Bosmina (Sinobosmina),, 1820

Kotov, Alexey A., Ishida, Seiji & Taylor, Derek J., 2009, Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1), pp. 1-51 : 14-23

SUBGENUS BOSMINA (SINOBOSMINA) LIEDER, 1957 SENSU LIEDER, 1962

Bosmina Sinobosmina Lieder, 1957: manuscript name; Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983b: 126–127; Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.

Not Bosmina (Sinobosmina) in De Melo & Hebert, 1994: 1820 .

Type species: Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924 ( Lieder, 1962) . It is necessary to say that Lieder’s (1957) dissertation, which is regarded as a first description of the subgenus, is a manuscript only. So, the valid typification was only made in 1962 ( Lieder, 1962: 317).

Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen as a short tube, not inflated, preanal margin slightly depressed, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw relatively short and thick, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, distal pecten consisting of fine denticles. Antenna I with relatively thin pre-aesthetasc portion. Distinct basal projection on idl. On subdistal lobe of limb I, all setae located closely. Seta 2 on limb I not very short.

Comment: After removing B. (B.) liederi , B. (B.) freyi ( Taylor et al., 2002) and B. (B.) tripurae (see above) from Sinobosmina , Lieder’s (1983b) proposed distribution of the subgenus Bosmina seems to be correct. Burckhardt (1924) described B. fatalis with three different variations (megalolimnetis, cyanopotamia , and supolites), but failed to designate the nominotypical variation. Subsequently, Brehm (1925) and Manujlova (1964) described a form from the subgenus with a very short posterior margin and antenna I pointed anteriorly, Bosmina amemiyai Brehm, 1925 and Bosmina praeliaris Manujlova, 1964 .

Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt, 1924 , Figures 6 and 7

Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt, 1924: 235–237 , 240–241; fig. 10, 1–17 (except var. cyanopotamia ); Burckhardt, 1941: 130–141; figs 5, 19, 24, 30.

Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis Burckhardt , in Kořínek, 1971: 289–292; figs 9A–F, 10A–G; Lieder, 1983b: 127; figs 2, 7b, 8b; Kotov, 1997b: 29; fig. 3; Tanaka, 2000: 118–120; figs 7–9.

? Bosmina longirostris (Müller) in Chiang Sieh-chin & Du Nan-shan, 1979: fig. 110C.

Material: China. Taihu Lake near Shanghai (type locality), Jiantsu Province , collected on 10 September 1993 by Guo Xiaoming, AAK 2004-032 ; Honqzehu Lake, Jiantsu Province , collected in September– October 1990 by Guo Xiaoming, AAK 2004-030 and AAK 2004-031 .

Russia. Lake Khanka, Primorski Territory , collected on 28 September 1932 by the Amur Expedition, NNS 1997-196 .

Diagnosis of adult male ( Fig. 6 ): Body elongated, dorsum posteriorly almost straight, posterior margin of valves short. Head large, anteroventral angle rounder; distalmost extremity of head without ocular dome. Lateral head pore at a distance from lateral edge of head shield, in a bifurcation of reticulation (as in female). Mucro long, seta kurzi long, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen massive, ventral margin straight to slightly convex, preanal margin slightly concave, dorsodistal angle not projected, anal margin slightly convex, no anal depression. Postanal portion of postabdomen as a tube, but remarkably shorter than in Bosmina sp. str., blunt distally, supplied with a series of small denticles near base of claw. Singular gonopore opens distally. Postabdominal claw short, thick, without distal spinule, distal pecten as a series of small denticles, proximal pecten with more robust denticles. Antenna I articulated at the attachment site to the head, with inflated base, regularly narrowing distally, slightly bent in lateral view. Antennular sensory seta long, located relatively closely to base; male seta short, located on a small pedestal. Antenna II with two sensory setae on coxal part: one of them very long, reaching the middle of the basal segment. Distal anterior seta shorter than basal segment of threesegmented branch. Limb I with a broad idl possessing a distinct process on its basal portion. Distal portion of idl relatively short, terminating in a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook large and thick, slightly tapering, ending with a ridged tip. The hook terminates near the process on the idl, but because of the ridged tip sometimes appears to be truncated. Subdistal lobe projected, with two long setae (it is not fully clear which one is 1 or 1′) and a rudimentary seta. Seta 2 less than half of the length of the more basal seta. Ejector hooks strongly different in size.

Postembryonic development: Juvenile male I ( Fig. 7B–D ) body shape similar to juvenile female I. In contrast with female ( Fig. 7A ), postabdomen with slightly depressed preanal margin, and remarkably inflated ventral portion, a rudimentary gonoduct only reaches the level of the anus, although the gonopore is absent. Postabdominal claw as in female, with distal, proximal, and pre-claw pectens of the female type. Antenna I fused with rostrum, only a pair of sensory setae on rostrum. Antenna II with two short sensory setae of subequal size on coxal portion, no rudiment of distal anterior seta. Limb I with odl of female type, idl small, subovoid, with a rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).

Juvenile male II ( Fig. 7E–G ) body shape also similar to juvenile female II. Postabdomen with slightly depressed preanal margin, postanal portion short and massive, rudimentary gonoduct close to tip, as compared with male I, although gonopore absent. Postabdominal claw slightly shorter than in female II, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with denticles more robust, as compared with female II, pre-claw pecten as a transverse series of setules (in contrast with female, where it continues as the proximal pecten). Antenna I fused with rostrum; antennular sensory seta long, a short male seta somewhat dorsally to it. Antenna II with two sensory setae of different size on coxal portion, and with a rudiment of distal anterior seta present. Limb I with an odl of female type, idl large (but smaller than in the adult), conically narrowing distally, with a seta approximately as long as the idl, and with a second rudimentary seta, copulatory hook longer and thinner than in male II, with a truncated tip, subdistal lobe projected, with two setae of equal size (1 and 1′), and with a small rudimentary third seta. Seta 2 longer than half of the length of the more basal seta.

Comments: Previously, adult males were described by Burckhardt (1924, 1941).

Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cf. fatalis cyanopotamia Burckhardt, 1924 ,

Figure 8

Bosmina fatalis var. cyanopotamia Burckhardt, 1924: 241 ; fig. 10.

Bosmina amemiyai Brehm, 1925: 271–273 , text – fig.

Bosmina praeliaris Manujlova, 1964: 286–287 ; fig. 157, 1–9.

Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis praeliaris Manujlova in Kořínek, 1971: 292; fig. 10A–G.

Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cyanopotamia var. praeliaris Manujlova in Rivier, 1998: 376–380; figs 1–4.

Material: Russia. Lake Bolon , Khabarovsk Territory, Far East of Russia, collected on 12 August 1930 by the Amur Expedition, AAK 2004-029 ; Lake Udil , Far East of Russia, collected on 13 October 1930 by the Amur Expedition, AAK 2004-099 .

Differences of adult male: It differs from B. (S.) fatalis in the massive anteroventral portion of head, less numerous denticles in proximal pecten on postabdominal claw, antenna I folded against the ventral margin of the body, a finer distal anterior spine on basal segment of antenna II, a shorter seta on idl (less then three lengths of the copulatory hook) and a rudimentary second seta (1 or 1′?) on subdistal lobe.

Comments: In the first description of B. praeliaris, Manujlova (1964) schematically illustrated an adult male of Sinobosmina - type. Subsequently, some authors regarded B. praeliaris as a junior synonym or a variation of Bosmina cyanopotamia Buckhardt, 1924 ( Lieder, 1983b; Rivier, 1998). Kořínek (1971) said that B. (S.) fatalis has a subspecies B. (S.) fatalis praeliaris . It is demonstrated that anteriorly projected antenna I is only characteristic of summer females from cyanopotamia -like populations, whereas winter females have the ‘normal’ antenna of the fatalis - type ( Lieder, 1983b; Rivier, 1998). At the same time, even these winter females have a very short preanal margin ( Rivier, 1998), which can be a key character for the discrimination between two forms. We found that the male of B. fatalis cyanopotamia is also different from that of B. fatalis s.s. in a series of traits, although the consistency of these differences is not completely clear. It is quite possible that the former is a subspecies of the latter, if not a separate species, but this idea must be checked by studying further populations and investigating the molecular phylogeny of the Sinobosmina clade.

SUBGENUS BOSMINA (LIEDEROBOSMINA) BRTEK, 1997

Bosmina (Liederobosmina) nomen novum in Brtek, 1997: 16.

Bosmina (Neobosmina) Lieder, 1957 : manuscript name; Lieder, 1962: 317; Lieder, 1983b: 127–128; De Melo & Hebert, 1994: 1818.

Eubosmina (Neobosmina) in Taylor et al., 2002: 1494.

Type species: Bosmina hagmanni Stingelin, 1904 ( Lieder, 1962) .

Subgenus diagnosis based on male characters: Distal portion of postabdomen remarkably inflated, preanal margin from slightly depressed to convex, with relatively long, fine setules. Gonopore opens subdistally. Postabdominal claw long, without a terminal spinule. Basal pecten of denticles not shifted from postabdominal claw to body of postabdomen, consisting of thin spines, distal pecten consisting of fine setules. Antenna I with widened pre-aesthetasc portion, normally additionally expanded near aesthetascs. On subdistal lobe of limb I there is a small seta located at a distance from two others. Seta 2 on limb I is short.

Comment: Neobosmina Lieder, 1957 sensu Lieder, 1962 is a junior homonym of Neobosmina Cameron, 1906 ( Insecta: Hymenoptera ) ( Brtek, 1997). Instead of the Lieder’s taxon, the name Liederobosmina Brtek, 1997 was proposed. Paggi (1979) revised the subgenus in South America, and De Melo & Hebert (1994) revised the subgenus in North America. However, the second paper is subject to criticism: type (or topotype) material was not studied, and so De Melo & Hebert’s determinations of species were very provisional.

Our reconsideration of the Liederobosmina systematics in North and South America will be published in a separate paper. At this point we only have males of Bosmina meridionalis Sars, 1904 and B. hagmanni . Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis Sars, 1904 , Figures 9 and 10

Bosmina meridionalis Sars, 1904: 63–632 ; pl. 34, fig. 3a–c.

Bosmina (Neobosmina) meridionalis Sars in Kořínek, 1971: 286–289; fig. 8A–F; Kořínek, 1983: 89–90; figs 104–107; Kořínek, Sacherová & Havel, 1997: 15; figs 2C, 4F.

Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis Daday in Lieder, 1983b: 128 (part).

Material: Australia. Rainbow Lake, Kosciusko National Park , New South Wales, collected in April 1991 by V . F. Matveev , AAK 1998-048 ; Stock Dam near Anakie , Queensland, collected on 18 July 1974 by B. V . Timms , AAK 2004-035 ; waterhole 22 km from Pedrika on road to Dalhousie , South Australia, collected on 04 May 1976 by W. Zeidler, SAM C5860 ; dam 35 km North of William Creek , South Australia, collected in May 1976 by W. Zeider, SAM C5939 .

Diagnosis of adult male ( Fig. 9 ): Body relatively high, dorsum regularly arched from anteriormost point to posterodorsal angle, posterior margin of valves high. Head with distinct anteroventral angle, although no wrinkle there, anterior portion of rostrum straight, an ocular dome absent. In anterior view, rostrum truncated, frontal head pore opens immediately on rostral ‘fold’ (anteroventral angle of head). Lateral head pore at a great distance from lateral edge of head shield. Mucro long, seta kurzi short, a series of long setae at anteroventral portion of valve. Postabdomen massive, ventral margin humped, preanal margin characteristically convex, dorsodistal angle slightly projected, anal margin straight. Postanal portion of postabdomen short, conical, blunt distally, without spinules except for a pre-claw group of up to two spinules, but sometimes this group is completely reduced. Gonoduct thick, gonopore opens on dorsal side, on anterior ‘slope’ of ventral margin, far from distal end of postabdomen. Postabdominal claw long, slender, without a distal spinule, distal pecten as a series of minute setules, proximal pecten with few relatively large denticles. Antenna I regularly bent in lateral view, in anterior view, its pre-aesthetasc portion thick, with concave inner margin, whereas distal half thin, straight, regularly narrowing distally. Antennular sensory seta long, male seta short, located on a minute pedestal. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal part. Distal anterior seta long, reaching half of second segment of endopod. Limb I bears idl with a relatively small basal portion supplied with a low hillock, and a conical distal portion terminating as a long, naked seta. Copulatory hook relatively large and thick, not recurved to a parallel position with the idl, tip of hook incised. Subdistal lobe large, with a long seta, a rudimentary seta near it, and another rudimentary seta at a distance from the two aforementioned setae.

Postembryonic development: Juvenile male I ( Fig. 10A–D ) body shape similar to juvenile female I. Postabdomen with convex preanal margin and inflated ventral portion, a rudimentary gonoduct terminating far from the level of the anus, although the gonopore is absent. Postabdominal claw long, with distal and proximal pectens on female type. Antenna I fused with rostrum, only a pair of long antennular sensory setae on rostrum. Antenna II with two short sensory setae on coxal portion, whereas there is no rudimentary distal anterior seta. Limb I with idl small, subovoid, with a single rudimentary seta, copulatory hook short and thick, subdistal lobe not projected, with a single seta 1 (as in female).

Juvenile male II ( Fig. 10E– J ) with body shape as in juvenile female II. Postabdomen with slightly convex preanal margin, ventral side inflated, rudimentary gonoduct does not reach the level of the anus, although located closer to anus than in male I. Postabdominal claw long, distal pecten with fine setules, proximal pecten with few slender spinules, pre-claw pecten absent. Antenna I fused with rostrum, with a long sensory seta and a short male seta at the same level. Antenna II with two short antennular sensory setae on coxal portion, and a rudimentary distal sensory seta on the basal segment. Limb I with idl large (but smaller than in the adult), its distal portion subquadrangular, with a seta shorter, as in adult, and a second rudimentary seta; copulatory hook robust, with blunt tip bearing fine setules, subdistal lobe small, with two setae of different lengths, and a small rudimentary third seta at a distance from the aforementioned pair.

Comments: Most probably, there is only a single species of B. (Liederobosmina) in Australia [although recently a representative of B. ( Bosmina ) has been found; A. A. Kotov, unpubl. data]. Kořínek (1971, 1983) schematically illustrated the adult male of this species, similar to that described above, including the characteristic convex preanal margin.

Bosmina (Liederobosmina) cf. hagmanni Stingelin, 1904 , Figures 11 and 12

Bosmina hagmanni Stingelin, 1904: 582–583 ; pl. 20, figs 5, 6.

Bosmina (Neobosmina) hagmanni Stingelin in Kořínek, 1971: 286; fig. 7C; De Melo & Hebert, 1994: 1818; fig. 8A, B.

Eubosmina hagmanni (Stingelin) in Deevey & Deevey, 1971: 209–213; pl. 1, fig. 4a, b; pl. 4, figs 1–6. Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis Daday in Lieder, 1983b: 128 (part).

Eubosmina (Neobosmina) hagmanni Stingelin in Taylor et al., 2002: 1491.

Material: Brazil. Lago Cristalino , Amazonas, collected on 20 September 1974 by G.-O. Brandorff, AAK 1999- 066 ; Rio Negro near Manaus, Ponta Negra , Amazonas, collected on 26 March 1974 by G.-O. Brandorff, AAK 2002-136 ; Rio Tapajyz , Pará, collected on 14 January 1948 by V . Koste , AAK 2002-139 ; Lago Timby, Tapajys region , Pará, collected on 11 January 1948 by V . Koste , NMK 0860 .

Short diagnosis of adult male: Dorsum of valves slightly concave in posterior half, posterior margin very short. Reticulation distinct, with a sculpture consisting of minute depressions within each cell. Ocular dome present, rostrum in anterior view rounded, rostral wrinkle or fold more or less developed. Preanal margin of postabdomen slightly concave, a group of a few robust setules at dorsodistal angle. Postabdominal claw with between eight and ten slender spinules in the proximal pecten. Distal anterior seta on basal segment of antenna II shorter than basal segment of endopod. Tip of copulatory hook on limb I with two ridges.

Comments: This may be a group of cryptic species ( V. Kořínek, pers. comm.), so we are not sure about the relationships of our populations with those described by Stingelin (1904). Deevey & Deevey (1971) and then De Melo & Hebert (1994) reported this species as common in North America.

Two other South American species

Source: Description by Paggi (1979).

Differences of Bosmina (Liederobosmina) chilensis Daday, 1902 : Bosmina (Liederobosmina) chilensis differs from other species of the subgenus in males having: (1) distinct preocular depression; (2) anteroventral angle of head not elevated, with distinct doubled fold on rostrum; (3) a single incision on tip of copulatory hook; (4) idl with a short seta.

Differences of Bosmina (Liederobosmina) huaronensis Delachaux, 1918 : Bosmina (Liederobosmina) huaronensis differs from other species of the subgenus in males having: (1) no preocular depression; (2) elevated anteroventral angle of head, without doubled fold on rostrum; (3) two fine ridges on tip of copulatory hook; (4) idl with a long seta.

Comments: See key for determination of species.

Figures

Figure 6. Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis: adult male from Hongzehu Lake, Jiantsu Province, China. A, lateral view; B, head, lateral view; C, D, postabdomen, lateral view; E, distal portion of postabdomen, dorsal view; F, limb I, inner view; G, H, distal portion of limb I, external view; I, tip of copulatory hook on limb I. See text for a list of morphological abbreviations. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 7. Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis: from Hongzehu Lake, Jiantsu Province, China. A, postabdomen of juvenile female; B, juvenile male I, lateral view; C, postabdomen of juvenile male I; D, limb I of juvenile male I; E, juvenile male II; F, postabdomen of juvenile male II; G, limb I of juvenile male II. See text for a list of morphological abbreviations. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 8. Bosmina (Sinobosmina) cf. fatalis cyanopotamia: adult male from Lake Bolon, Khabarovsk Territory, Asian Russia. A, B, lateral view; C, head, lateral view; D, mucro, inner view; E, postabdomen; F, distal portion of postabdomen; G, distal portion of limb I. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 9. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis: adult male from a waterhole 22 km from Pedrika on road to Dalhousie, South Australia (A–F, H– J), and from Rainbow Lake, Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales, Australia (G, K). A, lateral view; B, C, head, lateral and anterior views; D, anteroventral portion of valve, inner view; E, mucro, inner view; F, postabdomen; G, postabdominal claw; H, antenna II, anterior view; I, limb I; J, K, tip of copulatory hook on limb I. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 10. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis: juvenile male from waterhole 22 km from Pedrika, South Australia. A, juvenile male I, general view; B, postabdomen of juvenile male I; C, antenna II of juvenile male I, external view; D, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male I; E, F, juvenile male II, lateral and anterior view; G, mucro of juvenile male II, inner view; H, postabdomen of juvenile male II; I, distal portion of basal segment of antenna II of juvenile male II; J, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male II. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 11. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) hagmanni: adult male from Lago Cristalino, Ipiranga, lower Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. A, B, lateral and anterior view; C, D, mucro; E, postabdomen; F, distal portion of limb I. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 12. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) hagmanni: adult male from Lago Cristalino, Brazil. A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, head; D, lateral head pore; E, F, rostrum; G, sculpture of valves; D, postabdonem. Scale bars: 100 Mm for (A, C); 10 Mm for (D, H).