Cissampelos andromorpha DC., Syst. Nat.

Sousa, Julio dos Santos de & Gurgel, Ely Simone Cajueiro, 2022, Cissampelos (Menispermaceae) in the state of Pará, Brazil, Iheringia, Série Botânica (e 2022004) 77, pp. 1-9 : 3-6

Cissampelos andromorpha DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 539. 1817.

( Fig. 1 A-C)

Liana, 1.5–6.5 m tall; stem voluble, glabrous or rarely sericeous; rhytidome brown or yellowish, grooved. Petiole 2.5–8.4 × 0.4–1.5 mm, subcylindrical, canaliculate, basifixed, sparsely strigose; pulvinus twisted only in the proximal region. Leaf blade 3.2–9 × 3–9.3 cm, basifixed, cordiform, membranous to chartaceous, flat, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely strigose, abaxial surface sparsely strigose; apex acute, obtuse or rounded; base bilobed, subcordate; margin rectilinear, not revolute, strigose. Venation basal actinodromous, primary veins 5–7, palmatinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins scalariform. Staminate inflorescences paniculiform, cauliflorous and axillary. Pistillate inflorescences in simple racemes, cauliflorous and axillary. Staminate bracts 0.3–1.3 × 0.3–0.9 cm, lanceolate or oval, sericeous to tomentose, or ebracteate. Pistillate bracts 1.1–9 × 0.3–9 cm, oval, elliptic or suborbicular, sericeous. Staminate flowers with white or yellowish perianth; sepals 4, 0.5–1.9 × 0.25–1.2 mm, elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate, sericeous; corolla 0.4–1 × 0.5–1.3 mm, cupuliform, glabrous; stamens connate, forming a claviform synandrium (0.5–0.9 mm long), anthers 4. Pistillate flowers with greenish perianth; sepal 0.9–1.7 × 0.3–1.1 mm, elliptic, lanceolate or spatulate, sericeous; petal 0.2–1.1 × 0.3–1.2 mm, oval or obtrullate, glabrous; ovary 0.5–1 × 0.4–0.7 mm, ellipsoid or pyriform, velutinous; stigma deltoid. Drupes 0.3–1 × 0.4–0.9 cm, obovoid or subglobose, yellow or red, sparsely puberulent; endocarp with lateral and dorsoventral, spiciform projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, Altamira , Belo Monte, Rio Xingu, X-XII.2007, fl ., R. P. Salomão 1030 ( MG); Altamira , Belo Monte, Rio Xingu, X-XII.2007, fr ., R. P. Salomão 1031 ( MG); Altamira , Juruá, 27.XI.1986, fl. & fr ., S. A. M. Souza et al. 561 ( MG); Rio Xingu basin, 24.XI.1980, fl ., G. T. Prance et al . P26433 ( MG); Belém , IAN, 17. XII.1944, fl., R. L. Fróes 20771 ( NY); Belém , km 15 ( APEG), 04. I.2000, fl., M. R. Cordeiro 4810( IAN); Belém , Municipal Bosque, 16.X.1945 , J. M. Pires & G. A. Black 439 ( IAN); Belém , 03.X.1945 , J. M. Pires & G. A. Black 346 ( IAN); Belém , IAN, 06.XI.1942 , W. A. Archer 777 ( IAN); Belém , 5 km from IAN, 29.IX.1942, fl ., M. B. Silva 119 ( IAN); Belém , IAN, 05.X.1950 , G. A. Black & P. Ledoux 50-10225 ( IAN); Belém , IAN, 08.III.1955, fr ., T. N. Guedes 323 ( IAN); Belém , IAN, 10.IV.1957, fl ., G. A. Black 57-19252 ( IAN); Belém , IPEAN, s.d., fr., J. M. Pires & N. T. Silva 10464 ( IAN); Belém , IPEAN, Mocambo reserve , 18.IX.1963, fl ., E. Oliveira 2588 ( IAN); Belém , IPEAN, XII.1965, fr ., B. G. Schubert 2247 ( IAN); Belém , IPEAN, 21. V.1975, R. R. Santos & J. F. V. Carvalho 362 ( IAN); Belém , Museu, 05. XII.1912, J. Huber 12459 ( MG); Belém , Tererê lane, 25.IX.1945, fl ., J. M. Pires & G. A. Black 267 ( IAN, INPA, NY); railroad Salgado , 26.XI.1907, fl ., A. Ducke 8907 ( MG); Barra road, 28.IX.1898, fl ., M. Guedes 1604 ( MG); Railroad Bragança , João Coelho, 14.III.1947, fr ., J. M. Pires & G. A. Black 1420 ( MG); road on BR 163 , Cuiabá-Santarém , km 890, 14.II.1977, fl ., J. H. Krkbride & E. Lleras 2768 ( MG); Igarapé- Açu , FCAP, capoeira from Urucu , 16. I.1996, fr., F. P. M. Oliveira et al. 40 ( MG); Ilha do Marajó , Capoeira from Condeixa, 15.XI.1948, fl ., G. A. Black 48-3578 ( IAN); Melgaço , Caxiuanã, 04.IV.2004, fr ., M. A. Freitas et al. 1084 ( MG); s.l., 11.XI.1948, fl ., N. T. Silva 164 ( IAN); Monte Dourado , Rio Jarí, Serrinha, 02. XII.1968, fl., N. T. Silva 1478 ( IAN); Oriximiná , 22. XII.1910, fr., A. Ducke 11487 ( MG); Oriximiná , 1 km from the right bank of the Rio Mapuera, 15.VIII.1986, fl ., F. C. A. Cid et al. 7765 ( MG); Pau d’Arco , Marajoara, s.d., fl ., J. Grogan 295 ( MG; IAN); Rio Cumina-mirim , 16. XII.1906, fl., A. Ducke 7972 ( MG); Cuiabá-Santarém highway , BR 163 , km 1223, near Kazuo igarape, 21.XI.1977, fr ., G. T. Prance et al. 25636 ( MG); Tucuruí highway, right bank, km 41-45, 07.IV.1981, fr ., N. A. Rosa et al. 4078 ( MG); Santarém , road of the Lama igarapé, Poção, 19. VI.1954, fl., R. L. Fróes 30842 ( IAN); Santarém , road of the Lama igarapé, Poção, 19. VI.1954, fr., R. L. Fróes 30867 ( IAN); São Miguel do Guamá , bank of the Rio Irituia, 29.X.1948, fl. & fr., Back & Foster 48-3341 ( IAN); Serra do Cachimbo , BR 163 , Cuiabá-Santarém highway, km 845, 18.II.1977, fl. & fr ., J. H. Kirkbride & E. Lleras 2881 ( MG) .

Distribution: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Peru and Venezuela (MBG 2019, Rhodes 1975, Teixeira & Amorim 2012). In Brazil, this species occurs in Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins, Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, in the Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa and Pantanal phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015, Lima & Teixeira 2018).

Among the species studied, C. andromorpha is easily identified by the cauliflorous and axillary inflorescences on the same plant, ellipsoid or pyriform ovary and endocarp with lateral and dorsoventral, spiciform projections.

Cissampelos fasciculata Benth., London J. Bot. 2: 361. 1843.

( Fig. 1 D-F)

Liana, 3–12 m tall.; stem voluble, puberulent; rhytidome brown or yellowish, not fissured. Petiole 3.5– 10.4 × 0.4–1.4 mm, subcylindrical, canaliculate, basifixed, puberulent; pulvinus twisted only in the proximal region. Leaf blade 4.3–14 × 4.5–15.1 cm, basifixed, cordiform, membranous to chartaceous, flat, adaxial surface glabrous or pubescent, abaxial surface pubescent or tomentose; apex acuminate or emarginate; base bilobed, subcordate to cordate; margin repand, not revolute, strigose. Venation basal actinodromous, primary veins 5–9, palmatinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins scalariform. Staminate inflorescences in racemes or paniculiform, axillary. Pistillate inflorescences in racemes or paniculiform, axillary and terminal. Staminate bracts 0.2–0.7 × 0.15–0.6 cm, cordate or oval, velutinous. Pistillate bracts 0.3–2 × 0.3–1.9 cm, cordate or subdeltoid, velutinous. Staminate flowers with greenish perianth; sepals 4, 0.5–1.6 × 0.4–1.1 mm, elliptic or obovate, puberulent or velutinous; corolla 0.5–1.4 × 0.4–1.4 mm, patelliform, sericeous; stamens connate, forming a sessile, claviform synandrium, anthers 4. Pistillate flowers with greenish perianth; sepal 0.9–1.8 × 0.5–1 mm, oblanceolate or obovate, puberulent or velutinous; petal 0.4–1.1 × 0.3–1.2 mm, deltoid, obovate or suborbicular, sericeous; ovary 0.5–1.2 × 0.4–0.9 mm, obovoid, velutinous; stigma deltoid. Drupes 0.4–0.7 × 0.3–0.6 cm, obovoid, orangish to red, puberulent; endocarp with dorsal and lateral, tuberculate projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, approximately 70 km from Tucuruí , 65 km SSW on old BR 422 , then 5 km NW on new logging road, 18-20.XI.1981, fl., D. C. Daly et al. 1433 ( NY); Conceição do Araguaia , white sand island, 07.VIII.1978, fl ., N. T. Silva 4761 ( NY); Rio Tocantins, near igarape Cajazeirinha , approximately 30 km N of Itapiranga, 27.XI.1981, fr. & fl., D . C. Daly 1586 ( NY) .

Additional examined material: BRAZIL, AMAZONAS, Barcelos, vicinity of Tototobi Mission, Yanomami Indian village , tributary of Rio Demeni , 23.VIII.1975, fl. & fr., G. T . Prance & J. F . Ramos 23631 (INPA, NY) ; falls of Madeira , X.1886, fl., H. H . Rusby 1442 ( NY); Manaus, BR 174 , 28. I.1955, fr., W. Rodrigues 716 ( INPA) ; MINAS GERAIS, Ituiutaba, Santa Terezinha , 23. I .1948, fl., A. Macedo 1178 ( NY) .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela (MBG 2019, Rhodes 1975). In Brazil, this species occurs in Amazonas and Minas Gerais, in the Amazonia and Cerrado phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015, Rhodes 1975). This species is here reported for the first time for the state of Pará.

Cissampelos fasciculata is easily distinguished from congeners by the acuminate or emarginate leaf apex and sessile synandrium. Collections from the region are notoriously confused with C. andromorpha ; however, C. fasciculata is differentiated by its leaf blades with a pubescent or tomentose abaxial surface and acuminate or emarginate apex, axillary staminate inflorescences and sessile synandrium, whereas the second species has a sparsely strigose abaxial surface, acute, obtuse or rounded apex, cauliflorous and axillary staminate inflorescences and a synandrium 0.5–0.9 mm long.

Cissampelos glaberrima A.St. -Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1:57. 1825.

( Fig. 1 G-I)

Liana, 2–3 m tall; stem voluble, glabrous; rhytidome brown, striate. Petiole 3.2–7 × 0.5–1 mm, subcylindrical, canaliculate, peltate (inserted 5–13 mm from the base), glabrous or sparsely strigose; pulvinus twisted only in the proximal region. Leaf blade 3.2–7.2 × 3.4–7.3 cm, peltate, oval or suborbicular, membranous to chartaceous, flat, glabrous on both surfaces; apex acute; base entire, rounded or truncate; margin rectilinear or repand, not revolute, glabrous. Venation suprabasal actinodromous, primary veins 9–12, plinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins reticulate. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences racemose, axillary. Staminate bracts 0.4–1.2 × 0.4–1.5 cm, oval or deltoid, sparsely sericeous. Pistillate bracts 0.3–1.3 × 0.4–1.7 cm, cordiform or reniform, glabrous or tomentose. Staminate flowers with greenish perianth; sepals 4, 0.9–1.7 × 0.7–1 mm, elliptic or obovate, glabrous; corolla 0.6–0.9 × 0.5–1 mm, cupuliform, glabrous; stamens connate, forming a claviform synandrium (0.1–0.8 mm long), anthers 4. Pistillate flowers with greenish to yellowish perianth; sepal 1.2–1.8 × 0.8–1 mm, elliptic, obovate or trullate, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; petal 0.5–1 × 0.5–1 mm, flabelliform or suborbicular, glabrous; ovary 0.5–1 × 0.4–0.6 mm, gibbous, glabrous; stigma deltoid. Drupes 0.3–0.7 × 0.3–0.6 cm, obovoid, red, glabrous; endocarp with lateral and dorsoventral, tuberculate projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, Acará , 06. I .2017, fl., J. S. Sousa 722 ( MG); Viseu, Jutaí , Serra do Piriá , terra firme forest, 28. V .2010, fr., R. C. Forzza 5884 (MG, RB). Additional examined material : BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS, Belo Horizonte , 24.IX.1942, fl., M . Magalhães 2195 ( IAN); Carandaí, Crespo , 18.XI.1946, fl., A. P . Duarte 553 ( NY); Road from Viçosa to São Miguel , km 20, 23. XII .1929, fl. & fr., Y. E. J. Mexia 4152 ( NY); Viçosa, ESA - Viçosa , 29.III.1935, fl., J. G . Kuhlmann 2117 ( NY) .

Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela (MBG 2019, Rhodes 1975). In Brazil, this species occurs in Acre, Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pernambuco, the Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in the Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015). The species is here reported for the first time for the state of Pará.

Cissampelos glaberrima is the only congeneric species with glabrous leaves, ovary and drupes. According to Costa & Sano (2007), this species has staminate flowers with spatulate sepals However, in the analyzed samples, the staminate flowers had elliptic or obovate sepals, which corroborates an analysis made by Rhodes (1975).

Figures

Figura 1. Species of Cissampelos in Pará state, Brazil. A-C. Cissampelos andromorpha. A. branch with pistillate flowers and drupes; B. staminate flower:C. pistillate flower. D-F. Cissampelos fasciculata; D. habit; E. staminate flower; F.pistillate flower.G-I. Cissampelos glaberrima; G. branch with drupe; H. staminate flower; I. pistillate flower. J-L. Cissampelos laxiflora; J. branch detail; K. staminate flower; L. pistillate flower.