Anopheles

Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad & Harbach, Ralf E., 2009, Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae), Zootaxa 2078, pp. 1-33 : 10-13

Key to subgenera, species, and subspecies of genus Anopheles : adults

(key characters are illustrated in Figs 1–4 )

1. Wing entirely dark-scaled or with fewer than 4 separate dark areas involving costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1); cibarial teeth not developed, except An. (Cellia) apoci (subgenus Anopheles and An. (Cellia) apoci ) (Note 7)...................................................................................................................................................................... 2

- Anterior margin of wing with at least 4 separate dark areas involving C, R, and R1; cibarial teeth well developed (subgenus Cellia )..................................................................................................................................................... 13

2(1). Anterior margin of wing with 2 separate pale areas involving costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1), one about 0.67 from wing base and one near apex; lateral area of clypeus with a patch of projecting dark scales; maxillary palpus with 4 pale bands; tarsi with pale bands; base of forefemur distinctly swollen ( Hyrcanus Group) (Note 8)...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

- Wing entirely dark-scaled; clypeus without scales; maxillary palpus without pale bands; tarsi without pale bands; base of forefemur not swollen .................................................................................................................................. 6

3(2). Hindtarsomere 4 pale at apex or entirely pale; pale spot on subcosta (Sc) relatively large, involving radius-one (R1) (vein 1) equally with costa (C); hindtarsomere 5 dark [humeral crossvein without scales; remigium mostly pale-scaled]................................................................................................................................................................ 4

- Hindtarsomere 4 usually pale at base and apex; pale spot on Sc smaller, not involving or only incompletely involving R1; hindtarsomere 5 entirely dark or pale at base only ............................................................................. 5

4(3). Hindtarsomere 4 entirely pale; white scales on media (M) (vein 4), cubitus (Cu) (vein 5), and anal vein (1A) (vein 6) ..................................................................................................................................................... An. pseudopictus

- Hindtarsomere 4 pale at apex only; yellowish scales on M, Cu, and 1A ............................................. An. hyrcanus

5(3). Humeral crossvein usually without scales, sometimes with 1 or 2 scales; remigium mostly pale-scaled; hindtarsomere 4 and usually 5 with basal pale bands; basal third of costa (C) entirely dark; fringe spot absent at cubitustwo (Cu2) (vein 5.2); in males, maxillary palpus without a basal pale band on palpomere 3 ........ An. peditaeniatus

- Humeral crossvein with patch of dark scales; remigium mostly dark-scaled; pale markings on hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 variable, often without basal pale bands; basal third of C with a few scattered pale scales; fringe spot usually present at Cu2; in males, maxillary palpus with a basal pale band on palpomere 3 ........................ An. nigerrimus *

6(2). Scales darker and denser at crossveins and furcations, forming dark spots; furcation of radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem) and media (M) (vein 4) situated at same distance from base of wing ( Maculipennis Group) (Note 9)...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

- Wing scales uniformly distributed, dark spots not apparent; furcation of R2+3 and M not at same distance from base of wing....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7(6). Wing with distinct dark spots; scutum dark brown with a broad pale longitudinal stripe; scutal fossa usually with narrow, piliform pale scales, at least on extreme upper margin; wing fringe with a conspicuous pale spot at apex .. ................................................................................................................................................. An. maculipennis s.l.

- Wing spots faint; scutum more or less pale brown without a pale longitudinal stripe; scutal fossa without pale scales; wing fringe entirely dark without a pale spot at apex.............................................................. An. sacharovi

8(6). Scutum without pale scales on median area; upper surface of scutum unicolourous; frontal tufts of head absent or poorly developed; erect head scales unicolorous ..................................................................................................... 9

- Scutum with narrow to moderately broad pale scales on median area; upper surface of scutum dark at sides with broad paler stripe down the middle; frontal tufts of head well developed, projecting forward between eyes; erect head scales broad and pale on vertex, dark laterally and posteriorly ...................................................................... 10

9(8). Erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow; furcation of media (M) (vein 4) nearer wing base than furcation of radiustwo-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem); setae on thorax and scales on wing very pale .... An. (Cel.) apoci (Note 10)

- Erect head scales broad, dark brown; furcation of M farther from wing base than furcation of R2+3; setae on thorax red-brown or dark brown ................................................................................................................... An. algeriensis

10(8). Labella distinctly paler than remainder of proboscis; wing with pale spot at apical fringe; foretarsomere 1 longer than foretarsomeres 2–5 combined ( An. marteri ) (Note 11) ................................................................................... 11

- Labella not paler than remainder of proboscis, proboscis entirely dark; wing without pale spot at apical fringe; foretarsomere 1 shorter than or about equal to foretarsomeres 2–5 combined ....................................................... 12

11(10).Scutum with broad median longitudinal pale stripe on anterior half with lateral dark stripe .. An. marteri marteri *

- Scutum greyish yellow with narrow median longitudinal dark stripe, similar stripes laterally ................................ ............................................................................................................................................... An. marteri sogdianus

12(10).Scutum with very narrow pale piliform scales on median area; lower proepisternal setae present; palpomere 5 not longer than 0.5 length of palpomere 4; mediocubital (mcu) crossvein distant from radiomedial (rm) crossvein for less than its own length; pale scales on posterior of vertex and anterior promontory (anterior scutal margin) offwhite to yellowish; anterior promontory (anteacrostichal) patch weakly developed; antenna with sparse and poorly developed flagellar whorls; scales on wing veins less dense; larger brownish species, wing usually more than 5 mm (5.5–6.0 mm) ................................................................................................................... An. claviger (Note 12)

- Scutum with narrow to moderately broad pale spatulate scales on median area; lower proepisternal setae absent; palpomere 5 longer than 0.5 length of palpomere 4; mcu distant from rm for about its own length; pale scales on vertex and anterior promontory pure white; anterior promontory patch well developed; antenna with numerous long flagellar whorls; scales on wing veins much more dense; smaller blackish species, wing at most 5.0 mm....... ............................................................................................................................................................ An. plumbeus

13(1). Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and all of hindtarsomeres 3–5 pale; abdominal terga densely covered with broad pale scales and prominent posterolateral dark scale-tufts; forefemur mostly pale-scaled; mid- and hindfemur with longitudinal white line terminating in an oval spot; maxillary palpus with 4 distinct pale bands [sometimes femora and tibiae slightly spotted] ............................................................................................................ An. pulcherrimus

- Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and hindtarsomeres 3–5 not entirely pale; abdominal terga without broad pale scales and prominent posterolateral dark scale-tufts; forefemur not pale-scaled, but may have pale spots; mid- and hindfemur without longitudinal white line; maxillary palpus usually with 3 pale bands or entirely dark (Note 13) .... 14

14(13).Femora and tibiae with pale spots; abdominal terga II–VIII largely covered with pale scales; middle of maxillary palpomere 3 usually with some pale spots other than pale bands [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area] ....................... An. stephensi (Note 14)

- Femora and tibiae not spotted; abdominal terga II–VIII without pale scales; maxillary palpomere 3 without pale spots......................................................................................................................................................................... 15

15(14).Wing with pale scales confined to costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1); scutum without scales; maxillary palpus with 2 or 3 indistinct pale bands or entirely dark .............................................................................. 16

- Pale spots present on nearly all veins of wing; scutum with obvious pale scales in addition to setae; maxillary pal-

pus with at least 3 distinct pale bands [vertex with broad pale erect scales at center, dark brown laterally and posteriorly] (Note 13) .................................................................................................................................................. 17 16(15).Erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow throughout; maxillary palpus with pale tip and 2 pale bands which may be so indistinct that the palpus appears entirely dark...................................................................... An. dthali (Note 15)

- Erect head scales broad and white on vertex and dark brown laterally and posteriorly; maxillary palpus either entirely dark or with apex dark and 2 narrow indistinct pale bands ............. An. rhodesiensis rupicolus * (Note 16)

17(15).Palpomere 5 dark at apex [radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) usually pale-scaled] ............................................ 18

- Palpomere 5 pale at apex, or entirely pale.............................................................................................................. 20

18(17).Base of costa (C) pale-scaled; cubitus (Cu) (vein 5) pale-scaled at point of furcation; scutal fossa with scattered pale scales; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; in males, tip of maxillary palpus usually dark [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots, or sometimes with outer 2 spots joined to form long distal spot; radius (vein R) without accessory sector dark spot; basal pale band on palpus either much narrower than median band, scarcely overlapping base of palpomere 3, or both basal and median pale bands very narrow]...................... An. multicolor

- Base of C dark-scaled; Cu dark-scaled at point of furcation; scutal fossa without scales, or at most a few scales present on extreme upper margin; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; in males, tip of maxillary palpus with distinct pale scales .................................................................................................................................... 19

19(18).Wing generally pale, pale and dark areas apart from costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1) poorly contrasted posterior to R and R1; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with at most 2 indistinct dark spots, distal spot long, often appearing mostly dark-scaled; vein R without accessory sector dark spot; anterior promontory without conspicuous scale-tuft; tarsi mainly dark, faintly marked with very narrow pale bands at apexes of tarsomeres; basal and median pale bands of palpus narrow ...................................................................................... An. turkhudi (Note 17)

- Wing with well-defined pale- and dark-scaled areas on all veins; vein 1A with 3 dark spots; vein R with accessory sector dark spot; anterior promontory with conspicuous scale-tuft; fore- and midtarsomeres with faint and obscure apical pale spots, hindtarsomeres 1–4 with distinct apical pale spots, at least in typical form; basal band of palpus about equal to or slightly narrower than median band, broadly overlapping base of palpomere 3 ........................... ............................................................................................................................................. An. cinereus * (Note 18)

20(17).Radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) dark-scaled except at base and apex; scutum unicolourous; frontal tuft poorly developed [upper proepisternal setae present; hindtarsomeres 3 and 4 entirely dark; scutal fossa without scales; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 2 dark spots, proximal small and distal long]................................................................................................................................................................... 21

- Vein R4+5 usually pale-scaled or at least pale-scaled in middle; scutum grey on top, darker at sides; frontal tuft well developed................................................................................................................................................................. 22

21(20).Radius (R) (vein 1) with a dark spot just distal to humeral crossvein; remigium dark-scaled; wing fringe usually with 1 or 2 inconspicuous pale spots on posterior margin, rarely more...................... An. culicifacies s.l. (Note 19)

- Vein R without a dark spot immediately distal to humeral crossvein; remigium pale-scaled; wing fringe usually with at least 4 pale spots on posterior margin ....................................................................... An. sergentii (Note 20)

22(20).Tarsi unbanded, with at most indistinct pale markings on joints of 1 or 2 tarsomeres; radius (R) without accessory sector dark spot, or at most with a rudimentary dark spot [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 2 dark spots, proximal small and distal long; scutal fossa without scales]............................................................................................................ 23

- Tarsi with conspicuous pale bands; vein R with accessory sector dark spot, sometimes represented by only a few dark scales in An. subpictus s.l. [subapical palpomere about half length of preceding palpomere] ...................... 24

23(22).No dark spot at point of furcation of cubitus (Cu) (vein 5); 1 or 2 pale spots at base of costa (C), presector pale spot present; cell R2 (anterior forked cell of vein 2) short, about same length as radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem); maxillary palpus unusually long, subapical palpomere about 0.67 length of preceding palpomere; apical palpomere pale, sometimes with dark band; furcation of media (M) (vein 4) nearly equal or closer than furcation of radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem) to wing base; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; fringe of wing apex mostly pale, except for small dark spot between radius-two (R2) (vein 2.1) and radius-three (R3) (vein 2.2); large, pale species [hindtarsomeres at most very faintly pale at apex] ................................................................................................................................. An. superpictus (Note 21)

- A dark spot at point of furcation of Cu; usually no pale spots at base of C, presector pale spot absent; cell R2 very long, twice or more length of R2+3; maxillary palpus not unusually long, subapical palpomere about 0.5 length of preceding palpomere; maxillary palpus always with 3 pale bands; furcation of R2+3 distinctly closer to wing base than furcation of M; upper proepisternal setae present; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; fringe of wing apex with dark spots at R2 and R3; small, dark species ......................................... An. fluviatilis s.l. (Note 22)

24(22).Tarsi with narrow but distinct apical pale bands; usually no pale spots at base of costa (C), presector pale spot absent; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots; scutal fossa without scales; fringe of wing apex mostly pale, except a small dark spot between radius-two (R2) (vein 2.1) and radius-three (R3) (vein 2.2) ............................................................. An. moghulensis

- Tarsi with broad pale bands; pale spots at base of C, presector pale spot present; upper proepisternal setae present; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; 1A with 2 small dark spots; scutal fossa with scattered pale scales; fringe of wing apex with dark spots between R2, R3, and radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) ...................... ...................................................................................................................................... An. subpictus s.l. (Note 23)

Figures

FIGURE 1. Characters of adult mosquitoes used in the keys. A, Lateral aspect (left side) of a culicine female (diagrammatic). B, Dorsal aspect of female anopheline cibarium. C, Ventral aspect of the posttarsis of an aedine female. (A, B Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980; C modified from Edwards, 1941).

FIGURE 2. Lateral aspect (left side) of the head of an Anopheles female showing characters used in the keys. (Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980).

FIGURE 3. Characters of the mosquito thorax used in the keys. A, Lateral aspect (left side) of an aedine male. B, Dorsal aspect of the same. (Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980).

FIGURE 4. Characters of the mosquito wing used in the keys. A, Left wing (ventral aspect) of an aedine female. B, Costal wing spots (dorsal aspect) of anopheline wings. (A Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980; B modified from Glick, 1992).