Taygetina accacioi Nakahara & Freitas, 2019

Nakahara, Shinichi, Matos-Maraví, Pável, Barbosa, Eduardo P., Willmott, Keith R., Lamas, Gerardo & Freitas, André V. L., 2019, Two New Species of Taygetina With a Possible Case of ‘ Juxta Loss’ in Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), Insect Systematics and Diversity 3 (6), No. 9, pp. 1-13 : 9-11

Taygetina accacioi Nakahara & Freitas , n. sp.

( Figs. 1 , 2c–d , 3h–l , 4 )

(Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F327CF82-35C3-4461-A0D4-F5CF3BB4369B )

Systematic placement and diagnosis ( Fig. 1 ). Taygetina accacioi n. sp. is likely a member of the monophyletic Taygetina based on morphological and molecular data, although its systematic placement within the genus cannot be confidently assessed based on the DNA ‘barcode’ data ( Fig. 1 ). The genetic divergence is>5% between T. accacioi n. sp. and any other of the 35 examined Taygetina taxa, whereas the genetic distance among the three barcoded individuals of T. accacioi n. sp. (MGCL-LOAN-505, 506, and 507) range from 0.005 to 0.014% (Supp Table 1 [online only]). Taygetina accacioi n. sp. is readily distinguishable from other members of the genus by its pronounced ocellus in the VHW cell Rs with a large white pupil; this ocellus is reduced and/or incomplete in T. brocki n. sp., T. banghaasi , T. weymeri , and T. peribaea (Godman and Salvin, 1880) . Taygetina kerea (Butler, 1869) , T. oreba (Butler, 1870) , and T. gulnare (Butler, 1870) , on the other hand, all possess a complete ocellus in the VHW cell Rs, but this is much smaller than the one in the VHW cell M1, whereas these two ocelli are similar in size or the ocellus in Rs is larger in T. accacioi n. sp. The male genitalia of T. accacioi n. sp. can be readily distinguished from other Taygetina species by lacking the juxta, a structure that is usually present in butterflies, and also by a ‘thumb-like’ apical process of the valva with a serrated dorsal margin.

Description. MALE Forewing length 29 mm (n = 2).

Head: Eyes with hair-like setae, white scales at base; first segment of labial palpi short, brownish, adorned with cream short hair-like scales dorsally and white and dark brownish long hair-like scales ventrally, second segment length almost twice as great as eye depth and covered with brownish scales laterally, and with blackish scales along edge of distal two-third of dorsal surface, ventrally adorned with black hair-like scales about 3–4 times as long as segment width, third segment roughly two-fifths of second segment in length and covered with black scales dorsally and ventrally, with brownishwhite scales laterally; antennae approximately two-fifths of forewing length, with ca. 42 segments (n = 2), distal 13–14 segments composing rather inconspicuous club.

Thorax: Dorsally covered with dense long light brown hair-like scales, with some light brownish cream scales, ventrally covered with dirty white long hair-like scales with sparse white scales.

Legs: Foreleg covered with short white and long cream hair-like scales, tarsus and tibia almost same in length, femur slightly shorter; midleg and hindleg covered with short and long hair-like whitish cream scales, tarsus and tibia adorned with spines ventrally, pair of tibial spurs present at distal end of tibia.

Abdomen: Eighth tergite as sclerotized stripe at base of eighth abdominal segment, in addition to presence of distal broader sclerotized patch; eighth sternite appearing as single broad sclerotized patch.

Wing venation: Basal half of forewing subcostal vein swollen; base of cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; hindwing humeral vein developed; origin of M 2 towards M 1 than M 3.

Wing shape: Forewing subtriangular, costal margin convex, apex appearing not truncated (in comparison with immediately preceding species) and appearing rather rounded, outer margin convex, inner margin straight, but rounded towards thorax near base; hindwing slightly elongate, rounded, costal margin convex, outer margin sinuate with distal end of M 3 being most pronounced, inner margin slightly concave near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly round.

Dorsal forewing: Ground color brownish, distally appearing darker, black androconial scales present in middle of DFW, roughly mirroring area between VFW discal and postdiscal band, apparently faded near costa.

Dorsal hindwing: Ground color similar to forewing, darker around tornus and distal end of M 2 and of M 3, Cu 1, and Cu 2, no visible androconial scales.

Ventral forewing: Ground color light chestnut brown; discal band somewhat indistinct, appearing as slightly sinuate brownish band in discal cell and extending below Cubitus; area between discal band and postdiscal band sparsely scattered with whitish scales; postdiscal band rather straight, appearing darker and somewhat more defined than previous band, extending from Radius towards inner margin, bent distally in cell Cu 2 and touching submarginal band, and terminating around 2A; area between postdiscal band and submarginal band scattered with whitish scales, more dense in cells Cu 1 and Cu 2 than cells above; submarginal band undulating, appearing brownish with whitish scaling along distal margin, more sinuate and defined than basal two bands, extending from apex to tornus; marginal band smoothly traversing along outer margin with whitish scaling visible distally; fringe dark brownish; submarginal ocelli in cells R 5, M 1, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1, ocellus in cell M 1 appearing as whitish pupil in somewhat indistinct brownish ‘ring’ with black central area, remaining ocelli smaller and appearing as more reduced ocelli (but see below).

Ventral hindwing: Ground color darker than forewing; area basal of discal band scattered with whitish scales; discal band similar to that of VFW in appearance except for more defined and curving outwards in discal cell, extending from costa towards inner margin and reaching 3A; area between discal band and postdiscal band scattered with whitish scales except for distal one-third where revealing dark ground color; postdiscal band similar to that of VFW in appearance except for not strongly bent distally in cell Cu 2 and crossing 2A where it is apparently fused with submarignal band near inner margin; area between postdiscal band and submarginal band scattered with whitish scales, especially near submarginal band in cells M 1, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1; submarginal band similar to that of VFW in appearance except for apparently fused to postdiscal band near inner margin; marginal band similar to that of VFW in appearance except for being more sinuate reflecting undulating hindwing margin; fringe dark brownish; submarginal ocelli in cells Rs, M 1, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1, ocellus in Rs being most pronounced with white prominent pupil in indistinct brownish ‘ring’ filled with black, ocellus in M 1 second largest (but see also below) with white pupil similar but smaller than ocellus in Rs, ocellus in Cu 1 similar but smaller than ocellus in cell M

1

, ocelli in cells M

2

and M

3

reduced (but see also below).

Genitalia ( Fig. 3j–k ): Tegumen appearing semi-circular, somewhat skewed left in lateral view, dorsal margin convex and ventral margin straight; uncus broad in lateral view, 1.5 times longer than tegumen, appearing robust (in contrast with many other euptychiines), slightly curved and posteriorly terminating in single point in lateral view, no visible hair-like setae; brachium broad at base, tapering towards apex, similar to uncus in length, apical point positioned above uncus in lateral view, parallel to uncus with apical edge curving inwards in dorsal view; combination of ventral arms from tegumen and dorsal arms from saccus straight, slightly broadening near saccus; appendices angulares present, curving inwards; saccus long and rather straight, rounded anteriorly, similar to tegumen plus uncus in length; juxta absent ( Fig. 4 ); valva basal two-thirds appearing roughly as a parallelogram in lateral view, distally setose including apical process, ventral margin convex, in addition to presence of concavity distally, dorsal margin distal of costa, apical process ‘thumb-like,’ lateral projection with rounded posterior end starting slightly narrow near base and dorsally serrated, accompanied with rounded large semicircular plate, with serrated dorsal margin, located at base of dorsal margin of projecting upwards; phallus roughly straight, similar in length to tegumen plus uncus, phallobase occupying about one-fourth of phallus, ductus ejaculatorius visible as illustrated, posterior portion of aedeagus somewhat curved upwards, manica covering about half of aedeagus, cornuti very small and visible as weakly sclerotized region of vesica ( Fig. 3k ).

FEMALE Forewing length 28mm (n = 1).

Similar to male except as follows: Female foretarsus divided into five distinct segments; androconial scales absent in DFW; wing color pattern paler. Female abdomen and genitalia ( Fig. 3l–n ): Eighth tergite developed, uniformly sclerotized; papillae anales without posterior apophysis; intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segment pleated and expandable, weakly sclerotized region present; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, forming somewhat oval-shaped plate just below ostium bursae accompanied by ‘U’ shaped sclerotized structure, which is connected to anterior margin of sclerotized plate at lateral side of eighth abdominal segment, with spiracle visible at the top right corner of this plate; ductus bursae approximately basal one-third sclerotized, remaining portion membranous; ductus seminalis exits at juncture of this sclerotized region and membranous region; corpus bursae elongated, approximately half in length compared with ductus bursae, extending across entire abdomen, with two signa parallel to each other and extending through the entire length of corpus bursae.

Variation. The VFW ocelli in cells R 5, M 2, and Cu 1 appear more as complete ocelli in one male (ZUEC LEP 11041), whereas more reduced and pupil and black central area are not visible in the other male (ZUEC LEP 11039). The ocellus in the VHW cell Rs is similar in size to ocellus in the VHW cell M 1 in ZUEC LEP 11039, whereas the former ocellus is larger than the latter in ZUEC LEP 11041.

Types. Holotype: male with the following labels (labels separated by double transverse bars): HOLOTYPUS // BRAZIL, Bahia, Ilhéus, Cachoeira Lisa, 15°0 ′ 15 ″ S, 39°8 ′ 10 ″ W, 15–31.I.2000, Accacio, G. M. leg., MGCL-507 / ind. 1480 IFR21// MGCL-LOAN-507// ZUEC LEP 11039//. Deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC).

Paratypes (1 male, 1 female): female with the following labels (labels separated by double transverse bars): PARATYPUS // BRAZIL, Bahia, Ilhéus, 14°59 ′ 9 ″ S, 39°6 ′ 4 ″ W, 15–31.I.2000, Accacio, G. M. leg., MGCL-506 / ind. 1457 IFR12// MGCL- LOAN-506// ZUEC LEP 11040//. Other paratype, male with the following labels: PARATYPUS // BRAZIL, Bahia, Una Biological Reserve, Una, 15°7 ′ 54 ″ S, 39°10 ′ 31 ″ W, 15–30.XI.1999, Accacio, G. M. leg., MGCL-505 / ind. 0517 IIFR11// MGCL-LOAN-505// ZUEC LEP 11041//. Both deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC).

Etymology. This specific epithet honors Gustavo de Mattos Accacio, a Brazilian independent biologist who conceived and performed an extensive trap study in the state of Bahia that resulted in the collecting and subsequent discovery of this new species. The specific epithet is a masculine noun in the genitive case.

Distribution ( Fig. 5). This species is known to date only from the south of Bahia State, Brazil. Specifically, the species was collected from the region of Ilhéus and Una municipalities.

Remarks. The three known specimens of this new species have been barcoded, and the low genetic distances among them supports their conspecificity (see Fig. 1 ). Besides the three specimens that compose the type series, two additional individuals were captured and released in two other sites in the same region in south Bahia, including: 1) a forest fragment near Cachoeira Lisa, Ilhéus, 15°1 ′ 15 ″ S, 39°9 ′ 18 ″ W (January 2000) and 2) a second site inside the Una Biological Reserve, Una, 15°10 ′ 36 ″ S, 39°1 ′ 53 ″ W (May 2000) (see Accacio (2002) for information regarding these two individuals), which is a large conservation unit that provides an effective opportunity for the long-term conservation of Taygetina accacioi n. sp. The biology and habits of this species remain largely unknown and it can be considered a rare species within its known distributional region. For example, in the large bait trap study in south Bahia, only five specimens of this species were captured (out of 3,706 captured butterflies in 132 traps over three sampling periods) ( Accacio 2002). Based on these five records, the species is associated with tableland forest, a lowland rainforest locally known as ‘tabuleiro forest.’ These forest formations, also known as ‘Hiléia Bahiana’ ( Andrade-Lima 1966), extend from Espírito Santo north of the mouth of Rio Doce river, to south Bahia, with warm annual temperatures with little fluctuation and deciduousness in some tree species (Peixoto et al. 2008). All five specimens were captured inside well-preserved forests away from cocoa plantations and forest edges, which might suggest that the species is associated with undisturbed habitats.

Figures

Fig. 1. (A) Maximum likelihood tree ofTaygetina (LnL = −2551.7396) based on DNA ‘barcodes’ data and inferred in IQ-TREE. Support values are represented by SH-aLRT/UFBoot; (B) Maximum likelihood tree of theTaygetis clade (LnL = −26,315.125) based on the 4-gene dataset and inferred in IQ-TREE. Support values are represented by SH-aLRT/UFBoot.

Fig. 2. Taygetina type specimens: (a) T. brocki n. sp., holotype male, dorsal on left, ventral on right (MUSM-LEP 105430); (b) T. brocki n. sp., paratype female, dorsal on left, ventral on right (MUSM-LEP 105433); (c) T. accacioi n. sp., holotype male, dorsal on left, ventral on right (ZUEC LEP 11039); (d) T. accacioi n. sp., paratype female, dorsal on left, ventral on right (ZUEC LEP 11040).

Fig. 3. Taygetina genitalia:(a)Terminal abdominal segments of male T.brocki n. sp. in lateral view; (b) male genitalic capsule of T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view;(c) juxta in posterior view;(d) phallus of T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view (vesica everted to better visualize cornuti);(e)Terminal abdominal segments of female T. brocki n. sp. in lateral view; (f) papillae analis (hair-like setae omitted); (g) female abdomen and genitalia of T. brocki n. sp. in dorsal view (inter-segmental membrane folded); (h) female genitalia of T. brocki n. sp. in ventral view (inter-segmental membrane expanded); (i) signa; (j) male genitalic capsule of T. accacioi n. sp. in lateral view; (k) phallus of T. accacioi n. sp. in lateral view (cornuti emphasized in black square);(l) female genitalia of T.accacioi n. sp. in ventral view; (m) signa; (n) female genitalic capsule of T. brocki n. sp. in postero-ventral view. (a–d) based on SN-19–108; (e–f) based on SN-19–115; (g–i) based on SN-19-12; (j–k) based on ZUEC LEP 11039 (holotype); (l–n) based on ZUEC LEP 11040.

Fig. 4. Taygetina accacioi n. sp. male genitalia posterior view (left, based on ZUEC LEP 11040); ventral view (right, based on ZUEC LEP 11039), both showing absence of juxta.