Paraphasma (Chiquetto-Machado & Cancello, 2021)

Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Morales, Adriana C. & Cancello, Eliana M., 2022, Taxonomic revision of Paraphasma Redtenbacher, 1906 (Phasmatodea, Pseudophasmatidae) based on phallic and external morphology, Zootaxa 5122 (1), pp. 1-80 : 68-69

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5122.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EC13A69D-D6FA-4926-AC59-648A5626C9B9
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10718255
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587AA-FF96-FF8C-FF2A-F993FD2DF001
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Paraphasma
status

Treatment

Key to the species of Paraphasma View in CoL

Males

1. Anterior region of subgenital plate with a pair of lateral projections, sometimes covered by tergite IX ( Fig. 41B,D View FIGURE 41 : arrows; Fig. 45E View FIGURE 45 : arrowhead)..................................................................................... 2

- Anterior region of subgenital plate without lateral projections ( Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 , 8 View FIGURE 8 , 12 View FIGURE 12 , 21 View FIGURE 21 , 27 View FIGURE 27 , 31 View FIGURE 31 , 36 View FIGURE 36 ).......................... 3

2. Tegmina with apical margin distinctly acuminate and shoulder pads developed into large, triangular, somewhat dull spines ( Fig. 40 View FIGURE 40 ); anterior region of subgenital plate with a pair of large, digitiform lateral projections surpassing the posterior margin of tergite IX ( Fig. 41B,D View FIGURE 41 : arrows); posterior margin of subgenital plate acuminate ( Fig. 41B,C View FIGURE 41 )... Paraphasma trianguliferum View in CoL

- Tegmina with apical margin rounded and shoulder pads developed into sharp spines ( Fig. 44 View FIGURE 44 ); anterior region of subgenital plate with a pair of small, approximately styliform lateral projections entirely covered by tergite IX ( Fig. 45E View FIGURE 45 : arrowhead); posterior margin of subgenital plate truncate in lateral view and V-shaped in caudal view ( Fig. 45B,D View FIGURE 45 ).................................................................................................... Paraphasma umbretta View in CoL

3. Posterolateral regions of tergite X with a pair of spiniform projections ( Fig. 36B–D View FIGURE 36 : arrows); cerci strongly incurved, with acuminate apex ( Fig. 36A–D View FIGURE 36 ); posterior margin of subgenital plate acuminate ( Fig. 36B,C View FIGURE 36 )..................................................................................................... Paraphasma spinicauda View in CoL sp. nov.

- Tergite X without spiniform projections; cerci straight or slightly incurved, with spatulate apex ( Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 , 8 View FIGURE 8 , 12 View FIGURE 12 , 21 View FIGURE 21 , 27 View FIGURE 27 , 31 View FIGURE 31 ); posterior margin of subgenital plate truncate, laterally forming a pair of approximately triangular expansions with malleable aspect ( Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 , 8 View FIGURE 8 , 12 View FIGURE 12 , 21 View FIGURE 21 , 27 View FIGURE 27 , 31 View FIGURE 31 : arrows)................................................................... 4

4. Apex of cerci internally concave ( Figs 12 View FIGURE 12 , 31 View FIGURE 31 ); in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe restricted to the central region of the inner face of the ventral lobe, bearing two rounded protuberances ( Figs 14 View FIGURE 14 , 32 View FIGURE 32 , in green)......................... 5

- Apex of cerci not concave ( Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 , 8 View FIGURE 8 , 21 View FIGURE 21 , 27 View FIGURE 27 ); in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe covering the entire inner face of the ventral lobe and slightly reaching the outer face, bearing one to three protuberances ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 , 9 View FIGURE 9 , 22 View FIGURE 22 , 28 View FIGURE 28 , in green)....... 6

5. In the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe roughly oval in dorsal view, with the right protuberance directed anteriorly and the left one directed caudally ( Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 , in green)............................................. Paraphasma laterale View in CoL

- In the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe oblong in dorsal view, with the two protuberances positioned side by side and projected towards each other ( Fig. 32 View FIGURE 32 , in green).................................... Paraphasma sooretama View in CoL sp. nov.

6. Tegmina shoulder pads spiniform or dull; in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe bearing three protuberances (i.e., apical, left basal and right basal protuberances), all of them undivided ( Figs 22 View FIGURE 22 , 28 View FIGURE 28 : ap, lp, rp)........................ 7

- Tegmina shoulder pads spiniform; in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe bearing one or two protuberances (right basal protuberance absent) ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 : ap, lp; Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 : lp), with the left basal one partially or completely divided in two............ 8

7. Tegmina shoulder pads spiniform or dull; in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe roughly triangular in dorsal view, with somewhat acuminate posterior margin ( Fig. 28B View FIGURE 28 ), and with the three protuberances blunt and conspicuous ( Fig. 28 View FIGURE 28 : ap, lp, rp).................................................................................... Paraphasma minus View in CoL

- Tegmina shoulder pads dull; in the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe roughly semicircular in dorsal view, with rounded posterior margin ( Fig. 22B View FIGURE 22 ), and with the three protuberances as follows: apical protuberance large and rounded ( Fig. 22 View FIGURE 22 : ap), left basal one strongly protruding ( Fig. 22 View FIGURE 22 : lp), and right basal one inconspicuous, restricted to a gentle bulge ( Fig. 22 View FIGURE 22 : rp)................................................................................... Paraphasma marginale View in CoL

8. In the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe bearing two protuberances: the apical one, which is narrow and elongate ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 : ap), and the left basal one, which is rounded and partially divided in two (approximately saddle-shaped) ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 : lp).................................................................................... Paraphasma conspersum View in CoL

- In the phallic organ, sclerite of the ventral lobe bearing only the left basal protuberance ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 : lp), which is divided into two regions, the anterior larger and approximately lamellate, and the posterior small and rounded................................................................................................... Paraphasma indistinctum View in CoL sp. nov.

Females

1. Praeopercular organ strongly pronounced, developed into a distinct bulge with blunt apex, sometimes surpassing the posterior margin of sternite VII ( Fig. 38G,H View FIGURE 38 )............................................ Paraphasma spinicauda View in CoL sp. nov.

- Praeopercular organ fairly discreet ( Fig. 5F,G View FIGURE 5 , 23F,G View FIGURE 23 , 33G View FIGURE 33 , 47F,G View FIGURE 47 ), developed into a small, longitudinal protuberance not surpassing the posterior margin of sternite VII.............................................................. 2

2. Tegmina with apical margin distinctly acuminate and shoulder pads developed into large, triangular, somewhat dull spines ( Fig. 42A–C View FIGURE 42 ); combined length of metathorax and median segment about 2.5x the length of mesothorax.................................................................................................. Paraphasma trianguliferum View in CoL

- Tegmina with apical margin rounded or weakly acuminate and shoulder pads developed into sharp spines or dull protuberances ( Figs 5C,D View FIGURE 5 , 10D View FIGURE 10 , 23D View FIGURE 23 , 29C View FIGURE 29 , 33D View FIGURE 33 , 47D View FIGURE 47 ); combined length of metathorax and median segment at most 2x the length of mesothorax......................................................................................... 3

3. Posterior margin of sternite VII straight; tegmina shoulder pads spiniform ( Fig. 47A,D View FIGURE 47 ); body lacking the pair of light lateral stripes extending along head, prothorax, mesothorax and costal region of tegmina and hind wings ( Figs 47A–D View FIGURE 47 , 49 View FIGURE 49 )......................................................................................... Paraphasma umbretta View in CoL

- Posterior margin of sternite VII with a rounded indentation; tegmina shoulder pads spiniform or dull; body with a pair of light lateral stripes extending along head, prothorax, mesothorax and costal region of tegmina and hind wings ( Figs 15C View FIGURE 15 , 19A View FIGURE 19 , 23B View FIGURE 23 , 25 View FIGURE 25 , 33B,D View FIGURE 33 )......................................... Paraphasma conspersum View in CoL , Paraphasma indistinctum View in CoL sp. nov., Paraphasma laterale View in CoL , Paraphasma marginale View in CoL , Paraphasma minus View in CoL , Paraphasma sooretama View in CoL sp. nov. (examination of the male is necessary for distinguishing among these species)