.08 (0.07–0.10), PLE 0.27 (0.25–0.27), AME–AME 0.04 (0.03–0.04), AME–ALE 0.04 (0.04–0.05), PME–PME 1.28 (1.16–1.30), PME–PLE 0.21 (0.19– 0.23), ALE–PLE 0.57 (0.53–0.58), PLE–PLE 1.07 (0.92–1.08), clypeus height at AME 0.28 (0.15–0.28), clypeus height at ALE 0.58 (0.49–0.58). Cheliceral furrow with 1 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth. SPINATION: palp: no spines. Legs: femur I 1400 (1400, 1500, 1600), II 1600 (1600, 1500), III 2600 {1600} (1600), IV 1600 (1600, 0600); patella I–II 1000 (1000), III–IV 1010 (1010); tibia I 2005 (2004, 2003), II 3005 (2004, 2005), III–IV 3133 (3133); metatarsus I 2004 (2004), II 2014 (2014, 2004), III 3134 (3134), IV 4144 (4144, 4143, 4134). MEA- SUREMENT OF PALP AND LEGS: palp 1.9 (1.5–2.1) [0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.3 (0.3–0.4), 0.2 (0.2–0.3), 0.7 (0.5–0.7)], I 4.1 (3.0–4.2) [1.3 (1.1–1.4), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.9 (0.6–1.0), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.5 (0.3–0.5)], II 4.2 (3.0–4.4) [1.4 (1.1– 1.4), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.9 (0.6–1.0), 0.7 (0.5–0.8), 0.5 (0.3–0.5)], III 5.2 (3.8–5.6) [1.8 (1.2–1.9), 0.8 (0.6–0.8), 1.0 (0.8–1.2), 1.0 (0.8–1.1), 0.6 (0.4–0.6)], IV 5.0 (3.7–5.2) [1.6 (1.2–1.7), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 1.1 (0.8–1.1), 1.1 (0.8–1.1), 0.5 (0.4–0.6)]. LEG FORMULA: 3421. COPULATORY ORGAN: embolus moderately long, narrow hose-like and arising point at medio-proximal section of embolus base ( Figs 7A , 64 B–D); embolus base circle about half as broad as tegulum or slightly broader or narrower ( Figs 7A , 64 B–D). Tegulum narrower than cymbium, sperm duct double-stacked S-shaped, occupying retrolateral 2/3 of tegulum ( Figs 7A , 64 B–D), retrolatero-proximal tegulum lobe (PTL) clearly distinguished from residual tegulum, prolateral margin of PTL in some specimens with blunt, but rather flat lobe ( Fig. 7A ). Cymbium in ventral view ( Figs 7A , 64 B–D) distally conically converging and at distalmost section broadly rounded; at distal 1/4 slightly lighter and with scopula ( Fig. 68B ). Palpal tibia short, broader than long ( Figs 7 A–B, 64D, 68B) and ventral tibial bump medium sized and slightly conical. RTA dorsally with serration ( Figs 7 A–B, 64D, 68B). COLOURATION: see genus description for conservative aspects. Carapace dark red-brown ( Fig. 57B ), light scale hairs densely arranged, especially frontally (however material examined still quite freshly recorded and in good condition). Legs dark brown to red-brown, except for some articles being lighter (see genus description) ( Fig. 57B ). Opisthosoma like noted in genus description under general dorsal colouration, except for chevron-like patch in central band missing ( Fig. 57B ).

Female (measurements of holotype first, those of all female paratypes as range in parentheses): total length 6.5 (5.2–6.7), carapace length 2.6 (2.1–2.9), maximal carapace width 1.8 (1.5–1.9), width of eye rectangle 1.6 (1.4– 1.8), opisthosoma length 3.3 (2.3–3.8), opisthosoma width 2.3 (1.6–2.7), fovea length 0.22 (0.16–0.24). EYES: AME 0.50 (0.42–0.51), ALE 0.30 (0.27–0.31), PME 0.10 (0.08–0.10), PLE 0.26 (0.23–0.27), AME–AME 0.05 (0.03–0.05), AME–ALE 0.06 (0.03–0.06), PME–PME 1.27 (1.18–1.41), PME–PLE 0.21 (0.19–0.24), ALE–PLE 0.58 (0.52–0.59), PLE–PLE 1.13 (0.93–1.15), clypeus height at AME 0.27 (0.21–0.28), clypeus height at ALE 0.55 (0.50–0.59). Cheliceral furrow with 1 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth. SPINATION: palp: no spines. Legs: femur I 1400 (1400, 1500), II 1400 {1500} (1400, 1500), III 1500 (1500), IV 0500 (0500); patella I–II 1000 (1000), III 1010 (1010), IV 0010 (1010, 0010); tibia I 2003 {2002} (2003, 1003), II 2003 {2002} (2003, 3003), III 3133{2133} (3033, 3133, 2033, 1023), IV 1032 {2132} (2033, 3033, 3133, 1033); metatarsus I–II 2004 (2004), III 3134 (3134), IV 4044 (4044, 4134). MEASUREMENT OF PALP AND LEGS: palp 2.1 (1.6–2.1) [0.7 (0.6–0.7), 0.4 (0.3–0.4), 0.4 (0.2–0.4), 0.6 (0.5–0.6)], I 3.8 (3.3–4.1) [1.2 (1.1–1.3), 0.7 (0.6–0.8), 0.8 (0.7–0.8), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.4 (0.4–0.5)], II 3.9 (3.4–4.1) [1.3 (1.2–1.3), 0.7 (0.6–0.8), 0.8 (0.7–0.8), 0.7 (0.5–0.7), 0.4 (0.4–0.5)], III 4.6 (3.8– 4.9) [1.5 (1.3–1.5), 0.8 (0.6–0.8), 0.9 (0.7–1.0), 0.9 (0.7–1.0), 0.5 (0.5–0.6)], IV 4.8 (4.1–5.0) [1.5 (1.3–1.5), 0.7 (0.6–0.7), 1.0 (0.8–1.2), 1.1 (1.0–1.1), 0.5 (0.4–0.5)]. LEG FORMULA: 4321. COPULATORY ORGAN: epigyne with stout oval (almost round) epigynal windows, septum uncontinuous ( Figs 7C , 71B ) and proximally relatively broad. Epigynal field broader than long. Primary spermathecae (PS), visible through cuticle of W, filling large part of W (almost up to proximal 2/3, Figs 7C , 71B ). Vulva with diagonally orientated oval (almost round) primary spermathecae being distinctly larger than secondary spermathecae. Head of spermatheca directed postero-laterally on secondary spermatheca ( Figs 7 D–E, 75B). Connective ducts narrow, quite short and meeting primary spermathecae medially ( Figs 7D , 75 B–C). FD arising antero-medially on PS, being bent laterally. Copulatory ducts only partly (sometimes even hardly) recognisable as covered by connective ducts ( Figs 7 D–E, 75B–D). COLOURATION: see genus description for conservative aspects. Carapace dark red-brown ( Fig. 61B ), light scale hairs quite densely arranged, especially at clypeus (however material examined still quite freshly recorded and in good condition). Legs brown to red-brown, except for some articles being lighter (see genus description) ( Fig. 61B ). Opisthosoma like noted in genus description under general dorsal colouration, except for chevron-like patch in central band missing ( Fig. 61B ).

Intraspecific variation of male and female copulatory organs. In a few males ( Figs 64 C–D) T broader than in others. In some males E slightly longer than usually ( Fig. 64D ) or slightly stronger curved distally ( Figs 64 B–C). PTL in some males with prolateral lobe absent ( Figs 64B, D ). Rarely T just minimally narrower than cymbium ( Fig. 64C ). In females an even higher degree of intraspecific variation is recognisable: few females with DST longer than usually and anteriorly surrounding SS ( Fig. 75D ), or DST covering medial 1/5 of SS ( Fig. 75B ). Orientation of PS in some females almost longitudinal ( Fig. 75C ) or almost transversal ( Fig. 75D ) instead of diagonal as usual. In one specimen SS located further posteriorly ( Fig. 75E ) than usually (However, this might have teratological reasons in this particular case). Direction of head of spermatheca in some females antero-lateral ( Fig. 75C ).

Remarks. This seems to be a widely distributed and common species. It resembles C. noda and C. concinna sp. nov. in having an uncontinuous SW, almost round W, SS that are clearly smaller than PS and relatively short DST. These species thus might be close relatives of C. conferta sp. nov. In C. drepane sp. nov. at least the males are similar to C. conferta sp. nov. in having moderately long emboli, PTL with prolateral lobe (even though in the latter species not always) and medium sized RTA. Being aware that recovering relationships between species requires a phylogenetic approach (e.g. molecular phylogenetic methods or morphological cladistic methods), we find that similarities in such complex and specialised organs like the copulatory organs are also strong indicators of a close relationship ( Bayer 2012; Bayer & Schönhofer 2013; Copley et al. 2009).

Distribution. Brazil (south-eastern part).

Figures

FIGURE 7. Corythalia conferta sp. nov., specimens from São Paulo, Brazil.A–B Male paratype M-1, left palp (A ventral view; B retrolateral view). C–E Female holotype, epigyne (C ventral view; D vulva, dorsal view; E schematic course of internal duct system).

FIGURE 57. Corythalia spp., photographic images of male specimens, dorsal view. Corythalia latipes: A Neotype from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: B Paratype M-1, IBSP 131451, from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: C Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia antepagmenti sp. nov.: D Paratype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia ricti Bayer, sp. nov.: E Holotype from East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana. Corythalia parva: F Lectotype from Brazil. Corythalia protensa sp. nov.: G Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia placata: H Male MCZ 20545-II (Paralectotype of Dynamius blandus) from Trinidad. Corythalia gasnieri sp. nov.: I Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil.

FIGURE 61. Corythalia spp., photographic images of female specimens, dorsal view. Corythalia latipes: A Female F-1, IBSP 35165-II, from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: B Paratype F-3, IBSP 131475, from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia concinna sp. nov.: C Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia noda: D Holotype from Cuzco, Peru. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: E Paratype SMNK-ARA 02325 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia drepanopsis sp. nov.: F Holotype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia antepagmenti sp. nov.: G Holotype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia parva: H Paralectotype from Brazil. Corythalia placata: I Lectotype from Trinidad.

FIGURE 64. Corythalia spp., photographic images of left palps of male specimens, ventral view. Corythalia latipes: A Neotype from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: Paratypes from São Paulo (B M-9, IBSP 33503; C M-4, IBSP 53033) and Mato Grosso do Sul (D M-6, IBSP 53374), Brazil. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: E Holotype and F Paratype SMNK-ARA 02326 (in this specimen bulb expanded; thus basal and distal haematodocha recognisable) from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia antepagmenti sp. nov.: G Paratype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia ricti Bayer, sp. nov.: H Holotype from East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana. Corythalia parva: I Lectotype from Brazil. Corythalia protensa sp. nov.: J Holotype and K paratype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia placata: L Male MCZ 20545-II (Paralectotype of Dynamius blandus) from Trinidad.

FIGURE 68. Corythalia spp., photographic images of left palps of male specimens, retrolateral view. Corythalia latipes: A Neotype from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: B Paratype M-1, IBSP 131451, from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: C Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia antepagmenti sp. nov.: D Paratype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia ricti Bayer, sp. nov.: E Holotype from East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana. Corythalia parva: F Lectotype from Brazil. Corythalia protensa sp. nov.: G Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia placata: H Male MCZ 20545-II (Paralectotype of Dynamius blandus) from Trinidad. Corythalia gasnieri sp. nov.: I Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia fimbriata: J Lectotype from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia argentinensis: K Holotype from Misiones, Argentina. Corythalia luctuosa: L Lectotype from St. Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana.

FIGURE 71. Corythalia spp., photographic images of epigynes, ventral view. Corythalia latipes: A Female F-1, IBSP 35165-II, from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: B Holotype from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia concinna sp. nov.: C Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia noda: D Holotype from Cuzco, Peru. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: Paratypes E SMNK- ARA 02321 and F SMNK-ARA 02327 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia drepanopsis sp. nov.: G Holotype, H paratype F-2, I paratype F-3 from Acre, Brazil.

FIGURE 75. Corythalia spp., photographic images of vulvae, dorsal view. Corythalia latipes: A Female F-1, IBSP 35165-II, from Bahia, Brazil. Corythalia conferta sp. nov.: B Holotype, C Paratype F-5, ex. IBSP 53033 and D Female F-6 from São Paulo, E Paratype f-7 from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Corythalia concinna sp. nov.: F Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia noda: G Holotype from Cuzco, Peru. Corythalia drepane sp. nov.: H Paratype SMNK-ARA 02321 and I SMNK-ARA 02327 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia drepanopsis sp. nov.: J Holotype and Paratype K F-2 and L F-3 from Acre, Brazil.