Karos, sensu Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953

Cruz-López, Jesús A. & Francke, Oscar F., 2015, Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnopsidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (4), pp. 827-891 : 838-839

KAROS GENUS- GROUP

Diagnosis: Small- to medium-sized stygnopsids, scutum length 1.8 to 4.7. Presence of lateral clear areas at level of mesotergal area I; generally these areas are projected in rounded, triangular or filiform tubercles ( Figs 54A , 61A–G ). In some cases the clear areas are present on the apex of mesotergal area V and corners of free tergites ( Figs 48B , 54D , 62A, B ). Ocularium displaced from the frontal margin except in Mictlana inops . Males with cheliceral dentition homogeneous, without remarkable teeth, all of the same size, except for Mictlana inops , which has the basal-most tooth on movable finger bigger than the others. Without sexual dimorphism in cheliceral size, males and females with the same size of cheliceral hand, chelicera relatively small with respect to body size (scutum/cheliceral hand ratio of 4.0 or more). Pedipalp femur with one mesoapical setiferous tubercle ( Figs 54C , 64A, B ). Armature of the pedipalps not sexually dimorphic, socket and apical setae contiguous. Ornamentation of legs scattered, not forming longitudinal rows ( Fig. 63H– K ). Femur IV not longer than the scutum length, except in the highly troglomorphic Mictlana inops . Ventral plate slender, contiguous with the pars distalis in lateral view. Penis with lateral setae forming two longitudinal rows, one on each side. Base of follis completely exposed, width of the follis equal or similar to the total width of pars distalis ( Figs 5 , 26 , 28 , 31 , 37 , 42 , 47 , 55 ).

Included genera: Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 , Monterella Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 stat. rev., Montabunus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 stat. rev., Chapulobunus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946 stat. rev., Potosa Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947 stat. rev., Crettaros gen. nov., Huasteca gen. nov., and Mictlana gen. nov.

KAROS GOODNIGHT & GOODNIGHT, 1944

Karos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944: 3 ; 1953: 20; 1971: 33; 1973: 83; Šilhavý, 1974: 185; Rambla & Juberthie, 1994: 218; Kury & Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.

Distribution: Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas to northern Hidalgo and Querétaro.

Type species: Karos barbarikos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 , by original designation.

Included species: Karos barbarikos , Karos parvus , Karos projectus , Karos hexasetosus sp. nov. Karos monjarazi sp. nov., Karos singularis sp. nov., and Karos tersum sp. nov.

Revised diagnosis: Scutum Ming vase-shaped in males, subrectangular in females ( Figs 3B , 6B ). Ocularium in the middle of prosoma ( Fig. 3C ), low, triangular in lateral view, with one spiniform tubercle on each eye ( Figs 4C , 19C ). Dorsal tubercles spiniform, present only in a medial row on all mesotergal areas, increasing in size posteriorly ( Fig. 62C ). Males with legs II and IV longer than females ( Figs 3A , 12A ). Coxa IV in males constraining the middle portion of stigmatic area ( Fig. 4B ). Male genitalia: pars distalis width uniform ( Fig. 5B ). Apical margin convex, with five pairs of lateral setae, about the same length as follis, two or three pairs of parastylar setae flanking the follis base ( Fig. 8A ), two pairs of ventral microsetae in the middle of ventral plate ( Figs 5B , 60D–F ); follis noticeably longer than wide.

KAROS BARBARIKOS GOODNIGHT & GOODNIGHT, 1944

( FIGS 3–5 , 59 , 60D , 63E , 64B, D, J )

Karos barbarikos Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944: 3 , figs 13–15 (description female); Kury & Cokendolpher, 2000: 155; Kury, 2003: 238.

Type locality: MEXICO: Hidalgo: Chapulhuacán (21°09′19.98″N, 98°54′12.99″W) .

Material examined: MEXICO: Hidalgo: 3 ♂, 7 ♀ [ CNAN (6.xi.2010; O. Francke, A. Valdez, E. Miranda and J. Cruz)], (21°09′48.34″N, 98°56′33.86″W). Municipio Chapulhuacán, 1.5 km of intersection to Pisaflores . 1 ♂, 2 ♀ [ CNAN (24.iii.2011; O. Francke, J. Cruz, G. Contreras, D. Barrales and R. Monjaraz)]. Same as previous locality . San Luís Potosí: 2 ♀ [ AMNH (19.iv.1963; W. Gertsch and W. Ivie)], (21°20′28.5″N, 98°52′13.08″W). Municipio Tamazunchale , 12.8 km NE of Tamazunchale.

Figures

Figure 3. Karos barbarikos. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, scutum, dorsal view. C, habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A = 3 mm, B = 1.5 mm, C = 1 mm.

Figure 4. Karos barbarikos. A, legs IV, mesal view. B, habitus, ventral view. C, ocularium, frontal view. Scale bars: A = 3 mm, B = 2 mm, C = 0.5 mm. The dark lines on (B) indicate the stigmatic area.

Figure 5. Karos barbarikos, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 6. Karos parvus. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, scutum, dorsal view. C, habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A and C = 3 mm, B = 1.5 mm.

Figure 8. Karos parvus, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 12. Karos hexasetosus sp. nov. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, scutum, dorsal view. C, habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A = 3.5 mm, B = 2 mm, C = 1 mm.

Figure 19. Karos singularis sp. nov. A, legs IV, mesal view. B, habitus, ventral view. C, ocularium, frontal view. Scale bars: A = 2.3 mm, B = 3.5 mm, C = 0.5 mm. The dark lines on (B) indicate the stigmatic area.

Figure 26. Monterella tuberculata, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 28. Montabunus foliorum, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 31. Chapulobunus unispinosus, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 37. Potosa dybasi, male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (A).

Figure 42. Crettaros santibanezi sp. nov. male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 47. Huasteca gratiosa comb. nov. male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (C).

Figure 48. Huasteca rugosa comb. nov. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, habitus, lateral view. C, habitus, ventral view. Scale bars: A = 2 mm, B = 0.5 mm, C = 1 mm. The dark lines on (C) indicate the stigmatic area.

Figure 54. Mictlana inops comb. nov. A, detail of lateral projection of scutum. B, habitus, lateral view. C, pedipalp, mesal view. D, scutum dorsal view. Scale bar: A = 0.5 mm, B = 2.0 mm, C and D = 1 mm.

Figure 55. Mictlana inops comb. nov. male genitalia. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral right view. White arrows indicate ventral microsetae in (B) and parastylar setae in (A).

Figure 59. Distribution map of the species of the Karos genus-group, continued. White circles with black outline, Karos tersum sp. nov.; white circles with blue outline, Karos projectus; white circles with red outline, Karos singularis sp. nov.; black squares, Huasteca gratiosa comb. nov.; white square with black outline, Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov.; white square with red outline, Huasteca rugosa comb. nov.; black circles, Karos barbarikos.

Figure 60. A, ventral view of metatarsus I in male of Potosa dybasi; arrow indicates glandular opening. B, ventral view of metatarsus I in male of Potosa reddelli sp. nov.; arrow indicates glandular opening. C, swollen apical portion on femur II in male of Huasteca gratiosa. D, ventral view of pars distalis of Karos barbarikos; arrows indicate ventral microsetae. E, detail of ventral microsetae of pars distalis of Karos projectus. F, ventral view of pars distalis of Karos singularis sp. nov.; arrows indicate ventral microsetae. G, detail of apical portion of follis of Montabunus foliorum; arrow indicates the lateral projection of follis. H, detail of apical portion of follis of Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov.; arrow indicates the lateral projection of follis. I, apical portion of follis of Chapulobunus unispinosus; arrow indicates the lateral projection of follis.

Figure 61. A, detail of one of the lateral clear areas forming tubercles on scutum of Crettaros santibanezi sp. nov. B, detail of one of the lateral clear areas projected in tubercles on scutum of Karos singularis sp. nov. C, detail of one of the lateral clear areas projected in tubercles on scutum of Karos tersum sp. nov. D, detail of one of the lateral clear areas projected in tubercles on scutum of Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov. E, detail of one of the lateral clear areas projected in tubercles on scutum of Montabunus foliorum. F, detail of one of the lateral clear areas projected in tubercles on scutum of Monterella tuberculata. G, extra row of pegs in Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov., indicated by arrows. H, dorsal apophyses on trochanter II in male of Karos singularis sp. nov. I, detail of mesotergal areas III and IV in Montabunus foliorum; dotted lines indicate the sulcus between these areas. J, detail of mesotergal areas III and IV on Chapulobunus unispinosus; dotted lines indicate the sulcus between these areas. These images are not at the same scale.

Figure 62. A, dorsal view of lateral clear areas forming tubercles of Karos tersum sp. nov.; arrows indicate the clear areas. B, dorsal view of lateral clear areas projected in tubercles of Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov.; arrows indicate the clear areas. C, lateral view of posterior scutum of Karos singularis sp. nov., showing the spiniform tubercles. D, lateral view of posterior scutum of Montabunus foliorum, showing the rounded tubercles. E, dorsal view of row of pegs in Karos barbarikos; some pegs are indicated by black dots. F, dorsal view of row of pegs in Hoplobunus boneti; some pegs are indicated by black dots. These images are not at the same scale.

Figure 63. A, dorsal view of the anal bulge on Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov.; arrow indicates the bulge. B, lateral view of Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov., line indicates the very high lateral channel area. C, laterodorsal view of scutum of Crettaros valdezi sp. nov., showing the median humps on areas II and III indicated by dotted circles. D, posterodorsal view of scutum of Crettaros santibanezi sp. nov., showing the median humps on areas II and III indicated by dotted circles. E, dorsal view of trochanter IV of Karos barbarikos; arrow indicates the tridentate apophysis. F, anterodorsal view of scutum of Karos barbarikos, the black points mark the tubercles forming a ‘V’. G, dorsal ornamentation of Karos tersum sp. nov. showing the transversal row of tubercles on mesotergal areas; transversal row II indicated by black dots. H, detail of the ventral ornamentation on femur IV of Karos barbarikos. I, detail of the ectal ornamentation on tibia IV of Karos barbarikos; arrows indicate the spiniform tubercles. J, detail of the ventral ornamentation on leg IV in Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov. K, detail of the two apical spines on femur IV in Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov. These images are not at the same scale.

Figure 64. A, mesodorsal view of pedipalp femur and patella of Huasteca silhavyi sp. nov.; arrows indicate the setiferous tubercles on mesal side of these segments. B, dorsal view of pedipalp femur of Karos barbarikos; arrow indicates the mesodistal setiferous tubercle. C, apical portion of metatarsus IV of Karos singularis sp. nov., the circle indicates the swollen area. D, dorsal view of pars distalis of Karos barbarikos; line indicates the exposed base of the follis. E, dorsal view of pars distalis of Philora tuxtlae; line indicates the base of the follis in apical depression. F, dorsal view of pars distalis of Paramitraceras granulatum; arrows indicate the pars distalis width/follis width ratio. G, dorsal view of pars distalis of Crettaros valdezi sp. nov.; arrows indicate the pars distalis width/follis width ratio. H, ventral view of pars distalis of Chapulobunus unispinosus; arrow indicates the width at the middle of the ventral plate. I, ventral view of pars distalis of Mictlana inops the white arrow indicates the slight width in the middle of ventral plate, the black dotted line indicates the apical end of ventral plate. J, ventral view of pars distalis of Karos barbarikos, the white dotted line indicates the apical end of ventral plate. K, ventral view of pars distalis of Chapulobunus poblano sp. nov., the white dotted line indicates the apical end of ventral plate. L, dorsal view of pars distalis of Potosa dybasi; arrows indi-