Epalzeorhynchos frenatus

Conway, Kevin W., 2011, Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (5), pp. 50-154 : 127

C. Epalzeorhynchos frenatus

Character 2, 0> 1: presence of a preethmoid element ( Fink & Fink, 1981). Reversed at the level of clade M, with subsequent gain at the level of the clade uniting members of the Balitoridae with Barbatula barbatula and Lefua costata .

Character 23, 0> 1: presence of a pair of processes on the ventral surface of the basioccipital. Processes further modified in members of the Cyprinoidea and the Cobitoidea (23: 1> 2). Absent (reversal to plesiomorphic condition) in both Homaloptera species included in the analysis.

Character 30, 0> 1: absence of an antorbital ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 37, 0> 1: presence of autopalatine– endopterygoid articulation ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 53, 0> 1: premaxilla extending furthest dorsally adjacent to the midline ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 54, 0> 1: absence of oral teeth ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 58, 0> 1: absence of the mandibular portion of the mandibular sensory canal. Reversed at the level of clades D and N, and at the level of the clade uniting Acanthocobitis cf. zonalternans and Mesonemacheilus triangularis .

Character 60, 0> 1: absence of pharnygobranchial toothplates ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 68, 0> 1: presence of sublingual ossifications between ventral hypohyals ( Nelson, 1969). Lost at the level of clades D (regained in Gobio gobio ) and K.

Character 77, 0> 1: ceratobranchial 5 extending much further dorsally than other ceratobranchial elements. Reversed at level of clade K, and at the level of the clade uniting the gastromyzontine balitorids Annamia normani and Gastromyzon cranbrooki .

Character 79, 0> 1: pharyngeal teeth associated with ceratobranchial 5 ankylosed to bone.

Character 83, 0> 2: absence of pharyngobranchial 1. Reversed at the level of clade J (2> 0).

Character 87, 0> 1: absence of pharyngobranchial uncinate processes ( Siebert, 1987).

Character 88, 0> 1: three branchiostegal rays (Conway et al., 2010).

Character 92, 0> 1: lateral process of the second vertebral centrum elongate, projecting well into somatic musculature ( Fink & Fink, 1981).

Character 120, 0> 1: single epural element ( Fink & Fink, 1981). Epurals are completely absent in Lefua costata .

Character 121, 1> 2: proximal tip of hypural 1 fused to proximal tip of parhypural. Proximal tip of hypural 1 further modified within the cypriniform clade.