Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli, 2013

Lücking, Robert, Dal-Forno, Manuela, Lawrey, James D., Bungartz, Frank, Holgado Rojas, María E., Hernández, Jesús E., Marcelli, Marcelo P., Moncada, Bibiana, Morales, Eduardo A., Nelsen, Matthew P., Paz, Elias, Salcedo, Luis, Spielmann, Adriano A., Wilk, Karina, Will-Wolf, Susan & Yánez-Ayabaca, Alba, 2013, Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade, Phytotaxa 139 (1), pp. 1-38 : 24-32

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.139.1.1
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D68790-D148-757D-FF15-FC18FE85FCA7
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli View in CoL , sp. nov. ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 )

Mycobank #805386

Genbank ITS barcoding sequence: KF443223 View Materials

Differing from Dictyonema phyllophilum and D. schenckianum s.lat. in the densely and irregularly interwoven, dark olive-green fibrils and the absence of a distinct hypothallus.

Holotype: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Mogi-Graçu, Martinho Prado Jr., Mogi-Guaçu Ecological Reserve , Fazenda Campininha; 22° 15' S, 47° 10' W, 635 m; interior of dense Cerrado; 7 November 2007, Lücking 23025 ( F; isotype: SP). GoogleMaps

Thallus epiphytic on tree trunks, appressed filamentous, individual patches up to 5 cm across but eventually covering large areas of the substrate, forming a strongly compressed mat of irregularly arranged, densely interwoven, very dark olive-green fibrils resting on a very thin, often indistinct, sordid pale brown, byssoid hypothallus. Thallus in section 200–400 µm thick, composed of an upper photobiont layer 150–250 µm thick and a lower medulla (forming the hypothallus) 50–100 µm thick; photobiont layer composed of numerous cyanobacterial filaments wrapped in a closed hyphal sheath formed by jigsaw puzzle-shaped cells, connected to loose hyphae towards the medulla; medulla composed of a loose network of interwoven hyphae sparsely intermingled with cyanobacterial filaments; cyanobacterial filaments composed of 20–25 µm wide and 6–8 µm high, dark green cells (becoming orange-yellow towards the tips) penetrated by tubular fungal hyphae, often longitudinally divided, heterocytes sparse, pale yellow, 15–20 µm wide and 6–9 µm high; cells of hyphal sheath wavy in lateral outline, 3–4 µm thick; medullary hyphae and those associated with hyphal sheath straight, 4–6 µm thick, lacking clamp connections but often sparsely and finely papillose.

Hymenophore developed as bulging, stereoid patches from the underside of the thallus margins, white; hymenophore in section 200–400 µm thick, composed of a paraplectenchymatous layer connected to loose medullary hyphae; hymenium composed of numerous, palisade-like basidioles and scattered basidia; basidioles 20–30 × 5–7 µm; basidia 30–40 × 5–8 µm, 4-sterigmate; basidiospores ellipsoid to narrowly dropshaped, non-septate, hyaline, 7–9 × 3–4 µm.

Chemistry: no substances detected by TLC.

Distribution and Ecology: —This species is thus far known from Cerrado ('Cerrado denso') vegetation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, where it grows on the corky bark of characteristic Cerrado trees.

Etymology: —The epithet refers to the very dark color of the thallus, at first glance not at all resembling a lichen.

Remarks: —This is another new species in the complex formerly recognized as just a single species,

Dictyonema sericeum ( Parmasto 1978) . It differs from superficially similar species such as D. phyllophilum and D. schenckianum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. ( Zahlbruckner 1931: 748) in the very dark color of the thallus and the very broad, dark green rather than bluish green, irregularly arranged fibrils in which the photobiont cells of the cyanobacterial filaments tend to divide longitudinally, giving them partially a 'muriform' appearance. This feature is reminiscent of D. moorei (Nyl.) Henssen ( Henssen 1963: 109; Parmasto 1978), in which the hyphal sheath usually contains two filaments, but in D. obscuratum no distinct separate filaments are formed within a single sheath. Also, the surface of the filaments in D. moorei is different and more similar to the genus Acantholichen.

Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Mogi-Graçu, Mogi-Guaçu Biological Reserve, Fazenda Campininha , Cerrado Seco ; 22° 15' S, 47° 10' W, 650 m; interior of dense Cerrado; 7 November 2007, Lücking 23025, 23204 ( F, SP) GoogleMaps .

Key to currently accepted genera of Dictyonema s.lat.

1. Thallus composed of distinct fibrils including cyanobacterial filaments, either appressed to substrate or forming horizontally projecting, semicircular lobes ........................................................................................................................ 2

- Thallus microsquamulose to foliose, no distinct fibrils visible, photobiont instead forming clusters of short, irregularly coiled threads inside the thallus ............................................................................................................................ 3

2. Photobiont cells narrow (5–7 µm broad), lacking haustoria; hyphal sheath around photobiont filaments composed of irregular hyphae leaving interspaces; basidiomata (hymenophores) if present stipitate and erect, only at the base connected to lichenized thallus ............................................................................................. Cyphellostereum D. A. Reid View in CoL

- Photobiont cells broad (7–20 µm broad), with tubular intracellular haustoria; hyphal sheath around photobiont filaments composed of paraplectenchymatous, jigsaw-puzzle-shaped cells forming a completely closed layer; basidiomata (hymenophores) if present stereoid-corticioid, without stipe, their dorsal portion partially overgrown with the lichenized thallus or completely formed on the thallus underside ........................ Dictyonema C. Agardh ex Kunth View in CoL

3. Thallus microsquamulose; thallus underside in microscope view forming apically thickened, distinctly spinulose hyphae (acanthohyphae) .................................................................................................... Acantholichen P. M. Jørg.

- Thallus macrosquamulose; acanthohyphae absent ....................................................................................................... 4

4. Upper cortex thin, distinctly paraplectenchymatous; upper surface color dark blue-green or olive-brown when dry; isidioid propagules sometimes present; hymenophores unknown ........................................................... Corella Vain.

- Upper cortex thick, composed of an upper, periclinal layer of loosely packed hyphae supported by a layer of anticlinal hyphal bundles leaving large interspaces; soredioid propagules sometimes present; hymenophores mostly present..................................................................................................................................................................... Cora Fr. View in CoL

Key to currently recognized species of Cyphellostereum View in CoL (excluding species not belonging in this clade)

1. Thallus with distinct white prothallus........................................................................................................................... 2

- Thallus lacking distinct prothallus ................................................................................................................................ 3

2. Fibrils irregularly appressed; hyphal sheath around cyanobacterial filaments dense..................................................... ........................................................................ C. imperfectum Lücking, Barillas & Dal-Forno View in CoL ( Yánez et al. 2012) [Illustration in Yánez et al. 2012: 227, fig. 1d–f]

- Fibrils strongly appressed; hyphal sheath around cyanobacterial filaments loose ..... C. nitidum (Lücking) Lücking [Illustration in Lücking 2008: 784, fig. 257D]

3. Thallus terrestrial; basidiomata common............ C. pusiolum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid ( Reid 1965: 342) [Syn.: Stereum cyphelloides Berk. & M. A. Curtis ( Berkeley & Curtis 1868: 331); Stereophyllum pallens P. Karst. ( Karsten 1889: 223) ; Thelephora uleana Henn. ( Hennings 1897: 194) ; Podoscypha minutula Pat. ( Patouillard 1924: 33) ; illustration in Dal-Forno et al. 2013, fig. 3A; synonymy is based on current species concept but possibly some of the synonyms represent distinct species]

- Thallus epiphytic; basidiomata unknown .................. C. phyllogenum (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey [Illustration in Lücking 2008: 784, fig. 257C]

Key to currently recognized species of Dictyonema s.str.

1. Thallus appearing applanate microfruticulose, each branch including 2–3 cyanobacterial filaments ........................... ............................................................................................................................................. D. moorei (Nyl.) Henssen [Syn.: Dictyonema japonicum Asahina ( Asahina 1944) ; Dictyonema confusum Henssen in herb. (nom. inval.); illustration in Henssen 1963: taf. 28d, 30c–e].

- Thallus distinctly filamentous, cyanobacterial filaments always solitary .................................................................... 2

2. Thallus forming semicircular lobes projecting horizontally from the substrate........................................................... 3

- Thallus appressed-filamentous, forming a crust over the substrate.............................................................................. 6

3. Thallus surface with coarse, finger-like outgrowths; clamp connections present ........................................................ 4

- Thallus surface plane; clamp connections present or absent ........................................................................................ 5

4. Fibrils narrow, very densely arranged, giving the lobes an almost smooth appearance; lobe surface intensely bluegreen ............................................................................................................................ D. scabridum (Vain.) Lücking View in CoL

- Fibrils broad, more loosely and irregularly arranged and leaving interspaces, giving the lobes a rough appearance; lobe surface mottled white and blue-green ................................................................... D. irpicinum Mont. ( Fig. 13A View FIGURE 13 )

5. Fibrils narrow, very densely arranged, giving the lobes an almost smooth appearance; lobe surface intensely bluegreen; clamp connections present .................... D. ligulatum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. View in CoL ( Zahlbruckner 1908: 239; Fig. 13B View FIGURE 13 ) [ Dictyonema laxum Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. 4: 57 (1883)].

- Fibrils broad, more loosely and irregularly arranged and leaving interspaces, giving the lobes a rough appearance; lobe surface mottled white and blue-green; clamp connections absent ........................ D. sericeum (Sw.) Berk. s.lat. [This is a collective taxon comprising several distinct lineages, but more data are required to establish exact species boundaries; possibly distinct species are Dictyonema sericeum s.str., described from the Caribbean; D. aeruginosum (Blume & T. Nees) Berk. ( Berkeley 1872) , described from Indonesia (Java); D. excentricum C. Agardh ( Kunth 1822: 1) , with thick, horizontally arranged bundles of fibrils ( Fig. 13C View FIGURE 13 ), described from French Guiana; and D. spongiosum Berk. & M. A. Curtis ( Berkeley & Curtis 1868: 335), with a thick, spongiose upper surface composed of bundles of vertically projecting fibrils ( Fig. 13D View FIGURE 13 ), described from Cuba. The type material of D. sericeum is rather small and consists of three lobes with more or less appressed, aeruginous fibrils and a whitish to cream-colored, marginal zone lacking photobiont filaments; it appears most similar to the lineage labeled D. sericeum 1 in Dal- Forno et al. (2013); the type of D. aeruginosum is extremely small and cannot be identified with certainty and must be considered a nomen dubium; D. excentricum has not been recollected by us; and the fourth taxon, D. spongiosum , was gathered in Guatemala ( Fig. 13E–F View FIGURE 13 ) and was sequenced and was found to represent the lineage labeled D. sericeum 3 in Dal-Forno et al. (2013)]

6. Fibrils distinctly 'combed' (oriented in a single direction) or embedded in a gelatinous matrix, forming a regular or smooth surface with the fibrils horizontally arranged and closely appressed............................................................... 7

- Fibrils neither combed nor embedded in a gelatinous matrix, forming a more or less irregular, rough surface, with the fibrils irregularly arranged to ascending or erect .................................................................................................. 11

7. Fibrils distinctly 'combed' ............................................................................................................................................. 8 - Fibrils embedded in a gelatinous matrix or closely appressed to substrate .................................................................. 9

8. Fibrils olive-green; prothallus indistinct; hyphal sheath papillose towards the tips of the filaments............................. ..................................................................... D. pectinatum Dal Forno, Yánez & Lücking ( Yánez et al. 2012: 234) [Illustration in Yánez et al. 2012: 235, fig. 3d–f]

- Fibrils distinctly blue-green; prothallus distinct; hyphal sheath smooth ........................................................................ ..................................................................................................... D. schenckianum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 ) [This name was used in a broader sense by Chaves et al. (2004) and Yánez et al. (2012), including also specimens with rather thick, appressed thalli with irregularly arranged fibrils, often being fertile; revision of type material revealed that these specimens come closer to D. irrigatum (differing by the lack of clamp connections), whereas the fibrils of D. schenckianum s.str. have a combed appearance]

9. Fibrils closely appressed but not embedded in gelatinous matrix; over bryophyes ....................................................... ....................................................................................................... D. diducens Nyl. ex Lücking , sp. nov. ( Fig. 14B View FIGURE 14 ) [Mycobank #805387. This taxon was not validly described by Nylander (1885) and a brief description follows: Differing from the morphologically similar Dictyonema thelephora in the closely appressed fibrils forming an almost continuous crust. Holotype: Peru, unknown locality and date, Krause s.n. (BM-001084450!). Thallus epiphytic on bry- ophytes, appressed filamentous and forming a more or less smooth crust of irregularly arranged to nearly parallel, aeruginous fibrils, lacking a distinct hypothallus and prothallus. Thallus in section 20–50 µm thick, of numerous cyanobacterial filaments wrapped in a closed hyphal sheath formed by jigsaw puzzle-shaped cells; cyanobacterial filaments composed of 8–14 µm wide and 4–5 µm high, blue-green cells penetrated by tubular fungal hyphae; heterocytes sparse, pale yellow, 7–12 µm wide and 3–4 µm high; cells of hyphal sheath wavy in lateral outline, 3–4 µm thick; free hyphae associated with hyphal sheath straight, 4–6 µm thick, lacking clamp connections.]

- Fibrils embedded in gelatinous matrix; on bark ......................................................................................................... 10

10. Thallus thick, with thick, gelatinous, zonate prothallus, opaque when dry; fibrils light aeruginous ............................. ......................................................................................................... D. hernandezii Lücking, Lawrey & Dal-Forno [Illustration in Lumbsch et al. 2011: 47, fig. 10C]

- Thallus thin, lacking distinct prothallus, with metallic shimmer when dry; fibrils dark greenish blue ......................... ............................................................................................ D. metallicum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 )

11. Thallus with coarse, finger-like outgrowths .................. D. aeruginosulum Lücking, Nelsen & Will-Wolf ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 ) - Thallus plane............................................................................................................................................................... 12

12. Clamp connections present ......................................................................................................................................... 13 - Clamp connections absent .......................................................................................................................................... 14

13. Thallus usually over bryophytes, thin with appressed, mostly horizontal fibrils, pale greenish blue, rarely fertile ...... .............................................................................................................. D. caespitosum (Johow) Lücking ( Fig. 14C View FIGURE 14 ) [ Dictyonema caespitosum (Johow) Lücking , comb. nov.; Mycobank #805392; bas.: Laudatea caespitosa Johow, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. View in CoL 15: 386 (1884); holotype: Brazil, Dusén s.n. (S!)]

- Thallus usually on tree trunks, thick with irregularly appressed to ascending or short-erect fibrils, dark blue-green, often fertile with stereoid hymenophores......................... D. irrigatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lücking ( Fig. 14D View FIGURE 14 ) [ Dictyonema irrigatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lücking , comb. nov.; Mycobank #805393; bas.: Corticium irrigatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 4: 123 (1860); holotype: China, Wright 108 (PC!)]

14. Thallus usually on living leaves; prothallus distinct, white............................................................................................

................................................................. D. phyllophilum (Parmasto) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey ( Fig. 14E View FIGURE 14 ) - Thallus on tree trunks or bryophytes; prothallus indistinct or absent......................................................................... 15

15. Thallus on tree trunks; often fertile............................................................................................................................. 16 - Thallus on mosses or liverworts; usually sterile ......................................................................................................... 17

16. Thallus dark blue-green to brownish; cells of the cyanobacterial filaments often longitudinally divided..................... ........................................................................................ D. obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 )

- Thallus light to dark blue-green; cells of the cyanobacterial filaments not divided....................................................... ................................................................................... D. aff. irrigatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lücking ( Fig. 14F View FIGURE 14 )

17. Thallus dark blue-green, shiny; western Europe ..... D. coppinsii Lücking, Barrie & Genney ( Lücking et al. 2014) [ Dictyonema interruptum auct., non (Carmich. ex Hook.) Parmasto (= Rhizonema interruptum Lücking & Barrie ); illustration in Lücking et al. 2014, fig. 1]

- Thallus light greyish blue-green; tropics .................................................................................................................... 18

18. Fibrils irregularly appressed ........................................... D. thelephora (Spreng.) Zahlbr. ( Zahlbruckner 1931: 748) - Fibrils irregularly erect .......................... D. galapagoense Yánez, Dal Forno & Bungartz ( Yánez et al. 2012: 234)

[Illustration in Yánez et al. 2012: 235, fig. 3a–c]

Key to currently recognized species of Cora

1. Upper or lower lobe surface with distinct tomentum or tufts of hairs.......................................................................... 2

- Upper lobe surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous or minutely arachnoid .............................................................. 7

2. Lobes with irregular, dark, sorediate margins contrasting with the white lobe surface; upper lobe surface glabrous; lower lobe surface with long tufts of hairs................................................... C. inversa Lücking & Moncada ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 )

- Lobes with rounded, non-sorediate margins; upper lobe surface at least partially arachnoid-tomentose; lower lobe surface minutely arachnoid ........................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Upper lobe surface with rather long, erect to horizontally combed setae of agglutinated hairs................................... 4

- Upper lobe surface with short, arachnoid tomentum or concentric zones of hairs formed by simple hyphae............. 5

4. Upper surface tomentose up to the margin and setae longest along the margin; surface of hymenophore minutely arachnoid ..................................................................................... C. strigosa Lücking, E. Paz & L. Salcedo ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 )

- Upper surface tomentose with a narrow, glabrous submarginal zone; surface of hymenophore glabrous..................... ........................................................................................... C. hirsuta (Moncada & Lücking) Moncada & Lücking [Illustration in Lumbsch et al. 2011: 47, fig. 10D]

5. Upper surface glabrous except for concentrical, sometimes inconspicuous zones of short hairs ..................................

......................................................................................................... C. aspera Wilk, Lücking & E. Morales ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ) - Upper surface arachnoid-tomentose throughout........................................................................................................... 6 6. Lobes up to 5 cm broad, brown when fresh; thallus mostly terrestrial...........................................................................

.......................................................................................................... C. arachnoidea J. E. Hern. & Lücking ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ) - Lobes up to 2 cm broad, white when fresh; thallus usually epiphytic..... C. byssoidea Lücking & Moncada ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 )

7. Lobes up to 2 cm broad; upper cortex compacted, lacking distinct supporting medullary layer ................................. 8 - Lobes up to 7 cm broad; upper cortex with distinct supporting medullary layer formed by bundles of anticlinal

hyphae separated by large interspaces ........................................................................................................................ 10

8. Lobes white with dark, granular margins; thallus epiphytic... C. minor (Lücking, E. Navarro & Sipman) Lücking [Illustration in Chaves et al. 2004: 245, fig. 1B–D]

- Lobes dark with paler, minutely arachnoid margins; thallus terrestrial between bryophytes....................................... 9

9. Lobes up to 1 cm broad, with plane surface ................ C. squamiformis Wilk, Lücking & Yánez-Ayabaca ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 ) - Lobes up to 2 cm broad, with concentrically undulate surface ......................................... C. bovei Speg. ( Fig. 2C–D View FIGURE 2 )

10. Thallus usually epiphytic, grey to blue-grey or aeruginous when fresh ..................................................................... 11 - Thallus usually terrestrial, more or less grey-brown when fresh................................................................................ 13

11. Thallus light aeruginous when fresh; lobe surface pitted; hymenophore stereoid-cyphelloid .......................................

......................................................................................... C. cyphellifera Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ) - Thallus grey to blue-grey when fresh; lobe surface not pitted; hymenophore corticioid ........................................... 12

12. Lobe surface concentrically undulate; tropical Africa ( Mauritius) ................................................... C. gyrolophia Fr. [Syn.: Gyrolophium elegans Kunze (G. ' mauritianum ' Kunze)].

- Lobe surface more or less plane; tropical America ......................... C. aspera Wilk, Lücking & E. Morales ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 )

13. Lobes up to 7 cm broad; lobe surface strongly concentrically undulate ......................... C. pavonia (Sw.) Fr. ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ) Syn.: Cora pavonia (Weber & D. Mohr) Fr. [nom. illeg.]; Wainiocora ciferrii Tomas.

- Lobes up to 3 cm broad; lobe surface plane to shallowly concentrically undulate .................................................... 14

14. Lobe surface shallowly concentrically undulate; hymenophore finely reticulate, very regularly arranged, with even

or slightly downturned margins even when dry........................................................ C. reticulifera Vain. ( Fig. 2E–F View FIGURE 2 ) - Lobe surface plane; hymenophore irregular, with slightly upturned margins, especially when dry ..............................

......................................................................................................................... C. glabrata (Spreng.) Fr. ( Fig. 2A–B View FIGURE 2 )

Key to currently recognized species of Corella

1. Thallus forming irregular, isidioid to finger-like outgrowths ......................................................................................... .............................................................. C. melvinii (Chaves, Lücking & Umaña) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey [ Corella melvinii (Chaves, Lücking & Umaña) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey , comb. nov.; Mycobank #805394; bas.: Dictyonema melvinii Chaves, Lücking & Umaña in Chaves et al., Bryologist 107: 244 (2004); holotype: Costa Rica, Chaves 122 (INB-3762769); illustration in Chaves et al. 2004: 245, fig. 1E–F]

- Thallus lacking isidioid outgrowths but sometimes forming irregular lobules ............................ C. brasiliensis Vain. [Syn.: Corella tomentosa Vain. ( Vainio 1899) ; Corella zahlbruckneri Schiffn. ( Zahlbruckner 1909) ; illustration in Dal-Forno et al. 2013, fig. 3O–P]

The following names have not yet been checked since type material was not located, and hence their taxonomic status remains uncertain:

Dichonema aeruginosum Blume & T. Nees , Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. 13: 12 (1826); ≡ Cora neesiana Lév., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 5: 154 (1846) [nom. illeg.]; Indonesia (Java).

Dictyonema expansum Pouls., Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren KØbenhavn 1899: 280 (1899); Indonesia (Java).

Dictyonema membranaceum C. Agardh, Syst. Alg. View in CoL : 85 (1824); Mariana Islands.

Dictyonema membranaceum var. guadalupense Rabenh. View in CoL , Hedwigia View in CoL 13: 7 (1874); Guadeloupe.

Dictyonema sericeum f. membranaceum P. Metzner, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. View in CoL 52: 238 (1934); Indonesia (Java). Rhipidonema crustaceum P. Metzner, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. View in CoL 52: 232 (1934); Indonesia (Java).

Rhipidonema puiggarii Speg., Boln Soc. Cienc. Córdoba 23(3-4): 70 [reprint] (1919); Brazil.

The name Dictyonema sericeum f. laminosum Har., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. View in CoL 7: 41 (1891), listed in Index Fungorum , is a lapsus. Hariot (1891) did not describe a taxon with that name, but instead divided Dictyonema into two groups corresponding to series, Sericea (species with shelf-like thallus) and Laminosa (species with appressed thallus).

The name Thelephora textilis Spreng. suggests another representative of Dictyonema . This name is cited in Fries (1825) as type of the new genus Cilicia Fr. ; however, it appears that Sprengel never validly described a species under that name. Fries (1825) gave as a typical species of his new genus Auricularia reflexa Bull. , which is considered a synonym of Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. (Smith et al. 1824; Streinz 1862; Saccardo 1888a). The latter is superficially similar to Cora , but is a completely unrelated, non-lichenized fungus. In the absence of a valid description of Thelephora textilis , the genus name Cilicia Fr. should be considered a synonym of Stereum Hill ex Pers. , but certainly not a synonym of Chrysothrix Mont. , as suggested by Zahlbruckner (1923). The name Cilicia aeruginosa Fr. is mentioned in the literature (e.g. Parmasto 1978) as described in the protologue of Cilicia Fr. ( Fries 1825: 301) , but no such name was described by Fries (1825) in that work.