Hippocampus

Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom & Sarah J. Foster, 2016, A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research, Zootaxa 4146 (1), pp. 1-66 : 13

Valid Hippocampus species

Standard institutional codes are used for all specimens cited (see Sabaj-Pérez 2014). We include synonyms and highlight unresolved taxonomic controversies in the annotations for each species. References for the original descriptions of all valid species are included in the bibliography. Primary synonyms (i.e. those for which the type specimens represent the same species) only are given, since any attempt to rationalize subsequent misidentifications by different authors will surely lead to more confusion.