Sphenoptera, Dejean, 1833

Ghahari, Hassan, Volkovitsh, Mark G. & Bellamy, Charles L., 2015, An annotated catalogue of the Buprestidae of Iran (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea), Zootaxa 3984 (1), pp. 1-141 : 38-64

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3984.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:318FD9EA-E85D-4AEF-8E02-15EE13295F1B

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6101266

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D63243-FFED-FF9F-CDD1-FF1C2134A004

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Plazi

scientific name

Sphenoptera
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Genus SPHENOPTERA Dejean, 1833 View in CoL View at ENA

synonym: Depsaria Gistel 1856.

Sphenoptera abbaspouri Obenberger (nomen nudum): Radjabi 1968: 76 (as abbss-pouri); Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 24.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002). Note. Undescribed species (M. Kalashian, personal communication), specimen(s) deposited in Obenberger’s collection (Prague, Czech Republic).

Sphenoptera abbreviata Jakovlev 1899a: 104 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 638; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Ilam ( Borumand 2002), Kermanshah ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. Record for Iran in Volkovitsh & Kalashian (2006) based on the type specimen of S. abbreviata hetera ( Obenberger 1927a) , currently a synonym of S. obruta Kerremans 1909 (see below). The presence of this species in Iran needs confirmation.

Sphenoptera acuminata Jakovlev 1898a: 331 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 76, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 24; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 92; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 639. [subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Golestan ( Jakovlev 1898a; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1929d), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera aeneomicans Kraatz View in CoL in Heyden & Kraatz 1882: 317; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 91; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Sakenin et al. 2008: 36; Bellamy 2008b: 640. synonym: unidentata Jakovlev 1891: 137.

synonym: veselyi Obenberger 1915: 53 View in CoL .

synonym: aladaghensis Obenberger 1920a: 116.

synonym: aeneofulgens Obenberger 1929d: 26, 120.

synonym: persica Obenberger 1929d: 26 , 121; Radjabi 1974: 40. synonym: ushinskii Obenberger 1929d: 26; 122.

synonym: ahriman Obenberger 1929d: 48; Bílý 1983a: 79.

synonym: amasiae Obenberger 1929d: 49.

synonym: baicalensis Obenberger 1929d: 53.

synonym: fabichi Obenberger 1952b: 14.

synonym: fleischeri Obenberger 1952b: 15.

synonym: moganensis Obenberger 1955a: 12.

synonym: hoberlandti Obenberger 1955a: 13 View in CoL .

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Bílý 1983a, as ahriman), Guilan (Sakenin et al. 2008), Khorasan (type of aladaghensis) ( Obenberger 1920a, 1929d), Lorestan (types of persica , ahriman) ( Obenberger 1929d), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera aerata Jakovlev 1887a: 62 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 640, 652 (as areata). [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Records for Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan in Bellamy (2008b) are dubious.

Sphenoptera althaeae Obenberger 1929d: 17 View in CoL , 112; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 94; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 643.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera ambigua ( Klug) 1829 View in CoL : No. 28 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Bílý 1983a: 79; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 644.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera amoena Jakovlev 1901a: 183 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 644. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1901a; Kerremans 1913), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan ( Bellamy 2008b), Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006). Note. Records for Armenia and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) are erroneous.

Sphenoptera anthaxoides Reitter 1895a: 42 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 79, 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a: 80; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 28; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 646 (subgenus Hoplistura ). [subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Immatures: Richter 1940: 241; Alexeev 1981a: 76; Zykov 1995: 51.

Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1940: 244.

Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Kerman, Tehran ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006), Iraq ( Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera anthracina Jakovlev 1887a: 78 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1976: 129; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 646, Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237.

synonym: atramentaria Jakovlev 1900: 500; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of anthracina View in CoL ), 362. synonym: furva Jakovlev 1908a: 215; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of anthracina View in CoL ), 362; Barimani et al. 2012: 192.

synonym: tenebricosa Jakovlev 1908a: 215 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of anthracina View in CoL ), 362. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Astragalus anseanthus , A. gossypinus (Fabaceae) View in CoL ( Barimani et al. 2012). Distribution within Iran. "Perse: Chakhou" (type of anthracina View in CoL ) ( Jakovlev 1887a). Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Fars ( Radjabi 1976), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Mazandaran ( Barimani et al. 2012), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera antiqua ( Illiger) 1803 View in CoL : 247 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Kalashian et al. 2005b: 97; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 647.

synonym: inaequalis ( Steven) 1829: 287 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: dianthi ( Steven) 1829: 286 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: litigiosa Mannerheim 1837: 94.

synonym: iridiventris Gory & Laporte 1839: 7.

synonym: variolosa Kerremans 1898b: 299.

synonym: serena Jakovlev 1900: 407.

synonym: quercii Leoni 1911: 5.

synonym: georgica Obenberger 1916: 248; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of antiqua View in CoL ), 362. synonym: lineigera Obenberger 1920a: 115; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of antiqua View in CoL ), 362. synonym: melitta Obenberger 1927a: 88.

synonym: oreophila Obenberger 1927a: 90; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of antiqua View in CoL ), 362. synonym: danaica Obenberger 1927a: 92.

synonym: helladicola Obenberger 1927a: 92 (subspecies of georgica). synonym: korbi Obenberger 1927a: 93; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of antiqua View in CoL ), 362. synonym: ausonica Obenberger 1927a: 95 (subspecies of antiqua View in CoL ). synonym: earo Obenberger 1929d: 27, 123.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Immatures: Bílý 1999: 15.

Biology/Bionomy: Bílý 2003: 72.

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, Moldavia, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera antiqua pernitens Obenberger 1927a: 94 View in CoL (subspecies of antiqua View in CoL ); Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 649. Distribution within Iran. Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Note. The records for Iran may refer to the next subspecies.

Sphenoptera antiqua ramosula Obenberger 1927a: 95 View in CoL (subspecies of antiqua View in CoL ); Bílý 1983a: 77; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 649.

Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Sphenoptera arcana Jakovlev 1908a: 211 View in CoL ; Obenberger 1927a: 46, 53; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 97; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 650.

synonym: assuricola Obenberger 1920a: 121.

synonym: baghdadensis Obenberger 1929b: 13.

synonym: heliochaera Obenberger 1929d: 17, 111 (variety of assuricola). synonym: morgani Obenberger 1929d: 18 View in CoL , 114 (part.).

synonym: stella Obenberger 1952b: 5.

synonym: teheranica Obenberger 1952b: 6.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. "Perse septentrionale" ( Jakovlev 1908a; Obenberger 1927a). Fars ( Obenberger 1952b, type of stella), Lorestan (paralectotype of morgani ), Tehran ( Jakovlev 1908a, lectotype of arcana ; Obenberger 1952b, type of teheranica), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera arguta Jakovlev 1900c: 440 View in CoL (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 360; Bellamy 2008b: 652.

[subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1900; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927f; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera armena ( Steven) 1829 View in CoL : 286 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Kalashian et al. 2005b: 93; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 652 ( Sphenoptera View in CoL s.str.).

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. West Azarbaijan ( Steven 1829), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera artemisiae Reitter 1889: 281 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 75; Bílý 1983a: 81; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 25; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 653. synonym: caucasica Jakovlev 1891: 138 View in CoL .

synonym: molitor Reitter 1890e: 170 (variety of artemisiae View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of artemisiae View in CoL ).

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a, var. molitor ; Kerremans 1913), Qazvin ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera balassogloi Jakovlev 1885: 131 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 339, 2006: 360; Bellamy 2008b: 655. synonym: protracta Jakovlev 1885: 133.

synonym: flagrans Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1896b: 348.

synonym: morawitzi View in CoL Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1897: 248; Bílý 1983a: 81. synonym: venusta Jakovlev 1904b: 309 (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ). [subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a, as morawitzi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003).

* Sphenoptera bellatrix Obenberger 1927f: 185 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 360; Bellamy 2008b: 660. [subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Note. The record for Iran in Bellamy (2008) is doubtful, this species is described and known only from Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Sphenoptera bicarinata Jakovlev 1887a: 77 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 662, Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a; Obenberger 1927a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009).

* Sphenoptera bodemeyeri Jakovlev 1900: 501 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 20; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 663; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. synonym: quadrata Kerremans 1909: 279; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 770; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of bodemeyeri View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Isfahan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Note. The record for Iran needs confirmation.

Sphenoptera boisduvali Obenberger 1927a: 77 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Sakenin et al. 2008: 35; Bellamy 2008b: 664.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae) View in CoL (Sakenin et al. 2008). Distribution within Iran. Mazandaran (Sakenin et al. 2008), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. Record for Fraxinus as a host plant (Sakenin et al. 2008) is doubtful.

Sphenoptera cauta Jakovlev 1904a: 183 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 79 (as palea Obenberger); Kalashian et al. 2005a: 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 353; Bellamy 2008b: 669; Barimani et al. 2009: 65, 2010: 131; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: maja Jakovlev 1908b: 516

synonym: wagneri Obenberger 1926b: 197, 200.

synonym: dryadis Obenberger 1926b: 208.

synonym: rambouseki Théry, 1928: 132.

synonym: petriceki Obenberger 1952c: 57.

synonym: danubiana Obenberger 1952c: 58 (nomen novum for parvula Auctorum View in CoL ). synonym: damascena Obenberger 1952c: 58.

synonym: iberica Obenberger 1952c: 88.

synonym: oeneis Obenberger 1952c: 88.

[subgenus Chilostetha ].

Immatures: Alexeev 1981a: 76 (as palea).

Biology/Bionomy: Bílý 2003: 73 (as petriceki).

Distribution within Iran. Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as palea; Barimani et al. 2009, 2010), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Macedonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Turkey (subsp. cauta ), Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine (subsp. palea) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera chalybea Ménétriés 1848: 30 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 671. synonym: askhabadensis Obenberger 1927a: 62; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of chalybea ), 363. synonym: schelli Obenberger 1927a: 62.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as halybae) (with bibliography).

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, * Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Records for Iran and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation.

Sphenoptera chusistanica Obenberger 1926b: 201 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 79; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 353; Bellamy 2008b: 673.

[subgenus Chilostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Bílý 1983a), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1926b), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera clarescens Kerremans 1909: 283 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 673 ( Chilostetha ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Chondrilla juncea L., Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) View in CoL , Cichorium intybus View in CoL L. (Astreraceae); under laboratory condition: Lactuca sativa View in CoL L., Cichorium endivia View in CoL L., Taraxacum officinale Weber View in CoL , Sonchus aster View in CoL (L.), Scorzonera hispanica View in CoL L., Calendula officinalis View in CoL L., Chrysanthemum View in CoL sp. ( Asteraceae View in CoL ) ( Hasan 1978). Biology/Bionomy: Hasan 1978: 19.

Immatures: Hasan 1978: 19.

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a; Hasan 1978), Tehran ( Hasan 1978), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. Species studied by Hasan (1978) as a potential candidate for biological control of skeleton weed ( Chondrilla juncea L.) in Tehran have possibly been misidentified. A few specimens collected by Hasan near Tehran and deposited in Obenberger’s collection (NMPC) were re-identified as S. (Deudora) aeneomicans Kr. (M. Kalashian, personal communication).

Sphenoptera coerulea Jakovlev 1898b: 559 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 674. [subgenus Cyphostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1898b; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera coracina ( Steven) 1829 View in CoL : 286 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Salavatian 1950: 9; Radjabi 1968: 76, 77; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 20; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 676; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 410.

synonym: babel Marseul 1865: 340; Radjabi 1968: 76 (variety of coracina View in CoL ); Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (variety of coracina View in CoL ).

synonym: clauda Marseul 1865: 341; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363. synonym: quadrifoveolata Marseul 1865: 356.

synonym: parnassica Jakovlev 1887a: 74.

synonym: crassiceps Jakovlev 1887a: 75; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363. synonym: thoracica Jakovlev 1887a: 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 364. synonym: dichroa Jakovlev 1887b: 112; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363. synonym: aethiops Jakovlev 1891: 129; Théry 1925: 80; Radjabi 1968: 76; Bílý 1983a: 75 (as ethiops [sic!]); Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002:19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363; Sakenin et al. 2008: 36.

synonym: rugata Kerremans 1903: 112.

synonym: hartmanni Obenberger 1927a: 11; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363. synonym: mrazi Obenberger 1927a: 30.

synonym: poetica Obenberger 1927a: 35.

synonym: korenskyi Obenberger 1927a: 37, 41; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of coracina View in CoL ), 363. synonym: tatarica Obenberger 1927a: 38.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Rosa canina (Rosaceae) View in CoL (Sakenin et al. 2008). Distribution within Iran. Fars, Tehran ( Radjabi 1968, Bílý 1983a, as ethiops; Borumand 2002, as aethiops), Golestan (Sakenin et al. 2008, as aethiops), Hamadan, Zanjan ( Théry 1925, as aethiops), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as aethiops), Kerman, Khuzestan, Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as ethiops), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a, as aethiops; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Macedonia, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. The record of Rosa as a host plant is erroneous, this species outside Iran associated with Astragalus (Fabaceae) .

Sphenoptera cunea Marseul 1865: 346 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 679. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Marseul 1865; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera cuprifrons Faldermann, 1835: 153 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 680. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Isfahan, Khorasan, Lorestan ( Marseul 1865; Kerremans 1912; Obenberger 1927a). Distribution outside Iran. "Transcaucasia" ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. Dubious species; the type depositary is unknown.

* Sphenoptera curta Jakovlev 1885: 131 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 96; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 681.

synonym: caspica Jakovlev 1904a: 184 View in CoL .

synonym: plavilscikovi Obenberger 1952b: 18; Bílý 1983a: 78. [subgenus Deudora ].

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as caspica ).

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Bílý 1983a, as plavilscikovi), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Probably misidentification; this species is distributed in the Middle Asian sandy deserts.

Sphenoptera cyanea Jakovlev 1898b: 558 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 682. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Afganistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera cyaneoniger Kerremans 1909: 275 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 682. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan (as cyaneonigra [sic!]) ( Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera cylindricollis Marseul 1866: 401 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 82; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 683.

synonym: henonii Fairmaire in Fairmaire & Coquerel 1866: 26. synonym: alfredi Reitter 1900: 85.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Algeria, Egypt (Sinai), Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera dadkhani Obenberger, 1955b: 90 View in CoL ; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 684.

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca View in CoL ; Rosaceae View in CoL ) ( Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution outside Iran. India, Pakistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. Most probably a misidentification of S. servistana Obenberger 1929 ; species is known only from Pakistan.

Sphenoptera davatchii Descarpentries 1960: 175 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 79, 1972: 38, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 28; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 684 (subgenus Hoplistura ); Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Immatures: Radjabi 1971: 208.

Biology/Bionomy: Radjabi 1971: 203-227, 1972: 38.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Prunus sp. ( Rosaceae ) ( Descarpentries 1960); Almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apricot, garden plum, peach, plum, sour cherry ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ) and many other cold region fruit trees ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan, Fars, Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Behdad 1988; Zomorrodi 1990; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. Two parasitoid wasps, Heydenia pretiosa Förster, 1856 ( Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae ) (4♀, 1♂) and Eupelmus muellneri Ruschka, 1921 ( Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae ) (2♀) were collected as the parasitoids of Sphenoptera davatchii in Piranshahr (West Azarbaijan province).

Sphenoptera demissa Marseul 1865: 365 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 98; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 685; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237.

synonym: ganglbaueri Jakovlev 1886: 85; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364. synonym: komarovi Jakovlev 1886: 86; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364. synonym: obscura Jakovlev 1891: 130 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364. synonym: profusa Kerremans 1909: 277; Bílý 1983a: 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364.

synonym: agrippina Kerremans 1911: 633; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364. synonym: ajax Kerremans 1913: 137; Radjabi 1968, 1976: 129; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364.

synonym: breiti Obenberger 1920a: 117.

synonym: shahrudensis Obenberger 1927a: 55 (variety of ajax); Salavatian 1950: 10; Radjabi 1968: 76, 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364.

synonym: kaszabi Obenberger 1963: 321; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of demissa View in CoL ), 364. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars (as ajax shahrudensis) ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913, types of agrippina, profusa; Obenberger 1927a, as agrippina, profusa), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as profusa), Semnan (type of shahrudensis) ( Obenberger 1927a), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a, as ajax shahrudensis), "Perse" (type of ganglbaueri) ( Jakovlev 1886), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, "Caucasus", Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera eddin Jakovlev 1903a: 266 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001: 197, 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 692. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a; Kerremans 1913), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Pakistan (subspecies pakistana Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001 ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera edmundi Jakovlev 1900b: 425 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 692; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207.

synonym: oporina Jakovlev 1903b: 386; Radjabi 1968: 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 753; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207 (synonym of edmundi View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Borumand 2002, as oporina, var.?), Tehran ( Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as oporina), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008).

Sphenoptera esfandiarii Obenberger (nomen nudum): Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 25.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002). Note. Undescribed species (M. Kalashian, personal communication), specimen(s) deposited in Obenberger’s collection (Prague, Czech Republic).

Sphenoptera eugenii Jakovlev 1898b: 554 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 78 (as eugeni); Borumand 2002: 20 (as eugeni); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 695; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: cyaniventris Obenberger 1927a: 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 682; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207 (synonym of eugenii View in CoL ).

synonym: leonhardi Obenberger 1927a: 25; Salavatian 1950: 9; Radjabi 1968: 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 730; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207 (synonym of eugenii View in CoL ).

synonym: maga Obenberger, 1927a: 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 735; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 207 (synonym of eugenii View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. " Persia: Poucht-é Kouh" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi), Fars ( Obenberger 1927a, type of maga; Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as leonhardi), Semnan ( Borumand 2002), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as leonhardi), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of cyaniventris), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera euplecta Obenberger 1927a: 89 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 695. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. " Persia: Aghir Dagh" ( Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera exarata View in CoL (Fischer von Waldheim) 1824: 169 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 695.

synonym: dejeanii ( Zubkov) 1829: 156 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Farahbakhsh 1960: 76; Radjabi 1968: 77; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 20.

synonym: spectabilis Kraatz in Heyden & Kraatz 1883a: 345.

synonym: prosternalis Jakovlev 1885: 130.

synonym: interrupta Kerremans 1909: 276.

synonym: araxana Obenberger 1915: 52; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of exarata View in CoL ), 364. synonym: nomadica Obenberger 1916: 247; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of exarata View in CoL ), 364. synonym: sumakovi Obenberger 1927a: 29; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of exarata View in CoL ), 364. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) View in CoL (as dejeani) ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution within Iran. Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Tehran ( Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera excavata Faldermann 1835: 154 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 696. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. Dubious species, type depositary is unknown, probably a synonym of S. antiqua .

Sphenoptera exoleta Jakovlev 1908a: 217 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 696; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406.

synonym: politipennis Obenberger 1927a: 12, 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 764; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of exoleta View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. "Perse septentrionale: monts Kuldzhar" ( Jakovlev 1908a; Obenberger 1927a). Golestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of politipennis), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera finitima Jakovlev 1908a: 225 View in CoL , 227; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 95; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 698.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1908a; Obenberger 1929d; Bellamy 2008b), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera formosula Obenberger 1927d: 27 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 82; Borumand 2002: 25; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 699.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Semnan ( Obenberger 1927d), Qom ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera fossa Kerremans 1909: 271 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 699. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Kerremans 1912; Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera freyi Théry 1942: 274 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 700. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Théry 1942), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera fulgens Gory 1841: 309 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 81; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 700 ( Hoplistura ).

synonym: chalcichroa Obenberger 1914d: 132.

synonym: arenosa Obenberger 1924a: 125 (subspecies of chalcichroa). [subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Immatures: Mateu 1974: 198.

Biology/Bionomy: Mateu 1974: 201.

Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Algeria, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Israel, Libya, Mauritania, Moçambique, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan ( Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera glasunovi Jakovlev 1903a: 273 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 338, 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 704. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera hauseri Reitter 1895a: 34 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 75 (with var. expectanda Obenberger ); Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (with var. expectana [sic!] Obenberger); Borumand 2002: 25; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 337, 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 707.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) on Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002).

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a; Kerremans 1913; Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera hayeki Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2007: 38 View in CoL ; Bellamy 2008b: 708. [subgenus Chilostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan ( Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2007), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera heroica Jakovlev 1903a: 270 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 708. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a), "Perse septentrionale" ( Kerremans 1913), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera hetita Obenberger 1927a: 13 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 78; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 708.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Astragalus melananthus ( Bílý 1983a) . Distribution within Iran. Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera hypocrita Mannerheim 1837: 92 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 77; Borumand 2002: 21; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 97; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 710; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237.

synonym: sieversi Jakovlev 1887a: 82.

synonym: torrida Jakovlev 1898b: 553; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 367; Bellamy 2008b: 804; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ).

synonym: ixion Kerremans 1912: 74; Radjabi 1968: 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008: 719; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ).

synonym: ordubadensis Obenberger 1916: 250; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. synonym: funebralis Obenberger 1927a: 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. synonym: erdshmiadzini Obenberger 1927a: 20; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. synonym: turkmenica Obenberger 1927a: 44; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. synonym: glabricollis Obenberger 1929d: 33, 129.

synonym: levantina Obenberger 1929d: 33. 130; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. synonym: dlabolai Obenberger 1955a: 11 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of hypocrita View in CoL ), 365. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997, as ixion), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002, as ixion), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1912, type of ixion; Obenberger 1927a, 1929d, types of funebralis, levantina), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Jordan, Pakistan Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera ignita Reitter 1895a: 33 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1968: 76 (with var. monochroa Obenberger ); Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (with var. monochroa Obenberger ); Borumand 2002: 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 334, 2006: 356; Bellamy 2008b: 712.

synonym: aurora Semenov-Tian-Shanskij 1897: 249.

synonym: prasinula Obenberger 1937b: 91; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of ignita View in CoL ), 356. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) on Tamarix View in CoL sp. ( Tamaricaceae View in CoL ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002).

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002); Sistan & Baluchestan ( Abai & Adeli 1984).

Distribution outside Iran. Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera incerta Jakovlev 1887a: 57 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 92; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 714.

synonym: dolens Jakovlev 1893a: 133.

synonym: confusa Kerremans 1913: 104.

synonym: joukli Obenberger 1929d: 118.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a, types of confusa, var. limbifera ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera inculta Obenberger 1929d: 42 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 78; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 92; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 714.

misidentification: confusa Kerremans 1913: 104 (part.). [subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan (lectotype of inculta ), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1929d; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera kaznakowi Jakovlev 1899b: 295 ; Bílý 1983a: 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 721 ( Hoplistura ).

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Immatures: Alexeev 1981a: 76; Zykov 1995: 49.

Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera kermanshahensis Obenberger 1952a: 4 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 721; Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011: 203.

[subgenus Paradeudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Kermanshah ( Obenberger 1952a; Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE (Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011).

Sphenoptera koenigi Jakovlev 1891: 133 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 93; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 723.

synonym: integripennis Obenberger 1929d: 20, 116.

synonym: alma Obenberger 1952b: 11.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Golestan (as integripennis) ( Obenberger 1929d), Iran (no locality cited) ( Kalashian et al. 2005b; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera lalage Obenberger 1927f: 179 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 361; Bellamy 2008b: 726. [subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1927f), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera lapidaria ( Brullé) 1832 View in CoL : 134 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Radjabi 1968: 77; 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 726; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237. synonym: carcelii Gory & Laporte 1839: 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of lapidaria View in CoL ), 365. synonym: hellenica Obenberger 1913b: 87.

synonym: caucasicola Obenberger 1927a: 56 (variety of lapidaria View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of lapidaria View in CoL ), 365.

synonym: ogloblini Obenberger 1927a: 56; Radjabi 1968: 77; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of lapidaria View in CoL ), 365.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Immatures: Özer & Duran 1968: 26 (as carcelii).

Distribution within Iran. " Persia: Aghir Dagh" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of var. cyanina ). East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Fars ( Radjabi 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Khorasan ( Borumand 2002, as ogloblini), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Lorestan (type of ogloblini) ( Obenberger 1927a), Mazandaran (as ogloblini) ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Tehran, Yazd ( Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera laticeps Jakovlev 1886: 94 View in CoL ; Borumand 2002: 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 729.

synonym: strigosa Jakovlev 1887a: 71; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365. synonym: montana Jakovlev 1887b: 113 View in CoL .

synonym: massagetica Obenberger 1920a: 109; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365. synonym: tadjika Obenberger 1927a: 74; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365. synonym: memnonia Obenberger 1927a: 79 (subspecies of laticeps View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365.

synonym: montivaga Obenberger 1927a: 80 (subspecies of propinqua); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365.

synonym: karakusensis Obenberger 1927a: 80 (subspecies of propinqua); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of laticeps View in CoL ), 365.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Immatures: Rodd 1928: 1 (as montana View in CoL ).

Biology/Bionomy: Rodd 1928: 1 (as montana ).

Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Probably misidentification; this species does not occur in adjacent regions of Central and Middle Asia. Its occurrence in Iran and Turkey is doubtful.

Sphenoptera lia Jakovlev 1901a: 168 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Ghahari et al. 2008: 639; Bellamy 2008b: 731; Havaskary et al. 2012: 1.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Mountain almond, Amygdalis scoparia Spash (Rosaceae) ( Ghahari et al. 2008). Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan ( Havaskary et al. 2012), Golestan ( Ghahari et al. 2008). Distribution outside Iran. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. Record in Havaskary et al. (2012) is dubious, though the species may occur in Northern Iran eastwards of the Caspian Sea.

Sphenoptera ligulata Jakovlev 1904a: 178 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 361; Bellamy 2008b: 731. [subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1904a; Kerremans 1914), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera magna Gory & Laporte 1839: 3 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 735; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413.

synonym: alexandri Obenberger 1927a: 33; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 367 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413 (synonym of magna View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Hamadan ( Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera manderstjernae Jakovlev 1886: 94 View in CoL ; Radjabi 1974: 40; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 736.

synonym: bucharae Obenberger 1927a: 78; 1930b: 219; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of manderstjernae View in CoL ), 366.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Radjabi 1974; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Doubtful record. This species is not recorded from adjacent regions.

Sphenoptera manifesta Jakovlev 1900: 428 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 96; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 736.

synonym: megarauca Obenberger 1952b: 21.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera merkli Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008: 205 . [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Kermanshah, Lorestan (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera mesopotamica Marseul 1865: 389 View in CoL ; Salavatian 1950: 10; Farahbakhsh 1960: 76; Radjabi 1968: 77; Bílý 1983a: 81; Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 27; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 340, 2006: 361; Bellamy 2008b: 740.

synonym: fairmairei Marseul 1866: 528 View in CoL ; Salavatian 1950: 9; Radjabi 1968: 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 27.

synonym: pelletii Mulsant & Rey 1866: 87; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 340 (lectotype). synonym: turkestanica Jakovlev 1885: 133.

synonym: fulgurans Obenberger 1920a: 128.

synonym: deserti Obenberger 1920a: 129 View in CoL (subspecies of mesopotamica View in CoL ).

synonym: sartica Obenberger 1927f: 171 (subspecies of mesopotamica View in CoL ).

synonym: namanganensis Obenberger 1927f: 176.

[subgenus Hoplistura ].

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. Fars (as fairmairei ) ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera micans Jakovlev 1886: 93 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 78; Borumand 2002: 25; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 95; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 358; Bellamy 2008b: 741.

synonym: binominata Kerremans 1913: 577 (nomen novum for aenea Kraatz View in CoL ). synonym: irritatrix Obenberger 1929d: 37 (correct subsequent spelling validated by subsequent usage, ICZN 1999, Article 33.3.1).

synonym: viridatrix Obenberger 1929d: 37 (unused original spelling).

synonym: shah Obenberger 1929d: 37.

synonym: escalerae Obenberger 1929d: 39 View in CoL , 43.

synonym: pseudomicans Obenberger 1929d: 42.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Golestan ( Jakovlev 1886, type of micans ; Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1929d; Obenberger 1929d, type of pseudomicans), Kerman ( Borumand 2002), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1929d, type of shah; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera misella Jakovlev 1900: 415 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 92; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 742.

synonym: liliputana Obenberger 1929d: 52.

synonym: callimicra Obenberger 1929d: 53, 115.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Obenberger 1929d, type of callimicra), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Georgia, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera moesta Jakovlev 1887a: 64 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 743. synonym: uncta Kerremans 1909: 277; Radjabi 1968: 77; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 24; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of moesta View in CoL ), 366.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913, type of uncta; Obenberger 1927a, as uncta), Sistan & Baluchestan (as uncta) ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a; Kerremans 1913; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

* Sphenoptera motschulskyi Obenberger 1926a: 17 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 81 (motschulski); Bellamy 2008b: 745. [subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. India ( Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Record for Iran ( Bílý 1983a) needs confirmation; this species was described from East India (Madras).

Sphenoptera nausicaa Obenberger 1927a: 21 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 746; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan (type, Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera nox Jakovlev 1900: 445 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2002: 170; 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 749. [subgenus Cyphostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1900; Kerremans 1913), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera obruta Kerremans 1909: 275 View in CoL ; Obenberger 1927a: 21 (as abbreviata View in CoL , non Jakovlev 1899, misidentification); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 751; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. synonym: hetera Obenberger 1927a: 21 (subspecies of abbreviata View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 638 (subspecies of abbreviata View in CoL ); Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of obruta View in CoL ). synonym: chalcosoma Obenberger 1927a: 43; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 671; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of obruta View in CoL ).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a, as abbreviata ), central parts of Iran ( Obenberger 1927a, type of hetera), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b, as abbreviata hetera ). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia (as chalcosoma), Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009).

Sphenoptera oertzeni Jakovlev 1887b: 115 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 369; Bellamy 2008b: 751 ( Hoplistura ). synonym: deltae Obenberger 1924a: 123.

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera oresitropha Obenberger 1927a: 31 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 76; Borumand 2002: 24; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 753; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Borumand 2002), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, Mazandaran, Tehran ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera parumpunctata ( Klug) 1829 View in CoL : No. 33 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Bílý 1983a: 79; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 56 (subgenus Chrysoblemma ), 356; Bellamy 2008b: 758.

synonym: houskai Obenberger 1946: 27; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of parumpunctata View in CoL ), 356. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Algeria, Chad, Egypt (Sinai), Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera parysatis Obenberger 1929d: 43 View in CoL , 241; Bílý 1983a: 79; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 95; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 759.

synonym: isfahanensis Obenberger 1952b: 8.

synonym: proserpina Obenberger 1952b: 10.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1929d, type of parysatis ), Isfahan ( Obenberger 1952b, types of isfahanensis and proserpina), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera perroteti Guérin-Méneville 1840: 328 View in CoL ; Bílý 1983a: 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 361; Bellamy 2008b: 760.

synonym: angustata Thomson 1878: 72.

[subgenus Hoplistura ].

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr, Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan (subspecies afganica), India, Sri Lanka ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera puberula Jakovlev 1887b: 116 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005a: 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 767.

synonym: rauda Jakovlev 1908b: 515.

synonym: cataonia Obenberger 1926b: 209.

synonym: seriatosetosa Obenberger 1926b: 210.

synonym: inderiensis Obenberger 1927e: 73.

[subgenus Chilostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera quezeli Descarpentries & Bruneau View in CoL de Miré 1963: 173; Bílý 1983a: 82 (as quetzeli); Borumand 2002: 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 356; Bellamy 2008b: 770.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) on Tamarix mascatensis (Tamaricaceae) View in CoL ( Bílý 1983a). Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Algeria, Chad, Egypt (Sinai), Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera rangnowi Kerremans 1909: 273 View in CoL ; Théry 1925: 80; Salavatian 1950: 9; Radjabi 1968: 77; Bílý 1983a: 77 (as rangowi); Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 24; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 771; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412.

synonym: strandiana Obenberger 1927a: 42; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of rangnowi View in CoL ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. " Persia: Ardilan" (type of strandiana) ( Obenberger 1927a). Fars ( Salavatian 1950; Modarres Awal 1997), Hamadan, Zanjan ( Théry 1925), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1909, type of rangnowi, 1912 ; Obenberger 1927a), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera rauca ( Fabricius) 1787 View in CoL : 177 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Farahbakhsh 1960: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 771.

synonym: metallica (Fabricius) 1792b: 210 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: striola ( Illiger) 1803: 94 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: geminata ( Illiger) 1803: 244 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: bassii Gory & Laporte 1839: 13.

synonym: similis Gory & Laporte 1839: 14.

synonym: bravaisii Gory & Laporte 1839: 30.

synonym: carduorum Chevrolat 1840: 14.

synonym: celtiberica Gory 1841: 302.

synonym: africana Jakovlev 1900b: 402 (variety of rauca View in CoL ).

synonym: heliobia Obenberger 1929b: 55.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Wild artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus View in CoL , Asteraceae View in CoL ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. Northern provinces ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Greece, Italia, Lybia, Macedonia, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, former Yugoslavia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Most probably a misidentification; probably records for Iran refer to S. aeneomicans Kraatz. Records for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Sudan in Bellamy (2008b) are doubtful.

Sphenoptera repetekensis Obenberger 1927a: 80 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 775. synonym: budshnurdi Obenberger 1927a: 71; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of repetekensis View in CoL ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography).

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of budshnurdi), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera rugulosa Faldermann 1835: 151 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 776. synonym: cribrata Faldermann 1835: 152; Radjabi 1968: 77 (variety of morio Jakovlev); Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (variety of morio Jakovlev).

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Tehran ( Radjabi 1968, Modarres Awal 1997, as morio, var.?), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera sancta Reitter 1890a: 277 View in CoL , 280; Radjabi 1968: 76; Bílý 1983a: 81; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 356; Bellamy 2008b: 777. synonym: roseicollis Obenberger 1937c: 92 (variety of sancta View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of sancta View in CoL ), 356.

synonym: quadrisignatula Obenberger 1937d: 110 (variety of sancta View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of sancta View in CoL ), 356.

synonym: taborskyi Obenberger 1955a: 15.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Immatures: Zykov & Kalashian 1991: 205.

Distribution within Iran. Guilan, Khorasan, Qazvin, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan,? Israel, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera saxosa Kerremans 1909: 283 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 778. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913; Obenberger 1927a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera scovitzii ( Faldermann) 1835 View in CoL : 155 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Radjabi 1968: 76 (as sowitzi); Bílý 1983a: 82 (as sovitzi); Abai & Adeli 1984: 119 (as sovitzi); Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 356; Bellamy 2008b: 779.

synonym: latescutata Fairmaire 1892b: cliii (preoccupied by latescutata Jakovlev 1886). synonym: transcaspica Jakovlev 1893b: 448 (nomen novum for latesulcata Jakovlev 1893, superfluous name); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of scovitzii View in CoL ), 56 (comment), 357.

synonym: rhododactyla Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1897: 251; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001: 198; 2006: 357. synonym: angelica Obenberger 1915: 55.

synonym: combinatrix Obenberger 1920a: 124.

synonym: vachshenica Stepanov 1959: 59.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a, 1975b; Kaplin 1981; Korotyaev et al. 2005. Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997); on Haloxylon (Chenopodiaceae) , Calligonum (Polygonaceae) ( Borumand 2002).

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr, Kerman, Khuzestan, Qazvin, Qom, Tehran, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a), Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Isfahan, Khorasan ( Borumand 2002), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a; Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Marseul 1866; Kerremans 1913; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chad, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan,? Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera sculpticollis Heyden 1886: 278 View in CoL ; Salavatian 1950: 10 (var.?); Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 94; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 780; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238. synonym: akbesiana Obenberger 1920a: 120; Borumand 2002: 24.

synonym: alutaceiceps Obenberger 1929d: 111.

synonym: morgani Obenberger 1929d: 114 View in CoL .

[subgenus Deudora ].

Immatures: Zykov & Kalashian 1991: 211.

Distribution within Iran. Kermanshah ( Salavatian 1950; Modarres Awal 1997), Kordestan ( Borumand 2002, as akbesiana; Ghobari et al. 2012), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1929d (type of morgani ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera semenovi Jakovlev 1889: 85 View in CoL (ssemenovi; subgenus Oplistura); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 339, 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b: 781.

synonym: prosternalis Reitter 1890a: 279 (preoccupied by prosternalis Jakovlev 1885). synonym: reitteri Jakovlev 1891: 139 View in CoL (subgenus Oplistura); Radjabi 1968: 76, 1974: 40; Bílý 1983a: 81; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 27.

synonym: sagitta Semenov-Tian-Shanskij 1899: 651 (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ). synonym: lamaica Obenberger 1920a: 126.

synonym: jedlickai Obenberger 1927f: 187.

[subgenus Hoplistura ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) on Tamarix View in CoL sp. ( Tamaricaceae View in CoL ) ( Borumand 2002). Distribution within Iran. Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a, as reitteri View in CoL ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927f, type of jedlickai; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968, 1974; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as reitteri View in CoL ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera servistana Obenberger 1929c: 60 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 340, 2006: 369; Bellamy 2008b: 783 ( Hoplistura ); Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: kambyses Obenberger 1930a: 104; Salavatian 1950: 10 (as cambyses); Davatchi et al. 1959: 245 (as cambyses); Farahbakhsh 1960: 76 (as cambyses); Radjabi 1968: 79, 1972: 38; Abai & Adeli 1984: 33, 70 (as cambyses); Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 28 (as cambyses).

synonym: dhiaahmedi Cobos 1956: 29.

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Immatures: Davatchi et al. 1959: 246 (as cambyses); Radjabi 1971: 210 (as kambyses); Zykov 1995: 42 (as kambyses).

Biology/Bionomy: Radjabi 1971: 203-227, 1972: 38 (as kambyses).

Host plant(s) within Iran. Almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae )?pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) (as kambyses) ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997); Prunus (Cerasus) spp., trunks and branches, Pistacia spp., buds ( Abai & Adeli 1984); polyphagous ( Davatchi et al. 1959). Distribution within Iran. Azarbaijan, Kermanshah ( Davatchi et al. 1959, Farahbakhsh 1960, Abai & Adeli 1984, as kambyses), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari and central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984, as cambyses), Fars ( Obenberger 1929c, type of servistana ; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984, as kambyses), Isfahan ( Farahbakhsh 1960), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984, as kambyses), Khorasan ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984, as kambyses), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Tehran ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960, Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002, as kambyses), Yazd ( Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002, as kambyses), generally distributed ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1961; Radjabi 1991; Behdad 1988; Modarres Awal 1997, as kambyses), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera signata Jakovlev 1887a: 65 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 90; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 784; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: obsoleta Jakovlev 1891: 136.

synonym: satelles Jakovlev 1898a: 331.

synonym: addenda Jakovlev 1900: 413.

synonym: jejuna Jakovlev 1900: 417.

synonym: detrita Jakovlev 1902: 572 View in CoL .

synonym: destituta Obenberger 1929d: 25, 46.

synonym: julia Obenberger 1929d: 50.

synonym: araxicola Obenberger 1929d: 50.

synonym: buresi Obenberger 1932: 61.

synonym: hierosolymitana Obenberger 1946: 25.

synonym: jureceki Obenberger 1946: 26.

synonym: arsinoe Obenberger 1952b: 22; Bílý 1983a: 79. synonym: gyaurdagensis Obenberger 1955a: 14.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Alborz, Tehran, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a, as arsinoe), Fars ( Obenberger 1952b, type of arsinoe), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d, type of julia), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Sphenoptera simplex Jakovlev 1893a: 130 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 95; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 786; Barimani et al. 2009: 65.

synonym: fraterna Jakovlev 1900: 408.

synonym: allecta Jakovlev 1900: 410.

synonym: samotica Obenberger 1929d: 32, 128.

synonym: ankarana Obenberger 1952b: 17.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Mazandaran ( Barimani et al. 2009), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Greece, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera smyrneensis Gory 1841: 305 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 89; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 359; Bellamy 2008b: 787; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: inconspicua Jakovlev 1893a: 134.

synonym: congrua Jakovlev 1900: 419.

synonym: anxia Jakovlev 1900: 420.

synonym: captiosa Jakovlev 1902: 571.

synonym: delicata Kerremans 1909: 279.

synonym: subsulcata Kerremans 1909: 282.

synonym: migriensis Obenberger 1916: 249.

synonym: nephele Obenberger 1929d: 43.

synonym: cassia Obenberger 1929d: 45; Bílý 1983a: 79. synonym: maronita Obenberger 1929d: 51.

synonym: salomonis Obenberger 1952b: 12.

synonym: pseudorauca Obenberger 1952b: 13.

synonym: agilis Obenberger 1952b: 19.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d, types of nephele, cassia), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913, type of subsulcata), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a, as cassia), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera sobrina Jakovlev 1886: 97 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005b: 89; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 360; Bellamy 2008b: 789; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

[subgenus Deudora ].

Distribution within Iran. Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera striatipennis Jakovlev 1885: 132, 1903a: 255 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 334, 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 791.

synonym: potanini Jakovlev 1889: 86; Radjabi 1968: 76; Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 26 (potonini).

synonym: procera Reitter 1890a: 277 View in CoL .

synonym: cyaneoviridis Cobos 1968: 385.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Immatures: Alexeev et al. 1991: 15 (as potanini).

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as potanini) (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as potanini).

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan (as potanini) ( Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Northern Iran ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera subtilis Jakovlev 1898b: 552 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 794; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Golestan ( Jakovlev 1898b), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera sulcata View in CoL (Fischer von Waldheim) 1824: 197 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 367; Bellamy 2008b: 794.

synonym: fossulata ( Gebler) 1825: 46 ( Buprestis View in CoL ).

synonym: gebleri Gory & Laporte 1839: 12 (nomen novum for fossulata Gebler 1825). synonym: mendax Marseul 1869: 122 (nomen novum for impressicolis Marseul 1866); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: bergrothi Obenberger 1927a: 66; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata View in CoL ), 367. synonym: tiflisensis Obenberger 1927h: 38; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata View in CoL ), 367. synonym: benedicenda Obenberger 1927a: 72; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: uralicola Obenberger 1927a: 75 (subspecies of cuprina); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata View in CoL ), 367.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Note. Records for Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation.

Sphenoptera syriaca Jakovlev 1908b: 514 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005a: 83; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 798.

synonym: blattnyi Obenberger 1926b: 202.

synonym: calosoma Obenberger 1926b: 203.

[subgenus Chilostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1952b, type of calosoma), West Azarbaijan ( Obenberger 1952b, type of blattnyi), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera tamaricis ( Klug) 1829 View in CoL : No. 30 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 335, 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 798.

synonym: asiatica Gory & Laporte 1839: 36; Bílý 1983a: 81; Borumand 2002: 25. synonym: filiformis Gory & Laporte 1839: 39.

synonym: walteri Reitter 1890a: 276, 279.

synonym: dilotti Obenberger 1929c: 60; Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 27. synonym: pseudoignita Alexeev 1978: 852.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a, 1975b (as pseudoignita); Kaplin 1981 (as pseudoignita); Korotyaev et al. 2005 (as tamarisci [sic!]).

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Bílý 1983a; Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood). Distribution within Iran. Bushehr ( Borumand 2002, as asiatica), Khuzestan (as asiatica) ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as dilotti and tamaricis ), Tehran ( Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinai), Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. Records for Afghanistan and Syria in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation.

Sphenoptera tamarisci Gory & Laporte 1839: 35 View in CoL ; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001: 200, 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 799.

synonym: smaragdina Jakovlev 1901b: 352.

synonym: sterbai Obenberger 1927d: 22; Radjabi 1968: 76; Bílý 1983a: 82; Abai & Adeli 1984: 119; Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 27.

unavailable name: lura Obenberger 1937d: 110 (variety of sterbai).

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Tamarix View in CoL sp. ( Tamaricaceae View in CoL ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984, sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as sterbai).

Distribution within Iran. Ardabil, Golestan, Qom ( Borumand 2002, as sterbai), East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997, as sterbai), Kerman, Qazvin ( Bílý 1983a, as sterbai), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927d, type of sterbai, var. lura ), Markazi ( Modarres Awal 1997, as sterbai), Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968, as tamarisci and sterbai; Modarres Awal 1997, as sterbai), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968, as tamarisci and sterbai; Abai & Adeli 1984, as sterbai), Tehran ( Modarres Awal 1997, Borumand 2002, as tamarisci , sterbai and beckeri ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, "Arabia", Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Egypt, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera tamarisci beckeri Dohrn 1866: 249 View in CoL ; Salavatian 1950: 9; Farahbakhsh 1960: 76; Radjabi 1968: 75; Bílý 1983a: 82; Modarres Awal 1997: 134 (as Chrysoblemma beckeri ), 139; Borumand 2002: 25; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 799; Sakenin et al. 2008: 35.

synonym: tamaricis Marseul 1866: 399 View in CoL .

synonym: scutellata Obenberger 1920a: 122 (subspecies of tamaricis View in CoL ).

synonym: chrysorrhoea Obenberger 1927d: 21 (variety of tamaricis View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 53 (synonym of tamaricsi beckeri ), 357.

synonym: tekkensis Obenberger 1952e: 4.

synonym: potopolskii Stepanov 1959: 59.

Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a, 1975b (as beckeri ); Kaplin 1981 (as beckeri ); Korotyaev et al. 2005. Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Alhagi camelorum ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997), Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae) (Sakenin et al. 2008).

Distribution within Iran. East Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997), Guilan, Hormozgan, Qom ( Bílý 1983a), Isfahan ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997), Kermanshah, Lorestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997), Mazandaran ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a; Sakenin et al. 2008), Qazvin ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Zanjan and other northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Distribution of subspecies of this species in Iran needs further investigation. Record of Fraxinus as a host plant (Sakenin et al. 2008) is doubtful.

Sphenoptera tappesi Marseul 1865: 387 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 369; Bellamy 2008b: 801; Barimani et al. 2009: 65; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: simulatrix Reitter 1895a: 42; Bílý 1983a: 80; Borumand 2002: 28.

[subgenus Tropeopeltis ].

Distribution within Iran. Fars, Isfahan, Kerman ( Bílý 1983a, as simulatrix), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Mazandaran ( Barimani et al. 2009), Yazd (as simulatrix) ( Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Syria, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Records for Cyprus and Egypt in Bellamy (2008b) are doubtful.

A parasitoid wasp, Atanycolus ivanowi (Kokujev, 1898) ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Braconinae) (3♀, 1♂) was collected as the parasitoid of Sphenoptera tappesi in Behshahr (Mazandaran province).

Sphenoptera tezcani Niehuis 1999: 43 View in CoL ; Kalashian et al. 2005a: 81; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b: 802.

misidentification: verecunda: Bílý 1983a: 79 (not Obenberger 1952d); Kalashian et al. 2005a: 81 (misidentification of tezcani View in CoL ); Bellamy 2008b: 802 (misidentification of tezcani View in CoL , note).

[subgenus Chilostetha ].

Distribution within Iran. West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a, as verecunda), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

* Sphenoptera tigridis Obenberger 1927d: 22 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 803. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006).

Note. Record for Iran in Bellamy (2008b) is doubtful, possible misprint of Iraq.

Sphenoptera tragacanthae ( Klug) 1829 View in CoL : No. 26 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 367; Bellamy 2008b: 804; Sakenin et al. 2008: 34; Barimani et al. 2009: 65; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406; Barimani et al. 2012: 192; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237.

synonym: corrugata ( Klug) 1829: No. 27 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: glabrata ( Ménétriés) 1832: 151 ( Buprestis View in CoL ); Bílý 1983a: 75 (as glabrata irenae Obenberger 1927a); Borumand 2002: 20 (as glabrata irene), Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. misidentification: semistriata: Gory & Laporte 1839: 2 [not (Palisot de Beauvois) 1807: 43 ( Buprestis View in CoL )]; Bellamy 2008d: 782; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 408, 410 (misidentification).

synonym: derugata Redtenbacher 1850: 47; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: mniszechi Marseul 1865: 332; Salavatian 1950: 9 (with var. minorita Obenberger ); Radjabi 1968: 77 (authors Laporte & Gory); Bílý 1983a: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 139; Borumand 2002: 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: elamita Marseul 1865: 338 ; Salavatian 1950: 9 (variety of mniszechi); Radjabi 1968: 77 (variety of mniszechi); Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (variety of mniszechi); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: lobicollis Marseul 1865: 339; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: encausta Marseul 1865: 340; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: exasciata Jakovlev 1886: 83; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: morio Jakovlev 1886: 84; Radjabi 1968: 77 (morio, var.?); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: sordida Jakovlev 1886: 84; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368. synonym: prolongata Jakovlev 1887a:70; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: signaticollis Jakovlev 1887a: 85; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368. synonym: christophi Jakovlev 1887a: 73; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: modesta Jakovlev 1887a: 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: speciosa Jakovlev 1887b: 110 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368. synonym: adusta Jakovlev 1887b: 111; Radjabi 1968: 76; Modarres Awal 1997: 138; Borumand 2002: 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: maura Jakovlev 1901b: 317; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: morosa Jakovlev 1908a: 216; Bílý 1983a: 76; Borumand 2002: 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: obnubila Jakovlev 1908a: 221; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: luristana Kerremans 1909: 272; Borumand 2002: 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: prometheus Obenberger 1916: 245; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: gigas Obenberger 1916: 246; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: maledicta Obenberger 1920a: 104; Bílý 1983a: 75; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 736; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 443 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: parsa Obenberger 1920a: 105; Salavatian 1950: 10 (variety of luristana); Radjabi 1968: 77 (variety of luristana); Modarres Awal 1997: 139 (variety of luristana); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: nominanda Obenberger 1920a: 106; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: zarathustrae Obenberger 1920a: 107; 1927a: 11 (zarathustra); Radjabi 1968: 77 (zarathustra); Modarres Awal 1997: 140; Borumand 2002: 24; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368.

synonym: kulpensis Obenberger 1927a: 6; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: cilicica Obenberger 1927a: 8; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 363; Bellamy 2008b: 673; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 443 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: radicigena Obenberger 1927a: 8 (subspecies of rugulosa View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: rambouseki Obenberger 1927a: 10; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 771; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: armenigena Obenberger 1927a: 12 (subspecies of zarathustrae); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 56 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: catenifera Obenberger 1927a: 16 (variety of mniszechi); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: coeruleolimbata Obenberger 1927a: 16 (subspecies of mniszechi); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: artaxerxes Obenberger 1927a: 17; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: klapaleki Obenberger 1927a: 16; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: mrazeki Obenberger 1927a: 18; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367. synonym: klickai Obenberger 1927a: 28; Bílý 1983a: 76; Borumand 2002: 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 365; Bellamy 2008b: 722; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: corrosa Obenberger 1927a: 31; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 364; Bellamy 2008b: 678; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: satrapa Obenberger 1927a: 32; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 366; Bellamy 2008b: 777; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: tauricola Obenberger 1927a: 33; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368. synonym: syriae Obenberger 1927a: 34; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 367; Bellamy 2008b: 798; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: zobeida Obenberger 1927a: 36; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 368. synonym: armenorum Obenberger 1927a: 37, 39; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 55 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

synonym: vavrai Obenberger 1927a: 41; Bílý 1983a: 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 811; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ).

synonym: goryi Théry 1938: 91 (nomen novum for semistriata: Gory & Laporte 1839, not Palisot de Beauvois 1807); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 54 (synonym of tragacanthae View in CoL ), 367.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Host plant(s) within Iran. Falcaria vulgaris (Apiaceae) (Sakenin et al. 2008); Astragalus anseanthus , A. gossypinus (Fabaceae) View in CoL ( Barimani et al. 2012).

Distribution within Iran. Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Qazvin, West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002, as glabrata irene), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1927a, type of klickai; Bílý 1983a, as mniszechi), Fars ( Redtenbacher 1850, type of derugata; Jakovlev 1886, types of exasciata, morio; Modarres Awal 1997, as parsa; Bílý 1983a, as klickai, maledicta; Borumand 2002, as klickai), Golestan ( Obenberger 1927a, as christophi), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as mniszechi varr. elamita and minorita), Kermanshah ( Obenberger 1920a, types of parsa, nominanda; Borumand 2002, as mniszechi), Khorasan ( Obenberger 1920a, 1927a, types of zarathustrae, rambouseki, satrapa; Bílý 1983a as glabrata irene; Borumand 2002, as glabrata irene), Khuzestan ( Bílý 1983a, as mniszechi; Borumand 2002, as mniszechi), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a, as klickai and vavrai), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1909, types of luristana, var. parsa ; Obenberger 1916, type of gigas; Obenberger 1927a, types of mniszechi var. minorita , tetrastigma, catenifera; artaxerxes; Sakenin et al. 2008, as mniszechi; Borumand 2002, as klickai), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as glabrata irenae; Borumand 2002, as glabrata irene; Barimani et al. 2009, 2012), Qom ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002, as mniszechi, morosa, morio var.?), Semnan ( Borumand 2002, as adusta and luristana), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968, as mniszechi var. elamita and minorita; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as glabrata irene), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968, as adusta, mniszechi, luristana var. parsa , elamita and zarathustrae; Bílý 1983a, as glabrata irenae, morosa; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as klickai, morosa, mniszechi and zarathustrae); "Perse" (Gory & Laporte 1839, as semistriata, misidentification; Marseul 1865, types of mnizsechi, elamita ; Kerremans 1912, as elamita , mnizsechi, derugata), "Perse: Chakhou" ( Jakovlev 1887a, type of christophi), " Persia " ( Obenberger 1927a, as aethiops ssp. gigas, adusta, derugata; types of klapaleki, corrosa), " Persia: Ardilan" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of vavrai), " Persia occidentalis: Hamarazendjan" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of coeruleolimbata), " Persia: Kharum" ( Obenberger 1927a, types of mrazeki, zobeida), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009).

Note. Records for Ethiopia, Gambia, Mali, Moçambique, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, and Sudan in Bellamy (2008b) possibly refer to semistriata Palisot de Beauvois 1807, not to semistriata: Gory & Laporte 1839 (misidentification), the latter is a synonym of tragacanthae (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 446) . Record for Falicaria as a host plant (Sakenin et al. 2008) is doubtful, adult and larval host plants of this species are Astragalus spp. ( Fabaceae ).

Sphenoptera tristicula Reitter 1895a: 38 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 337, 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 809; Ghobari et al. 2012: 238.

synonym: elegans Jakovlev, 1900b: 433.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003, 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera trisulcata Reiche & Saulcy 1856: 413 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 809. [subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera violacea Jakovlev 1898b: 557 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 368; Bellamy 2008b: 813; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 442.

[subgenus Sphenoptera View in CoL ].

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009).

Distribution outside Iran. Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009).

Sphenoptera viridiaurea Kraatz View in CoL in Heyden & Kraatz 1882: 318; Bílý 1983a: 83; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 813.

synonym: cylindracea Reitter 1897: 215.

[subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a; Kaplin 1981.

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr, Fars, Kerman, Khuzestan, Qom ( Bílý 1983a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Sphenoptera vlastae Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006: 135 View in CoL ; Bellamy 2008b: 815. [subgenus Sphenopterella].

misidentification: elpha: Bílý 1983a: 80 (not Obenberger 1926b: 200; Chilostetha ); Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006: 135 (misidentification; holotype of vlastae View in CoL ).

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Sphenoptera zarudniana Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003: 332, 2006: 357 View in CoL ; Bellamy 2008b: 816. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Sistan & Baluchestan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. The record for Iraq in Volkovitsh & Kalashian (2006) and Bellamy (2008b) is a misprint ( Iraq instead of Iran); this species is known only from type locality in Iran.

Sphenoptera zarudnyi Jakovlev 1899a: 99 View in CoL ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 816. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ].

Distribution within Iran. Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1899a), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006; Bellamy 2008b: 816).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

* Sphenoptera zarudnyi schatinensis Alexeev & Zykov 1991: 149 View in CoL (subspecies of zarudnyi View in CoL ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b: 816.

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006). Note. The records of S. z. schatinensis for Iran and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Buprestidae

Loc

Sphenoptera

Ghahari, Hassan, Volkovitsh, Mark G. & Bellamy, Charles L. 2015
2015
Loc

Sphenoptera merkli Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 205

Volkovitsh 2008: 205
2008
Loc

Sphenoptera hayeki

Bellamy 2008: 708
Kalashian 2007: 38
2007
Loc

Sphenoptera exarata

Bellamy 2008: 695
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
2006
Loc

Sphenoptera magna

Bellamy 2008: 735
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
2006
Loc

Sphenoptera sulcata

Bellamy 2008: 794
Volkovitsh 2006: 367
2006
Loc

Sphenoptera tragacanthae (

Barimani 2012: 192
Ghobari 2012: 237
Barimani 2009: 65
Bellamy 2008: 804
Volkovitsh 2006: 367
2006
Loc

Sphenoptera vlastae

Bellamy 2008: 815
Kalashian 2006: 135
2006
Loc

Sphenoptera zarudniana

Bellamy 2008: 816
Volkovitsh 2003: 332
2003
Loc

Sphenoptera tezcani

Bellamy 2008: 802
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Kalashian 2005: 81
Niehuis 1999: 43
1999
Loc

Sphenoptera tamarisci

Bellamy 2008: 799
Volkovitsh 2001: 200
Modarres 1997: 140
1997
Loc

Sphenoptera zarudnyi schatinensis Alexeev & Zykov 1991 : 149

Bellamy 2008: 816
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Zykov 1991: 149
1991
Loc

Sphenoptera tamaricis (

Bellamy 2008: 798
Volkovitsh 2003: 335
Modarres 1997: 140
Abai 1984: 119
1984
Loc

Sphenoptera ambigua (

Bellamy 2008: 644
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Bily 1983: 79
1983
Loc

Sphenoptera parumpunctata (

Bellamy 2008: 758
Volkovitsh 2006: 56
Bily 1983: 79
1983
Loc

Sphenoptera abbaspouri

Borumand 2002: 24
Modarres 1997: 138
Radjabi 1968: 76
1968
Loc

Sphenoptera esfandiarii

Borumand 2002: 25
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 76
1968
Loc

Sphenoptera quezeli

Bellamy 2008: 770
Volkovitsh 2006: 356
Borumand 2002: 26
Bily 1983: 82
Mire 1963: 173
1963
Loc

Sphenoptera davatchii

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 684
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Borumand 2002: 28
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 79
Descarpentries 1960: 175
1960
Loc

Sphenoptera dadkhani

Bellamy 2008: 684
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Modarres 1997: 139
Obenberger 1955: 90
1955
Loc

Sphenoptera kermanshahensis

Bily 2011: 203
Bellamy 2008: 721
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Obenberger 1952: 4
1952
Loc

Sphenoptera freyi Théry 1942 : 274

Bellamy 2008: 700
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Thery 1942: 274
1942
Loc

Sphenoptera althaeae

Bellamy 2008: 643
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 94
Obenberger 1929: 17
1929
Loc

Sphenoptera inculta

Bellamy 2008: 714
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 92
Bily 1983: 78
Obenberger 1929: 42
1929
Loc

Sphenoptera parysatis

Bellamy 2008: 759
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 95
Bily 1983: 79
Obenberger 1929: 43
1929
Loc

Sphenoptera servistana

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 783
Volkovitsh 2003: 340
Obenberger 1929: 60
1929
Loc

Sphenoptera antiqua pernitens

Bellamy 2008: 649
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Borumand 2002: 19
Modarres 1997: 138
Radjabi 1968: 76
Obenberger 1927: 94
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera antiqua ramosula

Bellamy 2008: 649
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Bily 1983: 77
Obenberger 1927: 95
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera bellatrix

Bellamy 2008: 660
Volkovitsh 2006: 360
Obenberger 1927: 185
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera boisduvali

Bellamy 2008: 664
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Obenberger 1927: 77
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera euplecta

Bellamy 2008: 695
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Obenberger 1927: 89
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera formosula

Bellamy 2008: 699
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Borumand 2002: 25
Bily 1983: 82
Obenberger 1927: 27
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera hetita

Bellamy 2008: 708
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Bily 1983: 78
Obenberger 1927: 13
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera lalage

Bellamy 2008: 726
Volkovitsh 2006: 361
Obenberger 1927: 179
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera nausicaa

Bellamy 2008: 746
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Obenberger 1927: 21
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera oresitropha

Bellamy 2008: 753
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Borumand 2002: 24
Bily 1983: 76
Obenberger 1927: 31
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera repetekensis

Bellamy 2008: 775
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Volkovitsh 2006: 54
Obenberger 1927: 80
Obenberger 1927: 71
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera tigridis

Bellamy 2008: 803
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Obenberger 1927: 22
1927
Loc

Sphenoptera chusistanica

Bellamy 2008: 673
Volkovitsh 2006: 353
Bily 1983: 79
Obenberger 1926: 201
1926
Loc

Sphenoptera motschulskyi

Bellamy 2008: 745
Bily 1983: 81
Obenberger 1926: 17
1926
Loc

Sphenoptera clarescens

Bellamy 2008: 673
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Kerremans 1909: 283
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera cyaneoniger

Bellamy 2008: 682
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Kerremans 1909: 275
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera fossa

Bellamy 2008: 699
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Kerremans 1909: 271
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera obruta

Bellamy 2008: 751
Bellamy 2008: 638
Bellamy 2008: 671
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Obenberger 1927: 21
Obenberger 1927: 21
Obenberger 1927: 43
Kerremans 1909: 275
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera rangnowi

Bellamy 2008: 771
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Borumand 2002: 24
Modarres 1997: 140
Bily 1983: 77
Radjabi 1968: 77
Salavatian 1950: 9
Thery 1925: 80
Kerremans 1909: 273
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera saxosa

Bellamy 2008: 778
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Kerremans 1909: 283
1909
Loc

Sphenoptera arcana

Bellamy 2008: 650
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Kalashian 2005: 97
Obenberger 1927: 46
Jakovlev 1908: 211
1908
Loc

Sphenoptera exoleta

Bellamy 2008: 696
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Jakovlev 1908: 217
1908
Loc

Sphenoptera finitima

Bellamy 2008: 698
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 95
Jakovlev 1908: 225
1908
Loc

Sphenoptera syriaca

Bellamy 2008: 798
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Kalashian 2005: 83
Jakovlev 1908: 514
1908
Loc

Sphenoptera cauta

Ghobari 2012: 238
Barimani 2009: 65
Bellamy 2008: 669
Volkovitsh 2006: 353
Kalashian 2005: 80
Bily 1983: 79
Jakovlev 1904: 183
1904
Loc

Sphenoptera ligulata

Bellamy 2008: 731
Volkovitsh 2006: 361
Jakovlev 1904: 178
1904
Loc

Sphenoptera eddin

Bellamy 2008: 692
Volkovitsh 2001: 197
Jakovlev 1903: 266
1903
Loc

Sphenoptera glasunovi

Bellamy 2008: 704
Volkovitsh 2003: 338
Jakovlev 1903: 273
1903
Loc

Sphenoptera heroica

Bellamy 2008: 708
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Jakovlev 1903: 270
1903
Loc

Sphenoptera amoena

Bellamy 2008: 644
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Jakovlev 1901: 183
1901
Loc

Sphenoptera lia

Havaskary 2012: 1
Ghahari 2008: 639
Bellamy 2008: 731
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Jakovlev 1901: 168
1901
Loc

Sphenoptera arguta

Bellamy 2008: 652
Volkovitsh 2006: 360
Jakovlev 1900: 440
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera bodemeyeri

Bellamy 2008: 663
Bellamy 2008: 770
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Borumand 2002: 20
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 76
Kerremans 1909: 279
Jakovlev 1900: 501
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera edmundi

Bellamy 2008: 692
Volkovitsh 2008: 207
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Jakovlev 1900: 425
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera manifesta

Bellamy 2008: 736
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 96
Jakovlev 1900: 428
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera misella

Bellamy 2008: 742
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 92
Jakovlev 1900: 415
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera nox

Bellamy 2008: 749
Volkovitsh 2002: 170
Jakovlev 1900: 445
1900
Loc

Sphenoptera abbreviata

Bellamy 2008: 638
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Borumand 2002: 19
Modarres 1997: 138
Radjabi 1968: 76
Jakovlev 1899: 104
1899
Loc

Sphenoptera kaznakowi

Bellamy 2008: 721
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Bily 1983: 80
Jakovlev 1899: 295
1899
Loc

Sphenoptera zarudnyi

Bellamy 2008: 816
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Jakovlev 1899: 99
1899
Loc

Sphenoptera acuminata

Bellamy 2008: 639
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Kalashian 2005: 92
Borumand 2002: 24
Modarres 1997: 138
Radjabi 1968: 76
Jakovlev 1898: 331
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera coerulea

Bellamy 2008: 674
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Jakovlev 1898: 559
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera cyanea

Bellamy 2008: 682
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Jakovlev 1898: 558
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera eugenii

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 695
Volkovitsh 2008: 207
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Borumand 2002: 20
Bily 1983: 78
Jakovlev 1898: 554
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera subtilis

Bellamy 2008: 794
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Jakovlev 1898: 552
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera violacea

Bellamy 2008: 813
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Jakovlev 1898: 557
1898
Loc

Sphenoptera anthaxoides

Bellamy 2008: 646
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Borumand 2002: 28
Modarres 1997: 138
Bily 1983: 80
Radjabi 1968: 79
Reitter 1895: 42
1895
Loc

Sphenoptera hauseri

Bellamy 2008: 707
Volkovitsh 2003: 337
Borumand 2002: 25
Modarres 1997: 139
Abai 1984: 119
Radjabi 1968: 75
Reitter 1895: 34
1895
Loc

Sphenoptera ignita

Bellamy 2008: 712
Volkovitsh 2003: 334
Borumand 2002: 26
Modarres 1997: 139
Abai 1984: 119
Radjabi 1968: 76
Reitter 1895: 33
1895
Loc

Sphenoptera tristicula

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 809
Volkovitsh 2003: 337
Reitter 1895: 38
1895
Loc

Sphenoptera simplex

Barimani 2009: 65
Bellamy 2008: 786
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 95
Jakovlev 1893: 130
1893
Loc

Sphenoptera koenigi

Bellamy 2008: 723
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 93
Jakovlev 1891: 133
1891
Loc

Sphenoptera sancta

Bellamy 2008: 777
Volkovitsh 2006: 356
Volkovitsh 2006: 53
Borumand 2002: 26
Modarres 1997: 140
Bily 1983: 81
Radjabi 1968: 76
Obenberger 1937: 92
Reitter 1890: 277
1890
Loc

Sphenoptera artemisiae

Bellamy 2008: 653
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Borumand 2002: 25
Modarres 1997: 138
Bily 1983: 81
Radjabi 1968: 75
Jakovlev 1891: 138
Reitter 1889: 281
1889
Loc

Sphenoptera semenovi

Bellamy 2008: 781
Volkovitsh 2003: 339
Jakovlev 1889: 85
1889
Loc

Sphenoptera aerata

Bellamy 2008: 640
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Jakovlev 1887: 62
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera anthracina

Ghobari 2012: 237
Bellamy 2008: 646
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Radjabi 1976: 129
Jakovlev 1887: 78
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera bicarinata

Bellamy 2008: 662
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Jakovlev 1887: 77
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera incerta

Bellamy 2008: 714
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 92
Jakovlev 1887: 57
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera moesta

Bellamy 2008: 743
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Volkovitsh 2006: 54
Borumand 2002: 24
Modarres 1997: 140
Radjabi 1968: 77
Kerremans 1909: 277
Jakovlev 1887: 64
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera oertzeni

Bellamy 2008: 751
Volkovitsh 2006: 369
Obenberger 1924: 123
Jakovlev 1887: 115
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera puberula

Bellamy 2008: 767
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Kalashian 2005: 80
Jakovlev 1887: 116
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera signata

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 784
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 90
Jakovlev 1887: 65
1887
Loc

Sphenoptera laticeps

Bellamy 2008: 729
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Borumand 2002: 22
Jakovlev 1886: 94
1886
Loc

Sphenoptera manderstjernae

Bellamy 2008: 736
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Borumand 2002: 22
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1974: 40
Jakovlev 1886: 94
1886
Loc

Sphenoptera micans

Bellamy 2008: 741
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 95
Borumand 2002: 25
Bily 1983: 78
Jakovlev 1886: 93
1886
Loc

Sphenoptera sculpticollis

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 780
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 94
Borumand 2002: 24
Modarres 1997: 140
Salavatian 1950: 10
Obenberger 1920: 120
Heyden 1886: 278
1886
Loc

Sphenoptera sobrina

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 789
Volkovitsh 2006: 360
Kalashian 2005: 89
Jakovlev 1886: 97
1886
Loc

Sphenoptera balassogloi

Bellamy 2008: 655
Volkovitsh 2003: 339
Jakovlev 1885: 131
Jakovlev 1885: 133
1885
Loc

Sphenoptera curta

Bellamy 2008: 681
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 96
Jakovlev 1885: 131
1885
Loc

Sphenoptera striatipennis

Bellamy 2008: 791
Volkovitsh 2003: 334
Jakovlev 1885: 132
1885
Loc

Sphenoptera aeneomicans

Bellamy 2008: 640
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Kalashian 2005: 91
Jakovlev 1891: 137
Heyden 1882: 317
1882
Loc

Sphenoptera viridiaurea

Bellamy 2008: 813
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Bily 1983: 83
Heyden 1882: 318
1882
Loc

Sphenoptera cylindricollis

Bellamy 2008: 683
Volkovitsh 2006: 355
Bily 1983: 82
Marseul 1866: 401
1866
Loc

Sphenoptera tamarisci beckeri

Bellamy 2008: 799
Volkovitsh 2006: 357
Borumand 2002: 25
Modarres 1997: 134
Bily 1983: 82
Radjabi 1968: 75
Farahbakhsh 1960: 76
Salavatian 1950: 9
Dohrn 1866: 249
1866
Loc

Sphenoptera cunea

Bellamy 2008: 679
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Marseul 1865: 346
1865
Loc

Sphenoptera demissa

Ghobari 2012: 237
Bellamy 2008: 685
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Kalashian 2005: 98
Marseul 1865: 365
1865
Loc

Sphenoptera mesopotamica

Bellamy 2008: 740
Volkovitsh 2003: 340
Borumand 2002: 27
Modarres 1997: 139
Abai 1984: 119
Bily 1983: 81
Radjabi 1968: 77
Farahbakhsh 1960: 76
Salavatian 1950: 10
Marseul 1865: 389
1865
Loc

Sphenoptera tappesi

Ghobari 2012: 238
Barimani 2009: 65
Bellamy 2008: 801
Volkovitsh 2006: 369
Marseul 1865: 387
1865
Loc

Sphenoptera trisulcata

Bellamy 2008: 809
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Reiche 1856: 413
1856
Loc

Sphenoptera chalybea Ménétriés 1848 : 30

Bellamy 2008: 671
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Volkovitsh 2006: 53
Obenberger 1927: 62
Obenberger 1927: 62
Menetries 1848: 30
1848
Loc

Sphenoptera fulgens

Bellamy 2008: 700
Volkovitsh 2006: 368
Bily 1983: 81
Gory 1841: 309
1841
Loc

Sphenoptera smyrneensis

Ghobari 2012: 238
Bellamy 2008: 787
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Kalashian 2005: 89
Gory 1841: 305
1841
Loc

Sphenoptera perroteti Guérin-Méneville 1840 : 328

Bellamy 2008: 760
Volkovitsh 2006: 361
Bily 1983: 80
Guerin-Meneville 1840: 328
1840
Loc

Sphenoptera hypocrita

Ghobari 2012: 237
Bellamy 2008: 710
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Kalashian 2005: 97
Borumand 2002: 21
Radjabi 1968: 77
Mannerheim 1837: 92
1837
Loc

Sphenoptera cuprifrons

Bellamy 2008: 680
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Faldermann 1835: 153
1835
Loc

Sphenoptera excavata

Bellamy 2008: 696
Volkovitsh 2006: 364
Faldermann 1835: 154
1835
Loc

Sphenoptera rugulosa

Bellamy 2008: 776
Volkovitsh 2006: 366
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 77
Faldermann 1835: 151
Faldermann 1835: 152
1835
Loc

Sphenoptera scovitzii (

Bellamy 2008: 779
Volkovitsh 2006: 356
Borumand 2002: 26
Modarres 1997: 140
Abai 1984: 119
Bily 1983: 82
Radjabi 1968: 76
Faldermann 1835: 155
1835
Loc

Sphenoptera lapidaria ( Brullé) 1832

Ghobari 2012: 237
Bellamy 2008: 726
Volkovitsh 2006: 365
Volkovitsh 2006: 54
Borumand 2002: 22
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 77
Obenberger 1913: 87
Brulle 1832: 134
1832
Loc

Sphenoptera armena (

Bellamy 2008: 652
Volkovitsh 2006: 358
Kalashian 2005: 93
Steven 1829: 286
1829
Loc

Sphenoptera coracina (

Bellamy 2008: 676
Volkovitsh 2006: 363
Borumand 2002: 20
Modarres 1997: 139
Radjabi 1968: 76
Salavatian 1950: 9
Steven 1829: 286
1829
Loc

Sphenoptera antiqua (

Bellamy 2008: 647
Volkovitsh 2006: 362
Kalashian 2005: 97
Illiger 1803: 247
1803
Loc

Sphenoptera rauca (

Bellamy 2008: 771
Volkovitsh 2006: 359
Modarres 1997: 140
Farahbakhsh 1960: 76
Fabricius 1787: 177
1787
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