Gamakia hirsuta, RAMÍREZ, 2003

RAMÍREZ, MARTÍN J., 2003, The Spider Subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): A Phylogenetic Revision At The Generic Level, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2003 (277), pp. 1-262 : 92-105

Gamakia hirsuta , new species Figures 43–46

TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype from Chile, Región V (Valparaíso), Petorca province, Los Molles, Rt. 5, km 188, elev. 10 m, 9.XI.1993, 32°14̍S, 71°30̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , deposited in AMNH.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name refers to the thick hairs on chelicerae and male palp.

DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis.

FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.92. Carapace length 2.10, width 1.47, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.20/ 1.00; II, 1.13/0.83; III, 0.90/1.05; IV, 1.28/ 1.28. Palpal tarsus length 0.52. Chelicerae with 6 teeth on retromargin, slightly decreasing in size to basal. Sternum length 1.05, width 0.80. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p d2 ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2–2–2 or 2–2­ p1, p d1– 1; metatarsus v 2bas, p d1 or 0. II, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1­ d2 or d2ap, r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2, p d1–1, r 0–1; metatarsus p v 2bas, 0­ d1­ 0­ 1, r d1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r 0­ d1­ d1; patella r d1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2, p and r d1­ d1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1–1– 1, p 0­ d1­ d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia = III or v p1–2–2; metatarsus = III or v 2–2–2. Abdomen length 3.00, width 1.90, spiracle– epigastrium 1.67, spiracle–spinnerets 0.22. Color: carapace gray, ocular area darker, eyes bordered black. Legs, femora pale gray with darker spots, darker from patella to tarsus. Sternum gray, darker on margins. Endites brown, labium dark brown. Abdomen cream with gray pattern, venter with irregular gray spots. Epigyne: see generic description.

MALE (holotype): Total length 4.79. Carapace length 2.27, width 1.50. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.87/1.69; II, 1.70/1.60; III, 1.57/1.48; IV, 1.67/2.03. Chelicerae long, narrow, and vertical, anterior face with short, thick hairs; promargin with 7 teeth grouped at base, forming short, sinuous line, basals slightly smaller; fang long, sinuous. Endites with external angle prominent. Sternum length 1.10, width 0.87. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2– 2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus v 2­ 0­ 2­ 0, p and r d1–0, d 2ap. II, femur p and r 0­ d1–2; tibia = I; metatarsus =I, but p d1­ d1­ 0­ 0. III, tibia v p1–2–2; metatarsus v 2–0–2. IV, femur r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2; metatarsus v 2–2–2. Abdomen length 2.50, width 1.43, spiracle–epigastrium 1.37, spiracle–spinnerets 0.25. Color as in female but darker in general, abdomen with denser pattern. Palp: see generic description.

VARIABILITY: The abdominal pattern is extremely variable (fig. 43), as is the length of the male chelicerae, which vary from similar to much larger than those of female. Spines:

tibia III, IV, v p1­ p1–2. Metatarsus III, v 2– 0–2.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats on foliage of forest and chaparrals.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern and central Chile, from Elqui to Chiloé provinces.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Región IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: 9 km S Cruz Grande, beach, 5 m, 11.XI.1993, 29°29̍S, 71°19̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ 3 immatures (AMNH); 34 km SE La Serena, 29°58̍S, 70°57̍W, 300 m, riparian litter, 23.X.1994, R. Leschen, C. Carlton no. 002, 1♀ (AMNH). Choapa: El Bato (chacra en montaña), E Illapel, 10.X.1985, L. Peña, 4♀ (AMNH); 22 mi N Los Vilos, 13.XII.1950, E.I. Schlinger, 2♀ (CAS); Ñague´, 10 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 236, elev. 40 m, 31°50̍S, 71°31̍W, 13.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 2♀ (AMNH), 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Hacienda Illapel, 900–1800 m, 5.XI.1954, L.E. Peña, 1♀ (IG 20275 IRSN); Pichidangui, 32°08̍S, 71°32̍W, 12.VIII.1966, E. Schlinger, 33 (CAS). Región V (Valparaíso): Petorca: Same data as types, 1♀ (AMNH), 1♀ (MACN­Ar); E La Ligua, relict forest, 27.IX.1980, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Zapallar, 27.XI.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 4♀ (CAS). Quillota: Cuesta El Melón, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, L. Peña, 13 1♀ (AMNH); Cuesta La Dormida, N Tiltil, 800– 1300 m, 13–18.XI.1982, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); La Campana Natl. Park, 29.XII.1973, J. Solervicens, 13 (UC). Valparaíso: 10 mi N Concón, 16.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 13 2♀ (CAS); Central coast (no specific locality), 31.X.1982, no collector, 113 9♀ (AMNH); Tunquén, S Quintay, X.1982, M. Pino, 2♀ (MHNS 619); Valparaíso, 15.VIII.1961, J. Kothmann, 1♀ (AMNH). San Felipe de Aconcagua : Cachagua, 14.II.1980, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); SW Catapilco, 30.IX.1964, L. Peña, 13 (MCZ); Los Hornos, 20 km E Huaquén, 2– 4.XII.1986, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Pullalli, coastal town, 16.XII.1980, L. Peña, 13 4♀ (AMNH). San Antonio: Quebrada de Córdoba, 1–4.XI.1985, L. Peña, 13 4♀ 1 immature (AMNH), 15–20.II.1979, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); 5 km E El Tabo, 6.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 1♀ 1 immature (AMNH). Región Metropolitana (Santiago): Santiago: Bucalemi, San Antonio, 23–24.X.1994, L. Peña, 23 2♀ (AMNH); Pirque, 20.XI.1982, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Quilicura, VIII.1979, L. Peña, 23 11♀ (AMNH); Pilay, 800 m, 23–25.XI.1981, L.E. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Región VII (Maule): Curico´: Las Tablas, E Curico´, II.1985, L. Peña, 11♀ 28 immatures (AMNH); Los Queñes (Ladera Sur), 27.IV.1980, J. Soler, R. Calderón, 2♀ (UC). Talca: Alto de Vilches, 18.25. X.1964, L. Peña, 13 (MCZ), 17– 24.X.1964, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ). Gil de Vilches, 7–8.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 1♀ (AMNH). Cauquenes: Los Ruiles Natl. Park, 25.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 13 3 immatures (AMNH); Tregualemu, 300–500 m, 10.XII.1953, L. Peña, 2♀ (IRSN IG 19.736); 500 m, 7.XI.1993, L. Peña, 23 1♀ (AMNH); 520 m, 6–7.XI.1993, L. Peña and A. Ugarte, 23 (AMNH); 4–5.XI.1995, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Linares: Bullileo, Parral, 5– 8.XII.1990, L. Peña, 23 5♀ (AMNH); Fundo Malcho, Andes in Parral, 11–20.XI.1964, L. Peña, 53 10♀ 3 immatures (MCZ). Región VIII (Biobío): Ñuble: Cobquecura, 8– 9.XI.1993, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH), 12– 14.II.1959, L. Peña, 1♀ 1 immature (IRSN IG 19.736). Concepción: road Chome­Ramuntcho, 8.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 43 (AMNH); Cerro Caracol, Concepción, elev. 200 m, 36°51̍S, 73°02̍W, 17.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ (AMNH); Escuadrón, 10.IV.1988, 13 1♀, elev. 5 m, 36°57̍S, 73°09̍W, 18.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 23 1 immature (AMNH); Escuadrón, 10.IV.1988, 2♀ 1 immature, 3.IX.1988, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Estero Nonguén, 10.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 7.XI.1992, 2♀, Fundo El Manzano, 8.XI.1992, 13 1♀, 12.X.1996, 1♀, 23.IX.1996, 13 2♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo El Venado, 6.I.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Hualpén, 3.IV.1988, 1♀, 7.VI.1996, 4♀ 3 immatures, T. Cekalovic (AMNH), 11.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 4♀ (MACN­Ar, photos MJR 68–70); Hualqui, 4.XI.1989, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Las Escaleras, 18.XI.1989, 23, 24.XI.1989, 1♀, 6.I.1991, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Patagual, 29.XI.1993, T. Cekalovic, TC­369, 13 1♀ (AMNH); Periquillo, 22.XI.1992, 23 2♀, 7.X.1994, 13, 6.XI.1994, 1♀, 8.XII.1994, 3♀, 4.I.1997, 1♀, 22.III.1997, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Laguna Chica de San Pedro, 5.XII.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Tome´, 8.X.1983, 13, 1.I.1992, 1♀, 10.I.1992, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH). Biobío: Caledonia, E Mulchen, 700–900 m, 6.15. II.1981, L. E, Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Los Morongos, E Los Niches, 600 m, 17– 20.XI.1994, L. Peña, 33 2♀ 1 immature (AMNH); W Ralco, Santa Bárbara, 400 m, 22–23.XI.1994, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH). Región IX (Araucanía): Malleco: 18 km W Angol, 13.II.1991, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 2♀ (AMNH); Fundo María Ester, 15 km W de Victoria, 14.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 1♀ 2 immatures (MACN­Ar, photo MJR 121, 122); Monumento Natural Contulmo, 12.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 4♀ (MACN­Ar, photo MJR 92); 340 m, 38°01̍S, 73°11̍W, 18.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 23 (AMNH). Cautín: Cerro Ñielol, Temuco, I.1989, M. Ramírez, 2♀ (MACN­Ar); Chacamo, NW Nueva Imperial, W Temuco, 16–24.II.1981, L.E. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 15–30 km S Cherquenco, 26.II.1989, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Pucón at Lago Villarrica, 39°16̍S, 71°58̍W, 14.XII.1988, V. and B. Roth, 13 (CAS); Fundo La Selva, W Temuco, NW Nueva Imperial, 700 m, 9–12.XII.1981, L.E. Peña, 13 (AMNH); Villarrica, 250 m, crest of river gorge, 3–4.III.1965, H. Levi, 1 immature (MCZ); 14 km N Villarrica, elev. 250 m, 39°10̍S, 72°12̍W, 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ (AMNH), 30 km NE Villarrica, 1–30.I.1965, L. Peña, 33 4♀ 1 immature (MCZ); NE Villarrica, 16–31.XII.1964, L. Peña, 2♀ 1 immature (MCZ). Región X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Nancul, Fundo ‘‘El Lingue’’, 8.II.1993, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Valdivia, 1984, E. Krahmer, 1♀ (MHNS 848). Osorno: Fundo Campolindo, Casablanca, 9.XII.1971, R. Calderón, 2♀ (UC); Puyehue Natl. Park : Aguas Calientes, 480 m, 40°44̍S, 72°18̍W, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 (AMNH, photo MJR 1416), Pucatrihue, I–III.1968, L. Peña, 13 (MCZ); Río Bueno, no. 13, L. Peña, 5♀ (IRSN IG 19.736). Chiloe´: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, 8–11.II.1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Chepu, 21.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Mistaken Locality: Prov. Santiago, Malleco, XI.1979, L.E. Peña, 83 8♀ (AMNH) (see Ramírez, 1995b: 83).

NEGAYAN , NEW GENUS Table 15

‘‘ Gayenna strigosa group’’: Ramírez, 1997: 179.

TYPE SPECIES: Gayenna tridentata Simon, 1886 .

ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is an anagram of Gayenna ; gender is feminine.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all other Amaurobioidinae by the characteristic shape of the retrolateral tibial apophysis, which is long, thick, and sinuous at the tip (fig. 48F, G). The female genitalia resemble those of Ferrieria echinata and Acanthoceto pichi in having coiled copulatory ducts (fig. 49C–F).

DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, posterior eye row straight, ocular area not projecting. Chelicerae unmodified, slightly smaller in males, three teeth on promargin,

TABLE 15 Synapomorphies of Negayan and Internal Clades median field elevated in some species, copulatory openings close to epigastric furrow. Copulatory ducts coiled 360°. Spermathecae contiguous.

NATURAL HISTORY: Most species live on the ground, under stones, or in leaf litter. Some species are common under stones at beaches in lakes, or at the sides of mountain streams.

DISTRIBUTION: Most species from Argentina and Chile, in a wide variety of habitats and climates. Northern limit of distribution seems to be in Peru.

COMPOSITION: In addition to the species detailed below: Gayenna excepta Tullgren, 1901 (female holotype in NRS, examined, new combination), Gayenna exigua Mello­Leitão, 1940 (male holotype in MLP 14404, examined, new combination), Tomopisthes lebruni Simon, 1886 (two females syntypes in MHNP 7733, examined, new combination). Also several undescribed species. The genus is being revised by L. Lopardo (in prep.).

Negayan tridentata (Simon) , new combination Figure 48

Gayenna tridentata Simon, 1886: 570 (female lectotype and one immature paralectotype here designated, from Argentina, Santa Cruz , in MHNP 2189 , examined), 1897a: 91 (tridens, lapsus). two or three teeth, or series of small denticles, on retromargin. Anterior legs with unmodified spines. Male palp with RTA long, thick, distally sinuous. Cymbium short, wide, cymbial conductor small, with elevated borders. Shallow notch prolateral to cymbial conductor fits tip of primary conductor. Tegulum with extended anterior ventral border, in the same plane with primary conductor. Median apophysis reduced, triangular or absent. Primary conductor well developed, basal portion massive, with long canal where embolus fits (fig. 47D); apical portion heavily sclerotized, thick, curved, canal ending in acute tip (fig. 47A, B). Secondary conductor absent. Paramedian apophysis heavily sclerotized (fig. 47C). Embolus long, basal process simple, flattened (fig. 47D). Epigyne:

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Negayan by having the posterior borders of epigynal lateral lobes relatively close to each other, converging over the median field; males resemble those of N. coccinea in having a bifid conductor, but the tibial apophysis is more sinuous at the tip. Both sexes commonly have three teeth on the cheliceral retromargin.

FEMALE (Lago Roca, MACN­Ar 9820): Total length 4.12. Carapace length 1.65, width 1.15, wider on leg III. AME smaller than ALE (fig. 48C). Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.83/0.70; II, 0.77/0.67; III, 0.70/ 0.80; IV, 1.08/1.27. Palpal tarsus length 0.43. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin (variable, fig. 48B). Sternum length 0.92, width 0.72. Spines (quite strong): leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p 2ap; tibia v 2–2–0; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1–1–1, p d1 ap, r 0 or d1ap; tibia v 2–2–0 or 2–2­ p1, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1– 1, p and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1­ p1– 2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–0–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur = III; patella r d1; tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus = III, but v 2– 2–2. Dorsal, long, thin, erect bristles on patellae (d 1–0–1) and tibiae (d r1–0–1). Abdomen length 2.30, width 1.33, spiracle–epigastrium 1.12, spiracle–spinnerets 0.17. Col­ or: carapace pale brown with two longitudinal brown bands (fig. 48A). Sternum pale with lateral brown bands. Abdomen pale with dorsal brown pattern, three ventral lines of specks. Epigyne (fig. 48D, E): lateral lobes slightly projecting over epigastric furrow, projections concave, close to each other. Copulatory ducts coiled about 360°, spermathecae with contorted lumen.

MALE (Lago Roca, MACN­Ar 9820): Total length 3.59. Carapace length 1.67, width 1.30, relatively wider than in female, but narrowed anteriorly. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.18/1.02; II, 1.03/0.95; III, 0.90/0.97; IV, 1.30/1.48. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female, with three teeth on retromargin, apical one smaller. Sternum length 0.97, width 0.77. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 2–2–2, p 0–1. II, tibia = I. III, tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0. Abdomen length 2.03, width 1.17, spiracle–epigastrium 1.12, spiracle–spinnerets 0.50. Color as in female. Palp (fig. 48F–H): RTA with narrow, sinuous tip. Median apophysis triangular, hyaline. Apical portion of primary conductor bifid, with thick curved tip where canal ends, and ventral prolateral elongate projection (fig. 48H). Paramedian apophysis with two triangular, flattened cusps, retrolateral cusp longer, curved, heavily sclerotized, ventral cusp close to base of primary conductor, weakly sclerotized.

VARIABILITY: Two or most commonly three teeth on cheliceral retromargin.

NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Patagonian forests in Argentina , from Río Negro to Tierra del Fuego provinces. Probably also in Chile.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Río Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche,

IV.62, Havrylenko, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Caviahue , 12–15.II.1968, E. Maury and N. Müller, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Pellegrini, 853, 16.II.1972, L. Herman, 2♀ ( AMNH). Chubut: Cholila , 25.VIII.1962, A. Kovács, 33 8♀ ( AMNH) ; Epuyén , 5.VIII.1966, A. Kovács, 23 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Esquel, road to La Hoya, 42°54̍S, 71°19̍W, 16.XI.1988, V.D. Roth, 3♀ ( CAS). Santa Cruz: Los Glaciares Natl. Park , II.1975, E. Fernández, 13 1 immature ( MACN­Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Lago Roca, Nothofagus antarctica forest, 27.I.1971, J. Vellard, 23 3♀ 4 immatures ( MACN­Ar 9820 ) .

Negayan paduana (Karsch) ,

new combination

Figure 49 , 50

Clubiona paduana Karsch, 1880: 379 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Exp. Gazelle, in ZMB 2622, examined).

Tomopisthes magellanicus Simon, 1887 : E32 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, in MHNP 6685, examined), 1895: 168, 1896a: 142, 1897a: 91, 1902: 32. NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna strigosa Tullgren, 1901: 237 , 259 (male lectotype Chile, Magallanes, Gente Grande, and several females paralectotypes, plus one female Sanogasta maculosa , and one immature cf. Amaurobiidae , paralectotypes designated by Platnick , 1977: 196, in NRS, examined). Schiapelli and Gerschman, 1974: 91. Ramírez, 1997: 178. NEW SYNONYMY.

Tomopisthes strigosus : Simon, 1902: 34.

Philisca colulata Hogg, 1911: 42 (female holotype from Islas Malvinas, in BMNH, not examined). Synonymized with G. strigosa by Platnick , 1977: 196.

Gayenna magellanica : Merian, 1913: 13.

SYNONYMY: The holotypes or lectotypes of the species here synonymized were compared, together with extensive collections from the same areas; no relevant differences were found.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other species of Negayan by having the posterior elevations of epigynal lateral lobes just below the median field (fig. 49C), and by lacking a bifurcate primary conductor, or a ventral cusp on tegulum, at the end of the tegular notch. Both sexes commonly have two teeth on the cheliceral retromargin.

FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.92. Carapace length 3.17, width 2.17, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.60/ 1.45; II, 1.55/1.37; III, 1.37/1.53; IV, 2.04/ 2.47. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p 2ap; tibia v 2–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1– 1–1, p d1ap; tibia v p1–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1­ d1, r d1ap; patella 0; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–2­ (2+thick setae), p and r d1–1–1, d 0–2–2. IV, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella 0; tibia v 2– 2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus = III. Abdomen length 4.10, width 2.25. Spiracle–epigastrium ca. 1.90, spiracle–spinnerets ca. 0.60. Color: holotype faded. Female from Magallanes, Estancia Gazy Harbour (AMNH): carapace brown, darker toward ocular area, margins dark. Legs brown, with some dark spots, more distinct on legs III and IV. Endites, labium, and sternum dark brown. Abdomen cream with dark dorsal pattern brownish violet, venter cream, with large violet patch anterior of tracheal spiracle, prolonged to epigastric furrow in three lines of dots; epigastrium dark between pulmonary plates and epigyne. Epigyne (fig. 49C–F): median field wide, elevated, lateral lobes elevated posteriorly.

MALE (Magallanes, Estancia Gazy Harbour): Total length 5.05. Carapace length 2.67, width 1.70. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.87/1.77; II, 1.80/1.70; III, 1.07/1.63; IV, 1.97/2.33. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.47, width 1.00. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur r d1; tibia p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r 1­ 0­ 1­ 0; metatarsus p 1. II, femur r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia and metatarsus = I. III, femur r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus d 0­ p1– 2. IV, femur p 0­ d1­ d1. Abdomen length 2.67, width 1.40, spiracle–epigastrium 1.28, spiracle–spinnerets 0.25. Color as in female. Palp (fig. 50): RTA with apical constriction. Median apophysis hyaline, hook­shaped. Sperm duct wide, suddenly narrowed before reaching embolar base (fig. 50D). Apical portion of primary conductor with only one apical cusp, longitudinally striated, where canal ends. Paramedian apophysis with two cusps, retrolateral cusp heavily sclerotized, short, curved, ventral cusp close to base of primary conductor, rounded, flat, weakly sclerotized.

DISTRIBUTION: Argentina and Chile, from Neuquén and Aisén provinces, respectively, to Tierra del Fuego and Islas Malvinas.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats under stones or barks of fallen logs, in areas of rigorous climate.

VARIABILITY: The ocular area is relatively narrower in larger specimens (as in fig. 49B). The abdominal pattern is quite variable, from almost uniform dark to slightly contrasting (fig. 49A, B). Some males have only one tooth on cheliceral retromargin. Female spines: I, tibia I v 2–2–0; metatarsus p 0. III, tibia v 2–2–2, r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus d 0­ p1–2.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Neuquén: San Martín de los Andes , Cerro Chapelco , 1700 m, II.1961, M.E. Galiano, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Río Negro : El Bolsón , Cerro Piltriquitrón , 3–4.II.1985, II.1986, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Chubut: La Hoya, 800–1350 m, 24.II.1979, Misión Científica Danesa, 23 1 immature ( ZMK). Santa Cruz : Calafate, II.1963, E. Maury, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 30 km S Caleta Olivia , 6.V.1974, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 35 km S Caleta Olivia , 6.V.1974, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Belgrano , 14.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Argentino, ‘‘estepa’’, nr. Calafate , 15–30.I.1971, Vellard, 1♀ 2 immatures ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Argentino , III.1900, Excursión Silvestri, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Cóndor, Rı´o Turbio , 28.I.1976, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Frías, no date, E. Maury, 1♀ (MACNAr); Puerto Bandera , II.1963, Margheritis and Rizzo, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Puerto Coyle , 10 m, 26.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 13 ( CAS) ; Río Gallegos, Cerro Aymond , 26.III.1949, Núñez and Partridge, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; San Julián, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Ventisquero Moreno , 18–24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 13 2♀ (MACNAr). Tierra del Fuego: No specific locality, ‘‘lote 39’’, M.P. Gómez, 1933, 1♀ (MACNAr 32052) ; Estancia Viamonte, Auricosta , 2 m, 23.I.1979, Misión Científica Danesa, 1♀ ( ZMK) ; Lapataia , II.1963, E. Maury, 13 2♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Río Grande , 26–31.X.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Ushuaia , 8.II.1961, B. Malkin, 83 18♀ 1 immature ( AMNH) ; 8–26.II.1961, B. Malkin, 73 12♀ ( AMNH) ; Río Pipo , XII.1989, A. González, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Valle Carbajal, 17.II.1961, B. Malkin, 1♀ ( AMNH). Islas Malvinas: All specimens reported by Schiapelli and Gerschman (1974: 91), except 2♀ from Puerto Stanley , belong to other Negayan species not included here. CHILE: Región XI ( Ibáñez del Campo ): Aisén: Balmaceda , 17–22.I.1961, L. Peña, 1♀ ( IRSN IG 23.077 ). Región XII (Magallanes y Antártica ): Ultima Esperanza : Torres del Paine Natl. Park , 150 m, 10.II.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1♀ ( AMNH), near Refugio Chileno, 50°56̍45̎S, 72°55̍0̎W, 400–600 m, 8–9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1♀ ( USNM) ; Puerto Natales, Seno Ultima Esperanza, 51°41̍45̎S, 72°31̍30̎W, 50 m, 7.XII.2000, pasture, shoreline, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 2♀ ( USNM). Magallanes: Cabo Negro , 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Estancia La Vicuña , 1956, J. Vellard, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Cañadón Bombalot , 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ ( AMNH) ; El Sombrero, 1956, J. Vellard, 13 1♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar) ; Espora , 52°29̍S, 69°28̍W, 29.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 1♀ ( CAS) ; Estancia Gazy Harbour , 10.II.1990, T. Cekalovic, 83 5♀ 1 immature ( AMNH) ; Estancia Virgen de Lourdes ( Sector Dinamarquero ), 6.II.1990, 23 6♀, 8.II.1990, 23 5♀, T. Cekalovic ( AMNH) ; Estancia Virgen de Lourdes, Gazy Harbour , 23.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ 1 immature ( AMNH) ; Gallegos Chico , 8.II.1990, T. Cekalovic, 23 2♀ ( AMNH), 10.II.1990, S. Cekalovic, 63 2♀ 4 immatures ( AMNH) ; Gobernador Philippi , 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Isla Riesco, Posomby , 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 13 4♀ ( AMNH) ; Isla Riesco, Vaquería , 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 23 2♀ 2 immatures ( AMNH) ; Laguna Amarga , 21.IV.1962, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Laguna Figueroa , 18, 28.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Manantiales, 1956, J. Vellard, 33 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Península Brunswick, Barranco Amarillo , 27.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Península Brunswick, Tres Brazos , 9.III.1961, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( UC), 28.II.1981, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Río Chico, Estancia Brazo Norte ( Cueva Fall ), 12.II.1972, V. Pérez, 1♀ ( UC) ; Río Verde , 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH), 29.VIII.1976, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ ( MCZ), 3♀ ( AMNH) ; 15.2 km NE San Gregorio (dunes), 5 m, 36°17̍S, 71°49̍W, 27.XI.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 33 ( CAS) ; Silla del Diablo, 28.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo , 53°34̍S, 73°23̍W, 25–28.XI.1960, L. Peña, 1♀ ( MCZ), 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Aserradero Yendegaia , no. 5, 14.II.1957, J. Vellard, 13 7♀ 6 immatures ( MACN­Ar) .

Negayan coccinea (Mello­Leitão) , new combination Figures 47 , 51 Axyracrus coccineus Mello­Leitão, 1943b: 115 (female holotype from Argentina, Córdoba province, Bajo Grande, I.1940, M. Birabén, in MLP 15800, examined).

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Negayan by the small size, the absence of median apophysis, and by having the copulatory openings in the epigastric furrow. Males resemble those of N. tridentata in the bifid conductor, but the tibial apophysis is less sinuous at the tip.

FEMALE (Cabana): Total length 3.13. Carapace length 1.27, width 0.92, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.73/ 0.60; II, 0.65/0.57; III, 0.57/0.60; IV, 0.90/ 1.02. Palpal tarsus length 0.37. Chelicerae with four teeth on promargin, four on retromargin, basal one slightly larger. Sternum length 0.70, width 0.58. Spines (those of tibiae and metatarsi I, II relatively long, thick): leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v 2–2–0; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur = I; tibia v 2– 2–0, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 0–1. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r 0; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p and r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–0­ comb, p and r d1­ d1–1 or 0­ d1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur = III; patella r d1; tibia = III, but v p1–2–2; metatarsus = III, but v 2­ p1­ comb. Abdomen length 1.93, width 1.20, spiracle–epigastrium 0.93, spiracle– spinnerets 0.13. Color: carapace pale brown with dark brown band at each side, margins almost black. Legs pale brown with dark brown spots. Chelicerae with basal two­thirds dark, basal pale patch, endites and labium dark, sternum with central pale patch. Abdomen dorsally brownish violet, with small pale dots, two pale anterior patches, some chevrons at posterior end, fusing on pale spot above spinnerets. Venter with dark rectangle anterior of spiracle, prolonged to epigastric furrow in median band plus some asymmetrical spots; epigastrium dark between pulmonary plates and epigyne. Epigyne (fig. 51C, D): median field triangular, slightly elevated, copulatory ducts complex, difficult to observe, colied along oblique axes; copulatory openings not seen.

MALE (Cabana): Total length 2.67. Carapace length 1.20, width 0.88. Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 0.80/0.68; II, 0.72/0.67; III, 0.58/0.67; IV, 0.95/1.07. Chelicerae smaller than those of female, with five teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 0.68, width 0.58. Spines as in female. Abdomen length 1.50, width 0.80, spiracle–epigastrium 0.63, spiracle–spinnerets 0.13. Color as in female, but wider dark bands on carapace, median pale band narrowing between eyes and thoracic groove. Anterior pale patches on abdomen extending in lateral oblique lines of pale dots. Palp (figs. 47, 51A, B): RTA with flattened tip, only slightly widened. Tegulum with ventral conical protuberance at end of tegular notch (fig. 47A). Median apophysis absent. Apical portion of primary conductor bifid, with thick tip where canal ends, and ventral/prolateral elongate projection (fig. 47C). Paramedian apophysis with two cusps connected by ridge, retrolateral cusp longer, curved, heavily sclerotized, ventral cusp close to base of primary conductor, weakly sclerotized. Base of primary conductor projecting anteriorly in globose lobe, weakly sclerotized, close to secondary conductor (fig. 47C).

NATURAL HISTORY: The specimens from La Cumbre were collected in leaf litter in a mesophytic forest.

DISTRIBUTION: Central Argentina.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Córdoba: Cabana , VII.1950, M. Birabén, 63 13♀ 21 immatures ( MLP) ; Calamuchita , II.1959, J.M. Viana, 1♀ (MACNAr) ; La Cumbre , 8.XI.1990, M. Ramírez, 3♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar). Entre Ríos: Arroyo Gualeyán and Ruta Nac. 14, nr. Gualeguaychu´, 13.XI.1982, P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha , 27.VI.1991, M. Ramírez, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 17.V.1981, M. Ramírez, 13 1♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar), 1.VIII.1981, F. Miranda, M. Ramírez, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Lima , 19.IX.1981, P. Goloboff, M. Ramírez, 1 3 ( MACN­Ar) ; Tigre, 19.VIII.1951, J.M. Viana, 13 ( MACN­Ar). La Pampa: Lihuel Calel Natl. Park , XI.1975, A. Toth and E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) .

SELKNAMIA , NEW GENUS Table 16

TYPE SPECIES: Selknamia minima , new species.

ETYMOLOGY: The generic name refers to the Selk’nam, the now extinct inhabitants of

TABLE 16 Autapomorphies of Selknamia minima

Tierra del Fuego and Magallanes. Gender is feminine.

DIAGNOSIS: The single known species of the genus is distinguished from other Amaurobioidini by having an elongate, relatively thick tibial apophysis, and by the combination of spherical spermathecae and copulatory openings on the epigastric furrow.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, posterior eye row straight, ocular area not projecting. Chelicerae unmodified, slightly smaller in males, with three teeth on retromargin, growing larger to basal. Anterior leg spines unmodified. Male palp (figs. 52, 53A, B) with elongate tibia, RTA long, straight, thick. Cymbium very small, cymbial conductor subterminal. Copulatory bulb small. Tegulum with anterior margin at same level with primary conductor. Median apophysis simple, close to apical portion of primary conductor. Primary conductor with basal portion well developed, massive, with canal where embolus fits; apical portion with two tips, heavily sclerotized, retrolateral tip bearing canal, prolateral tip flattened, triangular. Secondary conductor absent. Paramedian apophysis not well developed, with two shallow cusps. Embolus without basal process. Epigyne (fig. 53C–F) slightly projecting posteriorly, copulatory openings in the epigastric furrow. Spermathecae spherical, copulatory ducts short.

COMPOSITION: Only the type species.

Figures

Fig. 43. Female Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp. A. Malleco, Fundo María Ester (photo MJR 122). B. Malleco, Contulmo (photo MJR 92). C. Concepción, Hualpén (photo MJR 69).

Fig. 44. Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp. (Valparaíso, Central coast). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Male copulatory bulb, prolateral­apical view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Same, prolateral­apical view. (C1 = primary conductor; C2 = secondary conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PBE = process on base of embolus; PMA = paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 45. Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp. A. Epigyne, ventral view (Valparaíso, Central coast). B. Same, cleared. C. Male copulatory bulb, expanded, apical view (Concepción, Cerro Caracol). D. Male palp, retrolateral view (Valparaíso, Central coast). E. Same, ventral view. Scale bar = B, 0.15 mm; all others, 0.2 mm. (C1 = primary conductor; C2 = secondary conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PMA = paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 46. Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp., detail of male palpal tibia, in retrolateral view: arrow points to relict of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 48. Negayan tridentata (Simon). A. Carapace (lectotype). B. Same, mouth parts, ventral view. C. Same, eyes, anterior view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (Santa Cruz, Lago Roca, MACN­Ar 9820). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. F. Male palp, retrolateral view (Chubut, Cholila). G. Same, ventral view. H. Same, copulatory bulb, apical­retrolateral view. Scale bar = A–C, 0.5 mm; D, G, H, 0.2 mm; E, 0.15 mm; F, 0.34 mm.

Fig. 49. Negayan paduana (Karsch). A. Male (lectotype of Gayenna strigosa). B. Female (holotype of Tomopishtes magellanicus). C. Epigyne, ventral view (paralectotype of G. strigosa). D. Same, cleared. E. Same, dorsal view. F. Epigyne, posterior view (Estancia Gazy Harbor, Magallanes). Scale bars = A, B, 2 mm; C–F, 0.2 mm.

Fig. 50. Negayan paduana (Karsch), male palp. A. Prolateral view (lectotype of Gayenna strigosa). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Copulatory bulb, expanded (no data, MACN­Ar). Scale bars = 0.2 mm. (BH = basal hematodocha; C1 = primary conductor; DH = distal hematodocha; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PBE = process on base of embolus; PMA = paramedian apophysis; St = subtegulum; T = tegulum.)

Fig. 47. Negayan coccinea (Mello­Leitão), male copulatory bulb (Córdoba, Cabana). A. Apical view: arrow points to conical protuberance on tegulum. B. Prolateral­apical view. C. Ventral view: white arrow points to prolateral process on C1, gray arrow to globose lobe on primary conductor. D. Prolateralbasal view. (C1 = primary conductor; E = embolus; PBE = process on base of embolus; PMA = paramedian apophysis; St = subtegulum; T = tegulum.)

Fig. 51. Negayan coccinea (Mello­Leitão). A. Male palp, ventral view (Córdoba, Cabana). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. Scale bars = A–C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.1 mm.