Draculoides anachoretus ( Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008 )

Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, Zootaxa 4864 (1), pp. 1-75 : 29-31

Draculoides anachoretus ( Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008)

( Figs. 1–8 , 11–12 )

http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 31C4EBC2-7446-47CA-A4C8-DFDFC3F780CC

Paradraculoides anachoretus Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys 2008:185–187 , figs. 32–35.

Draculoides anachoretus (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys) : Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2.

Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Mesa A (Borehole 2497), 45.2 km W. of Pannawonica , 21°40’11”S, 115°53’13”E, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould ( WAM T 63327) (DNA: COI).

Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: All from Mesa A : 1 ♀, Borehole 2501, 44.5 km W of Panna- wonica, 21°39’5”S, 115°53’36”E, March–May 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould ( WAM T 63331) ; 1 ♀, Borehole 2501, 44.5 km W of Pannawonica, 21°39’57”S, 115°53’36”E, 21 December 2004, G. Humphreys, M. Greenham ( WAM T 63311) ; 1 ♀, Borehole 3073, 21°40′43″S, 115°52′23″E, 25 July–8 September 2005, G. Hum- phreys et al. ( WAM T 66235) .

Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♂, Mesa A, 15 km SW. of Pannawonica , 21°39’44”S, 115°53’20”E, 29 June 2016, S. Lange ( MWH Global LN5816 ) ( WAM T140985 ) ; 1 ♂, Mesa A, 44.7 km W. of Pan- nawonica, 21°39’24”S, 115°53’35”E, 7 October 2010, S. Lange (Biota Environmental Sciences MEARC4284 P1 T3 ) ( WAM T110813 ) ; 1 ♂, Mesa A, 43.45 km W. of Pannawonica , 21°39’25”S, 115°54’19”E, 22 May–19 July 2012, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences MEARC4291-0712 - T1-1 ) ( WAM T127076 ) ; see Abrams et al. (2019).

Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides anachoretus most closely resembles D. affinis , D. bythius , D. cochranus , D. eremius , D. gnophicola , D. kryptus , D. mckechnieorum and D. warramboo , especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis , D. bythius , D. eremius , D. gnophicola , D. kryptus and D. mckechnieorum in the anterior position of dm4, well set back from the posterior margin (in line with dl 3 in D. bythius , D. gnophicola , D. eremius and D. kryptus , slightly anterior to dl3 and close to posterior margin in D. affinis and D. mckechnieorum ). It differs from D. cochranus by the posterior position of dm 4 in relation to dl1 (dm4 is level with dl 1 in D. cochranus ) and from D. warramboo in the anterior position of vm 5 in relation to dl1 (vm 5 in line with dl 1 in D. warramboo ). Females are most similar to D. immortalis but differ in the position of dm1 of the flagellum, which is slightly anterior to the annulus separating flagellomeres II and III in D. anachoretus and very close to the annulus in D. immortalis . Draculoides anachoretus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figs. 3 and 5 . Draculoides anachoretus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 ( Fig. 7 ) except for D. bythius , D. eremius , D. gnophicola , D. kryptus , D. mckechnieorum , D. warramboo , D. immortalis , D. belalugosii , D. christopherleei , D. piscivultus and D. akashae , which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode.

Description. Adult male (WAM T140985).

Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker.

Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 1 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 15 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 7 setae.

Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 smaller teeth between these, including 1 tiny lateral tooth on proximal tooth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 8 setae; G3 composed of 4 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 7 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 3 setae. Movable finger serrula composed of 17 long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present.

Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.30 × length of tarsus.

Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle.

Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergites I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 3, segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only).

Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed ( Figs. 11 D–F, 12A–C); 2.08 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 set back from posterior margin, anterior to dl3; dl1posterior to vl1; dl3 close to posterior margin; vm2 uneven, one anterior to vm1 and one posterior to vm1; vm5 situated closer to vl2 than to vm3; left vm3 slightly anterior to right vm3; five pairs of microsetae between vl1 and dl3.

Dimensions (mm). Male (WAM T140985): Body length 4.04. Propeltidium 1.19/0.65. Chelicera 0.73. Flagellum 0.45/0.22. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.38, femur 0.58, patella 0.60, tibia 0.42, tarsus 0.29, claw 0.09.

Variation. Body length (males) 3.13–4.04 (n = 3).

Remarks. Harvey et al. (2008) named this species from several females and juveniles collected from Mesa A in the Robe Valley, Western Australia ( Fig. 1A ). Additional specimens, including three males that are described here, have since been collected from Mesa A.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Map of an area of the Pilbara described as “West Pilbara” for the purposes of this study, showing the distribution of the named Draculoides species. Inset maps show species distributions in finer detail encompassing areas A: Warramboo, Mesas A, B and C and “BudgieBore”; B: Bungaroo, Mesas G, H, J, K and L; C: Cochrane and Jewell, Kens Bore, Cane and Upper Cane River, Trinity Bore and Catho Well, Mt. Stuart Station; D: Middle Robe, Robe Valley; E: Bungaroo South, West Pit, Buckland Hills and Dragon deposit.

FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree, based on the reduced dataset. See Methods for details. Each terminal represents a single species or OTU, with named species in bold. Clades are identified using dashed boxes and shaded boxes encompass the species discussed in this study. Nodes with bootstrap support <80 are not shown, except for the common ancestor of the Draculoides radiation.

FIGURE 3. COI mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913085). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 4. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 3) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 5. 12S mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913012). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI mini-barcodes (Fig. 5) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 7. ITS2 mini-barcodes for all Draculoides species including the operational taxonomic units used in Abrams et al. (2019). This barcode is the maximally diagnostic 50 bp fragment of DNA. Genetic variation within species is shown using IUPAC Ambiguity Codes. See Methods for details. The position of the mini-barcode is reported relative to a specimen of Draculoides celatus (WAM T98698, GenBank number MG913105). The blue tree on the left groups minibarcodes which are most similar to each other but does not represent an accurate phylogeny. The coloured bases in the figure are those that differ from the consensus reference sequence.

FIGURE 8. Maximum Likelihood tree based on ITS2 mini-barcodes (Fig. 7) showing similarity of mini-barcode sequences, relative to species identity. This phylogeny does not recover an accurate tree topology, and evolutionary relationships should not be inferred from this figure.

FIGURE 11. Draculoides anachoretus male (WAM T140985): A. Body, dorsal; B. Body, ventral; C. Body, lateral; D. Flagellum, dorsal; E. Flagellum, ventral; F. Flagellum, lateral. The scale bar shown in image A is 2 mm and also applies to B and C and the scale bar shown in image D is 200 µm and also applies to E and F.

FIGURE 12. Draculoides anachoretus male (WAM T140985): A. Flagellum, dorsal; B. Flagellum, ventral; C. Flagellum, lateral. The scale bar is 0.1 mm and applies to A–C.