Parapanteles Ashmead, 1900

Valerio, A. A., Whitfield, J. B. & Janzen, D. H., 2009, Review of world Parapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), with description of fourteen new Neotropical species and the first description of the final instar larvae, Zootaxa 2084 (1), pp. 1-49 : 6-8

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.2084.1.1
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334050
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA4913-7165-FFAB-BDD1-FB73FA6DFDD8
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Parapanteles Ashmead
status

Treatment

Key to world species of Parapanteles Ashmead (based mainly on females):

1 Propodeal areola very inconspicuous but complete ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ); propodeum posterior lateral areas and areola nitid, anterior portion of propodeum with smooth confused rugulose sculpture; fore telotarsus with hooklike seta at ventral area; ovipositor short and thick in lateral view; ovipositor sheaths with dense setation constrained at distal 1/3; body mainly black in color as ovipositor sheaths; from Africa ................................... P. rooibos Valerio, Whitfield & Kole

- Areola well defined and completely present, sometimes partly obscured by confused rugulose sculpture present on propodeum ( Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 vs. 5D); propodeum otherwise variable in sculpture; fore telotarsus, ovipositor sheaths, ovipositor and body color variable; from the New World or Australia................................................................................... 2

2 Areola open at anterior edge and propodeum without other sculpture except for the areola, transverse and posterior 1/2 of costular carinae ( Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor shape in lateral view short and thick; fore telotarsus medial edge with a conspicuous hooklike setae ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor sheaths short and mainly concealed by hypopygium; head and mesosoma black, metasoma mainly dark brown with the interpleural membrane contrastingly white; from Australia................................................................................................................................... P. masoni Austin & Dangerfield

- Areola normally closed at anterior edge, if open then different in shape from above ( Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ); ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths elongate and relative thin in lateral view ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 ); fore telotarsus, ovipositor, ovipositor sheaths and body color variable; from the New World ................................................................................................................... 3

3 Clypeus, labrum and mandibles totally black; basal segments of palpi black, remainder yellowish; propodeum with midlongitudinal carina crossed by semicircular carinae in anterior 1/3 ( Fig. 7A View FIGURE 7 ); propodeal spiracle present on an elevated and expanded area............................................................................... P. lincolnii Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- Without the above combination of characters, especially propodeum lacking semicircular carina crossing anterior 1/3 of midlongitudinal carina; palpi not bicolored; propodeal spiracle variable .......................................................... 4

4 First metasomal tergum “I”-shaped and with sparse longitudinal lineate sculpture anterolaterally plus dense and fine rugulose sculpture, remainder of tergum with coarser rugose sculpture, tergum posteriorly with depressed midlongitudinal area with only rugose sculpture, posterior edge with circular depression at each corner ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 ); head totally black except palpi yellow ....................................................................... P. complexus Valerio & Janzen n. sp.

- First metasomal tergum not “I”-shaped; variable in sculpture but never as described above; head variable in pattern of color ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5

5 Third metasomal tergum with lineate sculpture mixed with confused colliculate sculpture in triangular area that can cover the anterior 1/3 of tergum; legs yellow, except tarsomeres and distal tip of femur fuscous; first metasomal tergum with lineate sculpture present basally; propodeum totally covered by conspicuous areolate-rugose sculpture ( Fig. 6A View FIGURE 6 )................................................................................................................. P. scotti Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- Third metasomal tergum without sculpture, or if sculpture present then very sparse and limited to anterior edge; leg color normally yellow and brown but never with hind femur mostly yellow; without lineate sculpture on basal area of first metasomal tergum; propodeum variable in sculpture ...................................................................................... 6

6 First metasomal tergum strongly narrowed posteriorly; second metasomal tergum exhibiting a sharply triangular shape in dorsal view ( Fig. 8B View FIGURES 8 ); ovipositor strongly elongate and narrow in lateral view; ovipositor sheaths with few long widely spaced setae ( Fig. 9B View FIGURE 9 ) ....................................................................... P. rarus Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- First metasomal tergum never conspicuously narrowed to posterior edge, usually wider at posterior edge in dorsal view; ovipositor sheaths variable in setation and shape ............................................................................................. 7

7 Propodeum exhibiting only the areola, transverse and anteromedial longitudinal carinae, remainder nitid ( Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ); body color reddish brown or light brown with yellow ................................................................................................ 8

- Propodeal sculpture not limited to major carinae as described above, with some kind of sculpture anterolaterally or posterolaterally and/or in areolar area (similar to Fig. 7B, 7D View FIGURE 7 ); body dark brown or with a combination of brown with yellow colors .................................................................................................................................................... 11

8 Second metasomal tergum nitid ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 , 11D View FIGURE 11 ), pronotum with lateral grooves deeply impressed; body color mainly reddish brown with legs yellow .................................................................................................................................. 9

- Second metasomal tergum with sculpture present over most of surface ( Fig. 11 A&E View FIGURE 11 ), pronotum with lateral grooves variable; body color also variable ................................................................................................................. 10

9 First metasomal tergum mostly sculptured ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ); ovipositor short and thick and barely exerted from hypopygium ( Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 ); ovipositor sheaths with short dense setae on distal 1/5 ( Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 ); wings with faint yellowish color ............................................................................................................................................................ P. aletiae (Riley) View in CoL

- First metasomal tergum essentially nitid ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ); ovipositor elongate and strongly exerted from hypopygium; ovipositor sheaths with sparse long setae area covering at least 1/2 of their lengths; palpi, tegula and pterostigma yellowish; wings slightly infuscate ......................................................................... P. nephos Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

10 Fore telotarsus with a long and thin hooklike seta medioventrally (similar to Fig. 4G View FIGURE 4 ); body dark brown and yellow; scrobal areas shallow and widening distally; pronotum with lateral grooves present but not conspicuously impressed ................................................................................................................................ P. noae Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- Fore telotarsus with a set of 4 setae ventrodistally (similar to Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ); body totally reddish brown, except anterior and distal portions of leg yellowish; antennal scrobal areas deep at basal area but narrowing distally; pronotum lateral grooves deeply impressed ........................................................................ P. continua Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

11 Mesopleuron with confused rugulose sculpture on upper half of anterior edge, remainder of anterior edge with transverse lineate sculpture ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ); propodeum with areola divided horizontally by a thick and sinuate transverse carina ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ) .................................................................................................... P. tlinea Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- Mesopleuron with punctate sculpture on anterior edge, never with transverse lineate sculpture; areola variable, if divided horizontally then by more than one horizontal carina mixed with rugulose sculpture ( Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 , 7B View FIGURE 7 ) .......... 12

12 Telotarsus of all legs with four thick setae on distal 1/3 ( Fig. 4B, 4C View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor thickened at base but elongate in lateral view ( Fig. 9F View FIGURE 9 , 10C View FIGURE 10 ) ....................................................................................................................................... 13

- Telotarsus without a set of four setae on distal 1/3 of ventral side, or if setae present, not arranged as described above ( Fig. 4D, 4H View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor thick and short in shape ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 , 10E View FIGURE 10 ) ............................................................................ 14

13 Ovipositor sheaths elongate in lateral view with setation covering at least distal 1/3 ( Fig. 10C View FIGURE 10 ); first metasomal segment with areolate-rugulose sculpture throughout ( Fig. 11A View FIGURE 11 ); face midlongitudinal area with less dense punctuate sculpture than remainder and triangular shaped elevated area present; body length greater than 2.8 mm ..................... ........................................................................................................................... P. sicpolus Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- Ovipositor sheaths with setation limited to distal 1/5; first metasomal tergum with midlongitudinal area bearing confused rugulose sculpture over 2/3 of its length, remainder tergum with confused foveate sculpture except basal 1/5 with sparse confused and smooth rugulose sculpture; face with punctate sculpture except medial 1/3 almost nitid, without any triangular shaped elevated area; body length less than 2.7 mm ...... P. tessares Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

14 Ovipositor relatively slender in lateral view ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 , 10D View FIGURE 10 ); hypopygium long, between 0.48-0.75 mm; ovipositor sheaths elongate and covered by sparse long setae on most of distal 1/3................................................................... 15

- Ovipositor broad in lateral view ( Fig. 9C View FIGURE 9 , 10E View FIGURE 10 ); hypopygium sort in length, not as described above; ovipositor sheaths with setation only at distal tip ........................................................................................................................ 16

15 First metasomal tergum almost perfectly rectangular in dorsal view ( Fig. 8F View FIGURES 8 ); areolar area covered with sculpture throughout; fore and mid leg mostly yellow; sternauli devoid of sculpture .......... P. polus Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

- First metasomal tergum wider posteriorly than anteriorly ( Fig. 8A View FIGURES 8 ); areolar area mostly nitid, without sculpture; fore and mid leg yellow and dark brown in color; sternauli with transverse lineate sculpture throughout ........................... ................................................................................................................................ P. thrix Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.

16 Fore telotarsus with a long and narrow hooklike seta ventrally ( Fig. 4H View FIGURE 4 ); labrum usually black in color (95%); axilla through mesonotum with series of well defined ridges; ovipositor sheaths broad in lateral view and with setae almost throughout ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ); body size between 2.35–2.50 mm, very stout in lateral view...................................................... ............................................................................................................................... P. paradoxus (Muesebeck) Mason.

- Fore telotarsus and ovipositor sheaths variable in shape and setation; labrum variable in color but never black; axilla through mesonotum mainly nitid except at anterior lunular edge (with short and thick ridges), remainder of axilla nitid; ovipositor sheaths setation located on distal 1/3 ............................................................................................... 17

17 Fore telotarsus with two thick straight setae ventrally ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor sheaths setation sparsely and shape of sheaths in lateral view slender ( Fig. 10E View FIGURE 10 ); labrum brownish yellow....................... P. mariae Valerio & Janzen n. sp.

- Fore telotarsus with one long narrow hooklike seta ventrally ( Fig. 2H View FIGURE 2 ); ovipositor sheaths with dense setation and with broad shape in lateral view ( Fig. 9C View FIGURE 9 ); labrum reddish-orange .......................... P. em Valerio & Whitfield n. sp.