TAFALISCINAE, Desutter, 1988

Campos, Lucas Denadai De, Dias, Pedro Guilherme Barrios De Souza, Audino, Jorge Alves, Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure & Nihei, Silvio Shigueo, 2023, The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4), pp. 1034-1077 : 1065-1067

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO TAFALISCINAE GENERA (ADAPTED FROM CAMPOS ET AL., 2020 AND CAMPOS & DESUTTER- GRANDCOLAS, 2020)

This key contains all Tafaliscinae genera, except for the following genera, that must be reviewed: Bofana , Nessa and Stenaphonus . These genera have similar features to Angustitrella , Brazitrypa and Tafalisca , respectively and it is not possible to separate them in this key. Simultaneously, it is not possible to synonymize these genera because their types were not examined. Nessa and Stenaphonus are transferred to Tafaliscinae due to their morphological characteristics, from the original descriptions, and distribution. Both genera require revision.

14. FWs not bearing stridulatory apparatus, sometimes with PCu vein curved and stridulatory teeth ventrally, TI tympana generally absent (present in some species of Tafalisca ) .......................................................... 15

- FWs bearing stridulatory apparatus, at least one tympanum present on TI.............................................. 17

15. Median ocellus absent, metanotum with projections; TI and TII without proximal protuberance; PCu vein without stridulatory teeth. Male genitalia: LLophi present, MedLophi absent.......................................... 16

- Median ocellus present, metanotum generally without projections, sometimes with two median projections; TI and TII with proximal protuberance (Supporting Information, Fig. S5N ); PCu vein generally curved and sometimes with stridulatory teeth ventrally. Male genitalia: LLophi and MedLophi present (Supporting Information, Fig. S7A, B )..................................................................................................................... Tafalisca

16. Male metanotum without a central fossa. Male genitalia: PsP well developed, almost same size of LLophi; rami curved inwards................................................................................................................. EubezƲerkhoƲia

- Male metanotum with a central fossa. Male genitalia: PsP short, notably shorter than LLophi; rami straight ................................................................................................................................................ Mexitrypa

17. Pronotum with a median inverted band y-shaped dark brown or black ( Fig. 20A ); male metanotum without projections; TIII subapical spurs 4/3; FIII longer than TIII (Supporting Information, Fig. S6A ) .. Perutrella

- Pronotum without a median inverted band y-shaped; male metanotum with projections; TIII subapical spurs 5/4; FIII same size as TIII or slightly longer........................................................................................18

18. Male FWs covering the entire abdomen, stridulatory file not surrounded by strong sclerotization, apical field developed; TI with auditory tympanum on both faces; LLophi well developed, endophallic apodeme not bifid. Female apex of ovipositor without protuberances in dorsal and ventral valves ...... Amblyrhethus

- Male FWs not covering the entire abdomen, stridulatory file surrounded by strong sclerotization (Supporting Information, Fig. S3D ), apical field not developed; TI with auditory tympanum on outer face, inner face absent; MLophi well developed, endophallic apodeme bifid (Supporting Information, Fig. S8M ). Female apex of ovipositor with two protuberances in dorsal and ventral valves ( Fig. 20B ) ...... Veredatrypa

19. PCu vein with a sinuosity close to lateral field ( Fig. 20C ). Male genitalia: PsP well developed; rami slightly longer or same-sized then pseudepiphallic sclerite; ectophallic invagination not reduced .........................20

- PCu vein bisinuous ( Fig. 17B ). Male genitalia: PsP regressed or absent; rami two times or longer than pseudepiphallic sclerite; ectophallic invagination generally regressed ( Fig. 17C ; Supporting Information, Fig. S7B ) (except Prodiatrypa ) ........................................................................................................................21

20. Pronotum as long as wide; TI outer tympanum absent; HWs shorter than FWs; apical field absent; supraanal plate of the male with a median projection ( Fig. 20D ); apex of ovipositor rounded; TIII subapical spurs 5/4. Male genitalia: apex of LLophi bifid ( Fig. 20E ) ................................................................ Adenophallusia

- Pronotum longer than wide; TI both tympana present; HWs longer than FWs; apical field present; supraanal plate of the male without median projection; apex of ovipositor triangular ( Fig. 20F ); TIII subapical spurs 3/3, close to distal margin of TIII (some species 5/4). Male genitalia: apex o LLophi single. Ectotrypa

21. Median ocellus reduced, smaller than lateral ocelli; HWs shorter or same size of FWs; apical field shorter than mirror ( Fig. 20G ). Male genitalia: PsP absent.......................................................................................22

- Median ocellus not reduced or absent; HWs longer than FWs; apical field longer or same-sized than mirror ( Fig. 17B ). Male genitalia: PsP present, regressed.........................................................................................23

22. TI inner and outer tympana both present. Male genitalia: LLophi not finger-shaped, distal to pseudepiphallic sclerite ( Fig. 20H )............................................................................................................................ SelƲagryllus

- TI inner tympanum reduced or absent, outer tympanum present. Male genitalia: LLophi finger-shaped located at the base of pseudepiphallic sclerite ( Fig. 20I ) ................................................................. Siccotrella

23. TI inner tympanum not elongated. Male genitalia: LLophi absent; ectophallic invagination and endophallic sclerite well developed..................................................................................................................... Prodiatrypa

- TI inner tympanum elongated (Supporting Information, Fig. S5I ). Male genitalia: LLophi generally present; ectophallic invagination and endophallic sclerite strongly regressed ( Fig. 17C ; Supporting Information, Fig. S8B ) ...........................................................................................................................................................24

24. Median ocellus absent; pronotum longer than wide ( Fig. 17A ); TI inflated, inner tympanum covered by a sclerotized tab (Supporting Information, Fig. S5I ); TIII subapical spurs 4/4. Male genitalia: LLophi absent, when present directed posteriorly (except A. mataraku )............................................................. Angustitrella

- Median ocellus present; pronotum wider than long or as long as wide; TI not inflated, inner tympanum not covered by a sclerotized tab; TIII subapical spurs 5/4 or 5/5. Male genitalia: LLophi generally present, directed anteriorly ( Fig. 17C ) ....................................................................................................... Paroecanthus

25. Ocelli generally present; FWs absent or brachypterous; when FWs present generally without longitudinal veins, sometimes with maximum six longitudinal veins not reticulated .....................................................26

- Ocelli generally absent; FWs present, covering the abdomen entirely or almost entirely, with more than six longitudinal veins reticulated .........................................................................................................................28

26. FWs absent (Supporting Information, Fig. S2A ); posterior margin of pronotum covering metanotum .......................................................................................................................................................... Apterotrypa

- FWs present; posterior margin of pronotum not covering metanotum.........................................................27

27. FWs wider than long, covering only metanotum (Supporting Information, Fig. S2B ). Male genitalia: LLophi inner margin membranous ( Fig. 18C ) .......................................................................................... Neometrypus

- FWs longer than wide, covering the two first abdominal tergites ( Fig. 18B ). Male genitalia: LLophi completely sclerotized............................................................................................................... Cylindrogryllus

28. Body cylindrical ( Fig. 18A ); fastigium without tubercle; first abdominal tergite with projections (Supporting Information, Fig. S4E ) ....................................................................................................................... Brazitrypa

- Body flattened dorso-ventrally; fastigium with a tubercle apically ( Fig. 20J ); first abdominal tergite without projections .................................................................................................................................... Dicerorostrum

Figures

Figure 2. Diversity of Oecanthidae: A, Proturana subapterus, female (Euscyrtinae) (photo: Laure Desutter-Grandcolas); B, Oecanthus sp., male (Oecanthinae: Oecanthidi: Oecanthini) (photo: Marcos Fianco); C, Diatrypa sp., male (Oecanthinae: Diatrypidi) (photo: Neucir Szinwelski); D, Stenoecanthus planixiphus, male and female mating (Oecanthinae) (photo: Sylvain Hugel); E, Tafalisca hugeli, male (Tafaliscinae:Tafaliscidi) (photo: Sylvain Hugel); F, Apterotrypa mitarakensis, male (Tafaliscinae: Paroecanthidi: Neometrypini) (photo: Sylvain Hugel); G, Angustitrella sp., male (Tafaliscinae: Paroecanthidi: Paroecanthini) (photo: Pedro Souza-Dias); H, Phyllogryllus Ʋelutinus, male (Podoscirtinae: Hapithidi: Phyllogryllini) (photo: Lucas Denadai de Campos); I, Cearacesa sp., male (Podoscirtinae: Hapithidi: Cearacesaini) (photo: Lucas Denadai de Campos); J, Matuanus caledonicus, male (Podoscirtinae: Podoscirtidi: Aphonoidini) (photo: Hervé Jourdan); K, Adenopterus sp., female (Podoscirtinae:Podoscirtidi:Aphonoidini) (photo:Phillipe Grandcolas); L,Trulajlia hibinonis, male (Podoscirtinae: Podoscirtidi: Truljaliini) (photo: Masaki Ikeda, Wikipedia).

Figure 3. Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Oecanthidae. Divergence-time analysis under Bayesian inference based on four DNA markers and six fossil calibrating internal nodes (red asterisks). Red numbers are the mean ages of the nodes. Bars indicate 95% highest posterior density intervals for nodes of interest. Posterior probabilities different from 1 are indicated in black numbers on nodes. Inset A, lineages-through-time plot.

Figure 4. Distribution maps of Oecanthidae subfamilies and supertribes.

Figure 5. A, Euscyrtus aff. bipunctatus, male, dorsal habitus. Proturana subapterus: B, head and pronotum, lateral view; C, claw; D, ovipositor; dorsal view. Scales: 1mm.

Figure 6. A, Neoxabea breƲipes, head dorsal view. Oecanthus sp.: B, male, pronotum and FW; C, claw. Scales: 1mm.

Figure 7. Neoxabea breƲipes. A, hind tibia and tarsi; B, hind tibia distal margin and tarsi, inner view; C, hind tibia distal margin and tarsi, outer view. Scales: 1mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 8. Diatrypa (Diatrypa) tuberculata. A, female; B, male.

Figure 17. Angustitrella sp., male: A, dorsal habitus; B, right FW. C, Paroecanhtus aztecus, male genitalia, dorsal view. Scales: 1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 18. A, Brazitrypa paulista, male; B, Cylindrogryllus pitanga, male, FWs and metanotum; C, Neometrypus badius, male genitalia, ventral view. Scales: 1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 20. A, Perutrella septentrionalis, male, head and pronotum, dorsal view; B, Veredatrypa rosai, apex of ovipositor, dorsal view (black arrows indicate the protuberances); Adenophallusia legendrei, male: C, right FW; D, supra-anal plate; E, genitalia, dorsal view; F, Ectotrypa olmeca, apex of ovipositor, dorsal view; G, Siccotrella modesta, male, right FW; H, SelƲagryllus sp., male genitalia, dorsal view; I, Siccotrella managua, male genitalia, dorsal view; J, Dicerorostrum diceros, fastigium, dorsal view (figure from Gorochov, 2017) (black arrow indicates the fastigium's modification). Scales: 1mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.